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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. A probability-based sample of 4, undergraduate students at a Midwestern research university completed a cross-sectional Web-based questionnaire that included demographic information and several substance use measures. Male students were generally more likely to report drug use and abuse than female students. Hispanic and White students were more likely to report drug use and abuse than Asian and African American students prior to coming to college and during college. The use of marijuana and other illicit drugs has increased significantly among college students in the U. American young adults between 18 to 29 years of age have the highest past-year prevalence rates of marijuana use, abuse and dependence relative to older age groups Compton et al. In addition, American young adults 18 to 25 years of age report the highest prevalence of illicit use of prescription drugs relative to other age groups Johnston et al. Most notably, the prevalence of past year illicit drug use by college students 18 to 22 years of age was comparable to their same-age peers not attending college Johnston et al. Although previous research has documented the general prevalence rates of drug use among college students Bell et al. Further, while there is considerable knowledge regarding illicit drug use among college students e. Further, the past-year prevalence of DSM-IV marijuana use disorders increased significantly between — and —, with the greatest increases observed among Hispanic and African-American young adults. In contrast, the prevalence of DSM-IV marijuana use disorders for White young adults did not change significantly over this same time period Compton et al. For example, one study found that approximately three in ten American college students reported using marijuana in the past year Mohler-Kuo et al. The study also found that the prevalence of marijuana use was highest for White college students, followed by Hispanic, Asian, and African American students. In another national study, Meilman and colleagues compared illicit drug use rates between a sample of 6, students attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities HBCUs and a sample of 6, students attending predominantly White institutions Meilman et al. The study found that students from HBCUs reported significantly lower rates of marijuana, cocaine, sedatives, hallucinogens, and other illicit drug use than students at non-HBCUs. Marijuana use disorders in the U. For example, Johnston and colleagues found that In addition to gender differences in marijuana use, U. In addition, two national studies and one single institution study showed that undergraduate college men were more likely than women to report nonmedical use of prescription stimulants Johnston et al. Upon receiving approval from the Institutional Review Board, the study was conducted during a two-month period in January and February of , drawing on a total undergraduate population of 20, full-time students 10, women and 9, men at a Midwestern research university. The Web survey was maintained on an Internet site running under the secure socket layer protocol to ensure privacy and security. Non-respondents were sent up to three reminder e-mails. By participating in the survey, students became eligible for a sweepstakes that included several prizes including cash prizes, travel vouchers, field passes to athletic events, and iPods. The final response rate was The proportion of respondents who completed the entire survey was Similar Web survey design and procedures are described in more detail elsewhere McCabe et al. The final sample consisted of 4, undergraduate students and the demographic characteristics of the random sample closely resembled the characteristics of the overall student population. The average age of the students in the sample was 20 years old. The response scale for each drug was 1 No occasions, 2 1—2 occasions, 3 3—5 occasions, 4 6—9 occasions, 5 10—19 occasions, 6 20—39 occasions, and 7 40 or more occasions. The response scale for each drug was the same as for illicit drug use. Drug abuse was assessed with a modified version of the Drug Abuse Screening Test DAST , a self-report instrument that can be used in clinical and non-clinical settings to screen for abuse and dependence on a wide variety of substances other than alcohol Skinner, Based on previous research, a cutpoint score of 3 or more DAST items was used to indicate a moderate level of problems related to drug abuse e. Associations between categorical variables were tested using chi-square and logistic regression analysis. Analyses focused on five indicators of past month drug use and abuse: a use of illicit or prescription drugs, b use of illicit drugs with marijuana, c use of illicit drugs without marijuana, d illicit use of prescription drugs, and e three or more positive items based on the Drug Abuse Screening Test, Short Form. Procedures outlined by Jaccard were used to test the interactive effects of gender and race on the odds of past month drug use. Model fit was evaluated with the chi-square statistic. The finding that Whites and Hispanics had higher levels of illicit drug use and illicit use of prescription drugs was further examined by analyzing race and gender differences in age of onset of marijuana use. Marijuana was the most commonly used substance followed by opioid analgesics, prescription stimulants and psychedelics. Among men and women, the use of these substances tended to be higher for Hispanic and White students than for Asian and African American students. As shown in Table 1 , month rates of illicit drug use including marijuana were In addition, month rates of illicit use of prescription drugs were Includes marijuana, cocaine, LSD, other psychedelics, crystal methamphetamine, inhalants, ecstasy, heroin. Includes cocaine, LSD, other psychedelics, crystal methamphetamine, inhalants, ecstasy, heroin. As shown in Table 2 , the racial differences in drug use were similar for undergraduate men. For example, month rates of illicit drug use were Similar to drug use, the prevalence of DAST items tended to be higher for Hispanic and White undergraduate students than for Asian and African American undergraduate students. The associations between race and month prevalence rates DAST items were examined for males and females separately using chi-square tests. Results showed significant associations between race and DAST For example, rates of experiencing three or more DAST items were In addition, rates of experiencing three or more DAST items were Results from multiple logistic regression analysis for past month illicit use of prescription or illicit drugs revealed that after controlling for race, there was no statistically significant effect of gender see Table 5. As described in the data analysis section, interactive effects of gender and race on the odds of past month drug use were tested. The chi-square for the main effects model was Results also indicated a main effect for race using African Americans as the reference group. Results from a hierarchical logistic regression analyses showed that the chi-square for the main effects model was No other statistically significant interaction effects were observed. Results from multiple logistic regression analysis see Table 5 for past month illicit use of prescription drugs revealed that after controlling for race, there was no effect of gender. Our data indicated that the majority of lifetime marijuana users The present study found higher rates of drug use and drug use related problems among Hispanic and White students relative to their African American and Asian college peers. Indeed, the highest rates of drug use and drug use related problems were generally among Hispanic students. Our data support earlier research that found Hispanic college students have higher rates of marijuana use as compared to Asian and African-American college students Bell et al. The findings of the present study are also in line with past research that has shown White students have higher rates of illicit drug use than African American and Asian college students including marijuana Bell et al. We discovered considerable racial differences in drug abuse among college students that have not been well-studied to date. Because racial differences in drug use among college students do not necessarily reflect racial differences in drug abuse , future work is needed to elucidate the underlying causes for the higher rates of drug abuse among Hispanic and White college students. The continued examination of racial differences among young adults is especially important based on the recent increases in past-year prevalence of DSM-IV marijuana use disorders among Hispanic young adults 18 to 29 years of age in the U. Compton et al. The illicit use of prescription drugs was second only to marijuana use across both genders and all racial groups; our findings are consistent with an emerging national trend in this age group e. In addition, our higher drug use rates among male college students, relative to female college students, support previous work that revealed higher rates of illicit drug use such as marijuana Bell et al. The present study was unique in that we explored possible racial differences in the age of initiation of illicit drug use; we found some evidence that the racial differences in illicit drug use were present before college with marijuana use being more prevalent among White and Hispanic students prior to college. Similar racial differences have been observed among secondary school students in the U. Delva et al. Hispanic students in the present study were found to be at increased risk for severe consequences associated with several drug use behaviors, particularly simultaneous polydrug use e. The findings of the present study should be considered in the context of its strengths and limitations. Most notably, a strength is that racial minorities were oversampled enabling calculation of reliable estimates of drug use and drug use related problems for African American, Asian, and Hispanic undergraduate students. Many college-based efforts have lacked the necessary sample sizes of racial minorities to examine drug use and drug use related problems separately across racial categories. Another strength lies in our extension of previous college-based studies to feature the DAST brief screening instrument to detect potential drug abuse. And finally, the present study focused on drug use and drug use related problems for substances other than alcohol which represent an understudied topic among college students. Interpretations of our findings are also constrained by several limitations. First, the findings of the present study may not generalize to other college and non-college populations. Although the demographic characteristics from the sample closely resembled the demographic characteristics of 4-year U. Second, the present study did not examine differences between ethnic subgroups e. Future collegiate studies need to examine possible differences between ethnic subgroups in drug use, especially when considering the higher rates found among Hispanic students. In an effort to assess the possible impact of non-response bias, we conducted a brief telephone survey with a randomly selected sample of students who did not respond to the original survey. A total of students responded to the follow-up effort and we found no significant differences in the rates of alcohol and other drug use for those who responded to the short survey compared to students who completed the original web survey. Despite these limitations, the present study provides strong evidence from one university that Hispanic and White undergraduate students were at increased risk for drug use and abuse. The heightened risk among Hispanic students is of particular concern when considering the low retention and enrollment rates among Hispanic students in U. Department of Education, a , b. Myers The Haworth Press, , pp. E-mail address: docdelivery haworthpress. James A. Cranford, James A. University, Ann Arbor, MI Melnee D. McPherson, Melnee D. Carol J. Boyd, Carol J. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. J Ethn Subst Abuse. Published in final edited form as: J Ethn Subst Abuse. Find articles by Sean Esteban McCabe. Find articles by Michele Morales. Find articles by James A Cranford. Find articles by Jorge Delva. Find articles by Melnee D McPherson. Find articles by Carol J Boyd. PMC Copyright notice. The publisher's version of this article is available at J Ethn Subst Abuse. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Have you used drugs other than those required for medical reasons? Have you had blackouts or flashbacks as a result of drug use? Have family members ever complained about your involvement with drugs? Have you stayed away from your family because of your use of drugs? Have you engaged in illegal activities in order to obtain drugs? Have you had medical problems as a result of your drug use? Have you ever experienced withdrawal symptoms when you stopped taking drugs? Illicit or prescription drug a. Illicit drug with marijuana b. Illicit drug without marijuana c. Any prescription drug d.

Race/Ethnicity and Gender Differences in Drug Use and Abuse Among College Students

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The data provide estimates of substance use and mental illness at the national, state, and substate levels. NSDUH data also help to identify the extent of substance use and mental illness among different subgroups, estimate trends over time, and determine the need for treatment services. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health NSDUH , conducted annually by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration SAMHSA , provides nationally representative data on the use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs; substance use disorders; mental health issues; and receipt of substance use and mental health treatment among the civilian, noninstitutionalized population aged 12 or older in the United States. Read more here. NSDUH is representative of persons aged 12 and older in the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States and in each state and the District of Columbia. The survey covers residents of households including those living in houses, townhouses, apartments, and condominiums , persons in noninstitutional group quarters including those in shelters, boarding houses, college dormitories, migratory work camps, and halfway houses , and civilians living on military bases. Persons excluded from the survey include individuals experiencing homelessness who do not use shelters, active military personnel, and residents of institutional group quarters such as jails, nursing homes, mental institutions, and long-term care hospitals. The Federal Government has conducted the survey since Over the years, the survey has undergone a series of changes. In , the sample design expanded to include all 50 states and the District of Columbia, and the survey shifted from paper-and-pencil data collection to computer-assisted interviewing CAI. With CAI, staff administer most questions with audio computer-assisted self-interviewing. This provides a confidential way to answer questions and encourages honest responses. Changes were also made to the NSDUH sampling design and the questionnaire in and , respectively. In , NSDUH began including web-based interviews in addition to traditional in-person household interviews. Find key substance use, mental health, and treatment indicators among adults aged 60 or older in the United States, by gender. Estimates were based on The MRB documents detail the data collection and processing methods used and may include documentation on sampling, estimation, imputation, weighting, field interview protocols, and computer-assisted interviewing CAI questionnaire and screening questionnaires. These reports present data on a single state or territory, and they may be released as a stand-alone publication or a recurring report. These reports present data on a single region i. Use this tool to compare between areas, look at how the outcome has changed over time, or compare the data to related issues. History The Federal Government has conducted the survey since Special Reports and Spotlights. Short Report. Reports Annual Detailed Tables Description: These tables provide estimates, including by demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic groups. View by collection year - View All -. Key Findings Report Description: Annual reports are produced every year, presenting information from a single data source. Location: National. Pagination Current page 1 Page 2 Next page Next. State Level Estimates Description: These reports present data on a single state or territory, and they may be released as a stand-alone publication or a recurring report. Substate Level Estimates Description: These reports present data on a single region i. View Visualization.

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