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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. This map shows drug consumption facilities throughout Europe as at June Please note that the geographical coordinates are approximate. The source data used to generate this map may be found in Table 1 below. Please note that the geocoordinates given here are approximate only and cannot be used to locate facilities. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. Breadcrumb Home Media library Infographic. Location and number of drug consumption facilities throughout Europe. Location and number of drug consumption facilities throughout Europe Publication date. Description This map shows drug consumption facilities throughout Europe as at June Drug consumption facilities in Europe. Originally published in Drug consumption rooms: an overview of provision and evidence Perspectives on drugs. Main subject. Target audience. Copyright status. Related assets in the Media library Previous slide. Next slide. Number of European countries implementing harm reduction interventions, up to Availability of take-home naloxone programmes in Europe. An illustration of the range of models of drug checking available and their relative strengths.

Fatal poisoning among drug users in Denmark in 2017

Odense buying Heroin

Heroin , also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, \[ 1 \] is a morphinan opioid substance synthesized from the dried latex of the opium poppy ; it is mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects. Heroin is used medically in several countries to relieve pain , such as during childbirth or a heart attack, as well as in opioid replacement therapy. Various white and brown powders sold illegally around the world as heroin are routinely diluted with cutting agents. Black tar heroin is a variable admixture of morphine derivatives—predominantly 6-MAM 6-monoacetylmorphine , which is the result of crude acetylation during clandestine production of street heroin. Heroin is typically injected , usually into a vein , but it can also be snorted, smoked, or inhaled. In a clinical context, the route of administration is most commonly intravenous injection ; it may also be given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, as well as orally in the form of tablets. Common side effects include respiratory depression decreased breathing , dry mouth, drowsiness, impaired mental function, constipation, and addiction. Treatment of heroin addiction often includes behavioral therapy and medications. Heroin was first made by C. Alder Wright in from morphine, a natural product of the opium poppy. Bayer 's original trade name of heroin is typically used in non-medical settings. It is used as a recreational drug for the euphoria it induces. Anthropologist Michael Agar once described heroin as 'the perfect whatever drug. Its popularity with recreational drug users, compared to morphine , reportedly stems from its perceived different effects. Short-term addiction studies by the same researchers demonstrated that tolerance developed at a similar rate to both heroin and morphine. When compared to the opioids hydromorphone , fentanyl , oxycodone , and pethidine meperidine , former addicts showed a strong preference for heroin and morphine, suggesting that heroin and morphine are particularly susceptible to misuse and causing dependence. Morphine and heroin were also much more likely to produce euphoria and other positive subjective effects when compared to these other opioids. In the United States , heroin is not accepted as medically useful. Under the generic name diamorphine, heroin is prescribed as a strong pain medication in the United Kingdom , where it is administered via oral , subcutaneous , intramuscular , intrathecal , intranasal or intravenous routes. It may be prescribed for the treatment of acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma , myocardial infarction , post- surgical pain and chronic pain , including end-stage terminal illnesses. In other countries it is more common to use morphine or other strong opioids in these situations. In , the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence produced guidance on the management of caesarean section , which recommended the use of intrathecal or epidural diamorphine for post-operative pain relief. For women who have had intrathecal opioids, there should be a minimum hourly observation of respiratory rate, sedation and pain scores for at least 12 hours for diamorphine and 24 hours for morphine. Women should be offered diamorphine 0. Epidural diamorphine 2. Diamorphine continues to be widely used in palliative care in the UK, where it is commonly given by the subcutaneous route, often via a syringe driver if patients cannot easily swallow morphine solution. The advantage of diamorphine over morphine is that diamorphine is more fat soluble and therefore more potent by injection, so smaller doses of it are needed for the same effect on pain. Both of these factors are advantageous if giving high doses of opioids via the subcutaneous route, which is often necessary for palliative care. It is also used in the palliative management of bone fractures and other trauma, especially in children. In the trauma context, it is primarily given by nose in hospital; although a prepared nasal spray is available. In children, Ayendi nasal spray is available at micrograms and micrograms per 50 microlitres actuation of the spray, which may be preferable as a non-invasive alternative in pediatric care, avoiding the fear of injection in children. A number of European countries prescribe heroin for treatment of heroin addiction. It is only prescribed following exhaustive efforts at treatment via other means. It is sometimes thought that heroin users can walk into a clinic and walk out with a prescription, but the process takes many weeks before a prescription for diamorphine is issued. Though this is somewhat controversial among proponents of a zero-tolerance drug policy , it has proven superior to methadone in improving the social and health situations of addicts. The UK Department of Health's Rolleston Committee Report \[ 34 \] in established the British approach to diamorphine prescription to users, which was maintained for the next 40 years: dealers were prosecuted, but doctors could prescribe diamorphine to users when withdrawing. In , the Brain Committee recommended that only selected approved doctors working at approved specialized centres be allowed to prescribe diamorphine and cocaine to users. The law was made more restrictive in Beginning in the s, the emphasis shifted to abstinence and the use of methadone; currently, only a small number of users in the UK are prescribed diamorphine. In , Switzerland began a trial diamorphine maintenance program for users that had failed multiple withdrawal programs. The aim of this program was to maintain the health of the user by avoiding medical problems stemming from the illicit use of diamorphine. The first trial in involved users, although enrollment was later expanded to , based on the apparent success of the program. The trials proved diamorphine maintenance to be superior to other forms of treatment in improving the social and health situation for this group of patients. They are required to contribute about Swiss francs per month to the treatment costs. The previous trials were based on time-limited executive ordinances. The success of the Swiss trials led German, Dutch, \[ 39 \] and Canadian \[ 40 \] cities to try out their own diamorphine prescription programs. Since January , Denmark has prescribed diamorphine to a few addicts who have tried methadone and buprenorphine without success. It was estimated that around addicts would be able to receive free diamorphine. However, Danish addicts would only be able to inject heroin according to the policy set by Danish National Board of Health. In July , the German Bundestag passed a law allowing diamorphine prescription as a standard treatment for addicts; a large-scale trial of diamorphine prescription had been authorized in the country in On 26 August , Health Canada issued regulations amending prior regulations it had issued under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act ; the 'New Classes of Practitioners Regulations', the 'Narcotic Control Regulations', and the 'Food and Drug Regulations', to allow doctors to prescribe diamorphine to people who have a severe opioid addiction who have not responded to other treatments. The onset of heroin's effects depends upon the route of administration. Smoking is the fastest route of drug administration, although intravenous injection results in a quicker rise in blood concentration. A study suggests that a fast onset of action increases the reinforcing effects of addictive drugs. Ingestion does not produce a rush as a forerunner to the high experienced with the use of heroin, which is most pronounced with intravenous use. While the onset of the rush induced by injection can occur in as little as a few seconds, the oral route of administration requires approximately half an hour before the high sets in. Large doses of heroin can cause fatal respiratory depression, and the drug has been used for suicide or as a murder weapon. The serial killer Harold Shipman used diamorphine on his victims, and the subsequent Shipman Inquiry led to a tightening of the regulations surrounding the storage, prescribing and destruction of controlled drugs in the UK. Because significant tolerance to respiratory depression develops quickly with continued use and is lost just as quickly during withdrawal, it is often difficult to determine whether a heroin lethal overdose was accidental, suicide or homicide. Use of heroin by mouth is less common than other methods of administration, mainly because there is little to no 'rush', and the effects are less potent. Heroin's oral bioavailability is both dose-dependent as is morphine's and significantly higher than oral use of morphine itself, reaching up to The maximum plasma concentration of morphine following oral administration of heroin was around twice as much as that of oral morphine. Injection , also known as 'slamming', 'banging', 'shooting up', 'digging' or 'mainlining', is a popular method which carries relatively greater risks than other methods of administration. Heroin base commonly found in Europe , when prepared for injection, will only dissolve in water when mixed with an acid most commonly citric acid powder or lemon juice and heated. Heroin in the east-coast United States is most commonly found in the hydrochloride salt form, requiring just water and no heat to dissolve. Some medical professionals have expressed concern over this route of administration, as they suspect that it can lead to deep vein thrombosis. Intravenous users can use a variable single dose range using a hypodermic needle. The dose of heroin used for recreational purposes is dependent on the frequency and level of use. The use of a common dispenser for water for the use in the preparation of the injection, as well as the sharing of spoons and filters can also cause the spread of blood-borne diseases. Many countries now supply small sterile spoons and filters for single use in order to prevent the spread of disease. Smoking heroin refers to vaporizing it to inhale the resulting fumes, rather than burning and inhaling the smoke. It is commonly smoked in glass pipes made from glassblown Pyrex tubes and light bulbs. Heroin may be smoked from aluminium foil that is heated by a flame underneath it, with the resulting smoke inhaled through a tube of rolled up foil, a method also known as ' chasing the dragon '. Another popular route to intake heroin is insufflation snorting , where a user crushes the heroin into a fine powder and then gently inhales it sometimes with a straw or a rolled-up banknote , as with cocaine into the nose, where heroin is absorbed through the soft tissue in the mucous membrane of the sinus cavity and straight into the bloodstream. This method of administration redirects first-pass metabolism , with a quicker onset and higher bioavailability than oral administration, though the duration of action is shortened. This method is sometimes preferred by users who do not want to prepare and administer heroin for injection or smoking but still want to experience a fast onset. Snorting heroin becomes an often unwanted route, once a user begins to inject the drug. The user may still get high on the drug from snorting, and experience a nod, but will not get a rush. A 'rush' is caused by a large amount of heroin entering the body at once. When the drug is taken in through the nose, the user does not get the rush because the drug is absorbed slowly rather than instantly. Heroin for pain has been mixed with sterile water on site by the attending physician, and administered using a syringe with a nebulizer tip. Little research has been focused on the suppository anal insertion or pessary vaginal insertion methods of administration, also known as 'plugging'. These methods of administration are commonly carried out using an oral syringe. Heroin can be dissolved and withdrawn into an oral syringe which may then be lubricated and inserted into the anus or vagina before the plunger is pushed. The rectum or the vaginal canal is where the majority of the drug would likely be taken up, through the membranes lining their walls. Heroin is classified as a hard drug in terms of drug harmfulness. Like most opioids , unadulterated heroin may lead to adverse effects. The purity of street heroin varies greatly, leading to overdoses when the purity is higher than expected. Users report an intense rush , an acute transcendent state of euphoria , which occurs while diamorphine is being metabolized into 6-monoacetylmorphine 6-MAM and morphine in the brain. Some believe that heroin produces more euphoria than other opioids; one possible explanation is the presence of 6-monoacetylmorphine, a metabolite unique to heroin — although a more likely explanation is the rapidity of onset. While other opioids of recreational use produce only morphine, heroin also leaves 6-MAM, also a psycho- active metabolite. However, this perception is not supported by the results of clinical studies comparing the physiological and subjective effects of injected heroin and morphine in individuals formerly addicted to opioids; these subjects showed no preference for one drug over the other. Equipotent injected doses had comparable action courses, with no difference in subjects' self-rated feelings of euphoria, ambition, nervousness, relaxation, drowsiness, or sleepiness. The rush is usually accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, dry mouth, and a heavy feeling in the extremities. Nausea , vomiting , and severe itching may also occur. After the initial effects, users usually will be drowsy for several hours; mental function is clouded; heart function slows, and breathing is also severely slowed, sometimes enough to be life-threatening. Slowed breathing can also lead to coma and permanent brain damage. Repeated heroin use changes the physical structure and physiology of the brain, creating long-term imbalances in neuronal and hormonal systems that are not easily reversed. Studies have shown some deterioration of the brain's white matter due to heroin use, \[ 63 \] which may affect decision-making abilities, the ability to regulate behavior, and responses to stressful situations. Heroin also produces profound degrees of tolerance and physical dependence. Tolerance occurs when more and more of the drug is required to achieve the same effects. With physical dependence , the body adapts to the presence of the drug , and withdrawal symptoms occur if use is reduced abruptly. Intravenous use of heroin and any other substance with needles and syringes or other related equipment may lead to:. The withdrawal syndrome from heroin may begin within as little as two hours of discontinuation of the drug; however, this time frame can fluctuate with the degree of tolerance as well as the amount of the last consumed dose, and more typically begins within 6—24 hours after cessation. Symptoms may include sweating , malaise , anxiety, depression, akathisia , priapism , extra sensitivity of the genitals in females, general feeling of heaviness, excessive yawning or sneezing, rhinorrhea , insomnia , cold sweats, chills, severe muscle and bone aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, watery eyes, \[ 65 \] fever, cramp-like pains, and involuntary spasms in the limbs thought to be an origin of the term 'kicking the habit' \[ 66 \]. Heroin overdose is usually treated with the opioid antagonist naloxone. This reverses the effects of heroin and causes an immediate return of consciousness but may result in withdrawal symptoms. The half-life of naloxone is shorter than some opioids, such that it may need to be given multiple times until the opioid has been metabolized by the body. Between and , heroin was the leading cause of drug-related deaths in the United States. Depending on drug interactions and numerous other factors, death from overdose can take anywhere from several minutes to several hours. Death usually occurs due to lack of oxygen resulting from the lack of breathing caused by the opioid. Heroin overdoses can occur because of an unexpected increase in the dose or purity or because of diminished opioid tolerance. However, many fatalities reported as overdoses are probably caused by interactions with other depressant drugs such as alcohol or benzodiazepines. Some sources quote the median lethal dose for an average 75 kg opiate-naive individual as being between 75 and mg. This means that the user may prepare what they consider to be a moderate dose while actually taking far more than intended. Also, tolerance typically decreases after a period of abstinence. If this occurs and the user takes a dose comparable to their previous use, the user may experience drug effects that are much greater than expected, potentially resulting in an overdose. It has been speculated that an unknown portion of heroin-related deaths are the result of an overdose or allergic reaction to quinine , which may sometimes be used as a cutting agent. When taken orally, heroin undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism via deacetylation , making it a prodrug for the systemic delivery of morphine. Unlike hydromorphone and oxymorphone , however, administered intravenously, heroin creates a larger histamine release, similar to morphine, resulting in the feeling of a greater subjective 'body high' to some, but also instances of pruritus itching when they first start using. Normally, GABA , which is released from inhibitory neurones, inhibits the release of dopamine. Opiates, like heroin and morphine, decrease the inhibitory activity of such neurones. This causes increased release of dopamine in the brain which is the reason for euphoric and rewarding effects of heroin. Depending on usage it has an onset 4—24 hours after the last dose of heroin. The contribution of these receptors to the overall pharmacology of heroin remains unknown. A subclass of morphine derivatives, namely the 3,6 esters of morphine, with similar effects and uses, includes the clinically used strong analgesics nicomorphine Vilan , and dipropanoylmorphine ; there is also the latter's dihydromorphine analogue, diacetyldihydromorphine Paralaudin. Two other 3,6 diesters of morphine invented in —75 along with diamorphine, dibenzoylmorphine and acetylpropionylmorphine , were made as substitutes after it was outlawed in and, therefore, sold as the first ' designer drugs ' until they were outlawed by the League of Nations in Diamorphine is produced from acetylation of morphine derived from natural opium sources, generally using acetic anhydride. The major metabolites of diamorphine, 6-MAM , morphine, morphineglucuronide , and morphineglucuronide , may be quantitated in blood, plasma or urine to monitor for use, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Most commercial opiate screening tests cross-react appreciably with these metabolites, as well as with other biotransformation products likely to be present following usage of street-grade diamorphine such as 6-Monoacetylcodeine and codeine. When interpreting the results of a test, it is important to consider the diamorphine usage history of the individual, since a chronic user can develop tolerance to doses that would incapacitate an opiate-naive individual, and the chronic user often has high baseline values of these metabolites in his system. Furthermore, some testing procedures employ a hydrolysis step before quantitation that converts many of the metabolic products to morphine, yielding a result that may be 2 times larger than with a method that examines each product individually. The opium poppy was cultivated in lower Mesopotamia as long ago as BC. Diamorphine was first synthesized in by C. Alder Wright , an English chemist working at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School in London who had been experimenting combining morphine with various acids. He boiled anhydrous morphine alkaloid with acetic anhydride for several hours and produced a more potent, acetylated form of morphine which is now called diacetylmorphine or morphine diacetate. He sent the compound to F. Pierce of Owens College in Manchester for analysis. Pierce told Wright:. Doses… were subcutaneously injected into young dogs and rabbit… with the following general results… great prostration, fear, and sleepiness speedily following the administration, the eyes being sensitive, and pupils constrict, considerable salivation being produced in dogs, and a slight tendency to vomiting in some cases, but no actual emesis. Respiration was at first quickened, but subsequently reduced, and the heart's action was diminished and rendered irregular. Wright's invention did not lead to any further developments, and diamorphine became popular only after it was independently re-synthesized 23 years later by chemist Felix Hoffmann. Instead, the experiment produced an acetylated form of morphine one and a half to two times more potent than morphine itself. Hoffmann synthesized heroin on August 21, , just eleven days after he had synthesized aspirin. Bayer scientists were not the first to make heroin, but their scientists discovered ways to make it, and Bayer led the commercialization of heroin. Bayer marketed diacetylmorphine as an over-the-counter drug under the trademark name Heroin. Morphine at the time was a popular recreational drug, and Bayer wished to find a similar but non-addictive substitute to market. However, contrary to Bayer's advertising as a 'non-addictive morphine substitute', heroin would soon have one of the highest rates of addiction among its users. From through to , diamorphine was marketed under the trademark name Heroin as a non-addictive morphine substitute and cough suppressant. In the US, the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act was passed in to control the sale and distribution of diacetylmorphine and other opioids, which allowed the drug to be prescribed and sold for medical purposes. In , the United States Congress banned its sale, importation, or manufacture. It is now a Schedule I substance , which makes it illegal for non-medical use in signatory nations of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs treaty, including the United States. The Health Committee of the League of Nations banned diacetylmorphine in , although it took more than three years for this to be implemented. In the meantime, the first designer drugs , viz. Bayer lost some of its trademark rights to heroin as well as aspirin under the Treaty of Versailles following the German defeat in World War I. Pete Doherty is also a self-confessed user of heroin. Many musicians have made songs referencing their heroin usage. Heroin is also known by many street names including dope, H, smack, junk, horse, scag, brown, and unga, among others. It is available by prescription. It is available for prescription under tight regulation exclusively to long-term addicts for whom methadone maintenance treatment has failed. It cannot be used to treat severe pain or other illnesses. In the United Kingdom, diamorphine is available by prescription, though it is a restricted Class A drug. According to the 50th edition of the British National Formulary BNF , diamorphine hydrochloride may be used in the treatment of acute pain, myocardial infarction , acute pulmonary oedema , and chronic pain. The treatment of chronic non- malignant pain must be supervised by a specialist. The BNF notes that all opioid analgesics cause dependence and tolerance but that this is 'no deterrent in the control of pain in terminal illness'. When used in the palliative care of cancer patients, diamorphine is often injected using a syringe driver. In Switzerland, heroin is produced in injectable or tablet form under the name Diaphin by a private company under contract to the Swiss government. In Australia, diamorphine is listed as a schedule 9 prohibited substance under the Poisons Standard October Possession of diamorphine for the purpose of trafficking is an indictable offense and subject to imprisonment for life. In , the US state of Oregon became the first state to decriminalize the use of heroin after voters passed Ballot Measure in Turkey maintains strict laws against the use, possession or trafficking of illegal drugs. If convicted under these offences, one could receive a heavy fine or a prison sentence of 4 to 24 years. Misused prescription medicine, such as opioids, can lead to heroin use and dependence. Diamorphine is produced from acetylation of morphine derived from natural opium sources. One such method of heroin production involves isolation of the water-soluble components of raw opium, including morphine, in a strongly basic aqueous solution, followed by recrystallization of the morphine base by addition of ammonium chloride. The solid morphine base is then filtered out. The morphine base is then reacted with acetic anhydride , which forms heroin. This highly impure brown heroin base may then undergo further purification steps, which produces a white-colored product; the final products have a different appearance depending on purity and have different names. Traffic is heavy worldwide, with the biggest producer being Afghanistan. According to a U. In The Independent reported: \[ \] \[ \]. The cultivation of opium \[in Afghanistan\] reached its peak in , when square miles km 2 of poppies were sown The following year the Taliban banned poppy cultivation, By only 30 square miles 78 km 2 of land were in use for growing opium poppies. A year later, after American and British troops had removed the Taliban and installed the interim government, the land under cultivation leapt back to square miles km 2 , with Afghanistan supplanting Burma to become the world's largest opium producer once more. Opium production in that country has increased rapidly since, reaching an all-time high in War in Afghanistan once again appeared as a facilitator of the trade. At present, opium poppies are mostly grown in Afghanistan , hectares , acres , and in Southeast Asia, especially in the region known as the Golden Triangle straddling Burma 57, hectares , acres , Thailand , Vietnam , Laos 6, hectares 15, acres and Yunnan province in China. There is also cultivation of opium poppies in Pakistan hectares 1, acres , Mexico 12, hectares 30, acres and in Colombia hectares acres. A conviction for trafficking heroin carries the death penalty in most Southeast Asian , some East Asian and Middle Eastern countries see Use of death penalty worldwide for details , among which Malaysia , Singapore and Thailand are the strictest. The penalty applies even to citizens of countries where the penalty is not in place, sometimes causing controversy when foreign visitors are arrested for trafficking, for example, the arrest of nine Australians in Bali , the death sentence given to Nola Blake in Thailand in , or the hanging of an Australian citizen Van Tuong Nguyen in Singapore. The origins of the present international illegal heroin trade can be traced back to laws passed in many countries in the early s that closely regulated the production and sale of opium and its derivatives including heroin. At first, heroin flowed from countries where it was still legal into countries where it was no longer legal. By the mids, heroin production had been made illegal in many parts of the world. An illegal trade developed at that time between heroin labs in China mostly in Shanghai and Tianjin and other nations. The weakness of the government in China and conditions of civil war enabled heroin production to take root there. Chinese triad gangs eventually came to play a major role in the illicit heroin trade. The French Connection route started in the s. Heroin trafficking was virtually eliminated in the US during World War II because of temporary trade disruptions caused by the war. Japan's war with China had cut the normal distribution routes for heroin and the war had generally disrupted the movement of opium. After World War II, the Mafia took advantage of the weakness of the postwar Italian government and set up heroin labs in Sicily which was located along the historic route opium took westward into Europe and the United States. Although it remained legal in some countries until after World War II, health risks, addiction, and widespread recreational use led most western countries to declare heroin a controlled substance by the latter half of the 20th century. This helped the development of the Golden Triangle opium production region, which supplied about one-third of heroin consumed in the US after the American withdrawal from Vietnam. In , Burma, the heartland of the Golden Triangle, was the second-largest producer of heroin, after Afghanistan. The Soviet-Afghan war led to increased production in the Pakistani-Afghan border regions, as US-backed mujaheddin militants raised money for arms from selling opium, contributing heavily to the modern Golden Crescent creation. By , 60 percent of the heroin sold in the US originated in Afghanistan. The trade shifted away from Sicily in the late s as various criminal organizations violently fought with each other over the trade. The fighting also led to a stepped-up government law enforcement presence in Sicily. Following the discovery at a Jordanian airport of a toner cartridge that had been modified into an improvised explosive device , the resultant increased level of airfreight scrutiny led to a major shortage drought of heroin from October until April This was reported in most of mainland Europe and the UK which led to a price increase of approximately 30 percent in the cost of street heroin and increased demand for diverted methadone. The number of addicts seeking treatment also increased significantly during this period. Other heroin droughts shortages have been attributed to cartels restricting supply in order to force a price increase and also to a fungus that attacked the opium crop of Many people \[ weasel words \] thought that the American government had introduced pathogens into the Afghanistan atmosphere in order to destroy the opium crop and thus starve insurgents of income. On 13 March , Haji Bagcho , with ties to the Taliban , was convicted by a US District Court of conspiracy, distribution of heroin for importation into the United States and narco-terrorism. Researchers are attempting to reproduce the biosynthetic pathway that produces morphine in genetically engineered yeast. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote. Opioid analgesic and recreational drug. For other uses, see Heroin disambiguation. Not to be confused with Heroine. IUPAC name. DB Y. D Y. Interactive image. Main article: Heroin-assisted treatment. Main article: Opioid withdrawal. Further information: US drug overdose death rates and totals over time. See also: History of opium in China. See also: Illegal drug trade in Turkey. Misuse of prescription medication. 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Look up heroin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Analgesics N02A , N02B. Isoxicam Lornoxicam Meloxicam Piroxicam Tenoxicam. Flufenamic acid Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid Tolfenamic acid. Cannabidiol Cannabis Nabilone Nabiximols Tetrahydrocannabinol dronabinol. Carbamazepine Lacosamide Local anesthetics e. Drugs which induce euphoria. See also: Recreational drug use. Opioid receptor modulators. Recreational drug use. Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis. Drug culture. Coffee break Coffeehouse Latte art Teahouse. Alcohol legality Anabolic steroid legality Cannabis legality Cocaine legality Methamphetamine legality Psilocybin decriminalization in the U. Psilocybin mushrooms legality Salvia legality. Arguments for and against drug prohibition Cannabis rights Capital punishment for drug trafficking Cognitive liberty Designer drug Drug court Drug possession Drug test Narc Politics of drug abuse War on drugs Mexican drug war Plan Colombia Philippine drug war Zero tolerance. Abuse Addiction Date rape drug Dependence Driving impaired Drug harmfulness Effects of cannabis Drug-related crime Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Long-term effects of cannabis Neurotoxicity Overdose Passive smoking of tobacco or other substances. Drug checking Drug legalization Drug rehabilitation Needle and syringe programmes Opioid replacement therapy Pharmacovigilance Reagent testing Regulation of therapeutic goods Responsible drug use Substance abuse prevention Supervised injection site. Categories : Heroin introductions introductions Acetate esters Brands that became generic British inventions 4,5-Epoxymorphinans Euphoriants Morphine Mu-opioid receptor agonists Nephrotoxins Opioids Phenol ethers Prodrugs Semisynthetic opioids Obsolete medications. Very high \[ 2 \]. Very high \[ 3 \]. Intravenous , inhalation , transmucosal, by mouth , intranasal , rectal , intramuscular , subcutaneous , intrathecal. Within minutes \[ 5 \]. Contraindications : Ethanol alcoholic beverages , isopropanol , 2M2B Barbiturates and benzodiazepines Stimulants Other opioids.

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