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Super-speedboats piloting Colombia's cocaine trade

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Two days after the killings, authorities arrested four Guatemalan police officers for the murders, after they confessed that they thought the congressmen were Colombian drug dealers carrying cash. Three days after their confession, an armed commando entered the maximum-security jail where the arrested officers were held and shot them dead. In the months that followed, the government prosecuted several high-ranking Guatemalans, including a congressman, state governor and at least twelve civilians and police officers in connection with the murders. During the last quarter of the twentieth century, the backward socioeconomic situation and the lack of reform in El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and even Honduras led to an escalation of their civil wars during the s ands. The conflicts became a part of the Cold War, further heightening Central American tensions, as both the United States and the Soviet Union vied for regional influence by providing military assistance to revolutionary and counterrevolutionary forces. The death tolls were high. In El Salvador, roughly 70, people lost their lives by the war's end in Nicaragua suffered 80, deaths by , while Guatemala lost , people between and Central America's civil wars devastated a generation, but the murders of the Salvadorian congressmen revealed a new trend in its turbulent history. Cocaine, that lucrative but illegal commodity, displaced ideology as the basis for Central America's violence. Histories about the War on Drugs in Central America have focused on individual countries or criminal elements involved in narcotrafficking. How was Central America transformed into a hub for narcotrafficking during its civil wars? How did the post-civil war period influence Central America's ability to respond to narcotrafficking? How did drug-related violence in Central America come to resemble the violence witnessed during its civil wars? Using newly acquired primary sources obtained through a U. Department of State declassification process, traditional open-source government documents and secondary sources, this paper attempts to show how Central America's civil wars and its weak political institutions left the region vulnerable to narcotrafficking syndicates and violent criminal gangs that threatened to destabilize the region as a whole. During the s, revolution in Central America facilitated the growth of regional narcotrafficking. Authorities brought greater evidence against the Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega for his association with the Medellin cartel, which led to the U. While much has been written on this subject matter elsewhere, mentioning it is important, because the Medellin cartel developed narcotrafficking ties with every interest listed above during the height of the region's civil wars. As the civil wars wound down in the early s, a nexus between Mexican and Colombian drug trafficking organizations DTOs emerged. The Medellin cartel formed the initial Mexican-Colombian relationship in the late s. Ballesteros introduced Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo a. El Padrino , the leader of the Guadalajara cartel and father of the Tijuana and Sinaloa cartels, to Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha, a founding member of the Medellin cartel. From jail, Gallardo orchestrated the division of the Guadalajara cartel among its 'second generation' associates. During this time, trafficker Arturo Eng Guerrero helped the Medellin cartel strengthen its ties with the Arellano Felix organization, which operated out of Tijuana. The Medellin cartel reacquired the cocaine after it entered the country. By the early s, pressure from Colombian authorities forced the Medellin cartel to modify its operations. As a result, they gave Mexican syndicates more responsibility over trafficking operations. However, their rivals, the Cali cartel, had already filled the void. According to the Department of State, because of Colombia's focus on the Medellin cartel, the Cali cartel took responsibility for most of the trafficking through Mexico as early as State Department also reported that the Mexican government's use of radar and its implementation of a shoot-down policy in caused the Cali cartel to put a moratorium on multi-aircraft drug convoys to Mexico. They shifted their aviation operations southward from northern Mexico into Guatemala and, sources suspect, El Salvador, in order to move the cocaine through Mexico by surface vehicles to the U. The Cali cartel differed from the flamboyant Medellin cartel, best exemplified by Pablo Escobar. They preferred to associate with subtler Mexican traffickers who worked within the Mexican system. The Cali cartel also developed ties with Amado Carrillo Fuentes, who emerged as the undisputed leader of the Ciudad Juarez cartel by Carillo Fuentes' air trafficking operation earned him the nickname 'Lord of the Skies. He influenced Mexican officials to look the other way, acting much like Garcia Abrego. According to a convicted trafficker, the 'Gulf cartel grew' with the 'support of the corrupt political system. Subscribers can access the reported version of this case. Search over million documents from over countries including primary and secondary collections of legislation, case law, regulations, practical law, news, forms and contracts, books, journals, and more. Advanced A. Founded over 20 years ago, vLex provides a first-class and comprehensive service for lawyers, law firms, government departments, and law schools around the world. Subscribers are able to see a list of all the cited cases and legislation of a document. Subscribers are able to see a list of all the documents that have cited the case. Subscribers are able to see the revised versions of legislation with amendments. Subscribers are able to see any amendments made to the case. Subscribers are able to see a visualisation of a case and its relationships to other cases. An alternative to lists of cases, the Precedent Map makes it easier to establish which ones may be of most relevance to your research and prioritise further reading. You also get a useful overview of how the case was received. Subscribers are able to see the list of results connected to your document through the topics and citations Vincent found. VLEX uses login cookies to provide you with a better browsing experience. If you click on 'Accept' or continue browsing this site we consider that you accept our cookie policy. Your World of Legal Intelligence. Document Cited in Related Vincent. Author Marcy, William L. Position Report. To continue reading. All rights reserved. You can sign up for a trial and make the most of our service including these benefits. Request your trial.

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