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Chan School of Public Health. The interview below has been edited for concision and clarity. James Jolin JJ : Health economics is obviously a very salient and relevant discipline of economics, given the pandemic we are continuing to experience. How did you become involved in this field as opposed to others in the discipline of economics? Austin Frakt AF : My educational background is actually in physics and engineering, so I didn't have any economics training — I think maybe I took one introductory economics course as an undergraduate. But when I was finishing up at MIT. I felt like I wanted to do something policy focused, and I didn't know what that meant, or what it could mean. I did a lot of informational interviewing. In the late 90s, there was a lot of talk of we need more science scientists, engineers, and even math people to go into public policy. So that sort of general attitude made it very easy for me to approach people working in the policy area, different policy areas to ask for their advice. What could a person like me do, with my experience? I don't know how many people I talked to, but it could have been well over I remember networking for a long time — and I wasn't looking for a job; It was just informational networking. I ended up talking to someone in health economics at a consulting company. And I thought what he was saying was really fascinating and that he was fascinating. I felt I could learn a lot from him. He was a health economist. So I did end up taking a job with him. And actually, I still work with him. It's been 22 years that we've done work together. JJ: Could you give our readers a sense of your main research areas? AF: The topic area that's been sustained throughout my career, or most of my career, is the Medicare Advantage market. It's a program in Medicare, through which private insurance companies offer the Medicare benefit as an alternative to the fully public Medicare program. And the insurance products, the plans can vary somewhat from the traditional Medicare benefit. They have to cover at least what Medicare covers but they can offer more, and they can have lower cost sharing, and other features. It's become increasingly popular now. There's a lot about it we don't understand, and there's some opportunity to study questions, and it's kind of an understudied program. Can you describe what this entails and what evidence you see of how effective this proposal could be? Why is this being pursued? AF: Well, it's being pursued for a combination of reasons. It's a political issue because I think drug prices are very salient to patients. This is in contrast to a hospital visit — that's pretty rare. Most of us don't visit the hospital regularly; some patients do, but that's very rare. So we don't have as much personal experience with hospital pricing. Just as a quick aside, it comes into huge shock to people who do have a hospitalization or emergency department visit how much it costs, how much they're responsible for. It's a relatively small population that experiences that — a much larger population experiences drug prices. Drugs are also an area where we have really regular and much-touted innovation. We don't really hear or experience that in other areas. Of course, there is innovation in how hospitals function, in different procedures and so forth, but it's just not as salient. From an economic point of view, it's certainly true that drug prices matter. There are patients who are priced out of the drugs that they need for their conditions, or they can't take them in the amount they're supposed to — they're splitting pills or skipping doses and things like that. There are patients for whom life-saving drugs exist that can't get them. There are patients who could get the drugs, but because of their costs, the insurance company requires them to try cheaper drugs first and document that they fail on them. So there are real consequences to the price of drugs — negative consequences. There are also real positive consequences: the high prices lead to additional profit, which is an incentive to invest. So we do get the pace of innovation that we observe, in part because of the high prices we pay. And so there's a real trade off between innovation, patient access, and costs — not just to patients but to taxpayers — as well as opportunity costs in the sense that, if you spend a lot on drugs, there are fewer resources for other things. These are all intersecting issues, and the balance among them is not obvious. Economics can help inform the balance in terms of quantifying the cost, the benefit, and so forth, but it can't ever tell you what the right balance point is. When you talk about a specific proposal, like the one under consideration in Congress now, an economist with economics tools cannot tell you that's the right proposal. That's a value judgment. JJ: From a positive perspective and not rendering any normative judgements, what are some other policy proposals on the table? What are some proposals that are possible or feasible looking at other nations besides the U. AF: In my view, the right way to think about drug prices is to consider not the cost but the cost effectiveness. This is something we can measure, albeit with limitations, but you can measure and quantify the cost effectiveness of different drugs. And the company's saying it's a million dollars a year for the treatment. And the clinical trials say it will increase lifespan by three months. You can actually do that cost effectiveness calculation. You can do it in a much more nuanced way than just price per life extended, and that's routinely done; there are techniques for that. And when you do that, you do see that some drugs are highly cost effective. Among the most cost-effective things you can do is vaccinate people — COVID vaccine, flu vaccine, all the vaccines are super cost effective. And then we do have drugs that are very not cost effective — they're super expensive, relative to their benefit as we can measure it. That does not mean patients don't appreciate it. But when you look across things we could invest in and provide, some are more cost effective. My opinion is that we should be paying much more attention to cost effectiveness. We should invest in doing those cost effectiveness evaluations; other countries do that. They do price their drugs and other health care purchases on cost effectiveness evaluations. The right way to do this kind of work is to do that very math-y, hard-nosed calculation, and bring in the other contextual factors that we all feel ethically and emotionally are important. Sometimes you may have a drug that's not very cost effective, but it's a breakthrough technology. So maybe you want to support it anyway. Or you have a drug that's super expensive, but it treats a condition for a population that's been for a long time overlooked and marginalized. There's a whole bunch of contextual factors that should be brought into conversation. So I think the right approach is to bring in cost effectiveness, but have that alongside a broader conversation that involves patients, providers — include the perspective of manufacturers in the innovation cycle and all that and hash it out. JJ: That makes sense. I want to turn to another issue that you mentioned in your previous response, which is COVID vaccination. Are vaccination requirements helping or hurting? Austin Frakt AF : An important caveat to my answer is that I have not studied this, but I have a sense that mandates are effective. I think it may matter how the mandates are done. I think there's a reason they're being done the way they are — employer mandates instead of individual mandates. That may vary by employer or by geography, but I do think there are people who are reluctant to get vaccinated for a whole host of reasons who will get vaccinated, if it's a condition of employment, or it's a condition of some other things they want to do — attending a sporting event or regaining a certain aspect of their lives that were lost. I think a government mandate on individuals would just fuel the kind of backlash that we're seeing. Current mandates are actually through employers, so when you filter it that way, it seems more palatable. JJ: Obviously, the pandemic has transformed so many facets of our lives. AF: Well, I'm doing some work, actually, at Harvard with some colleagues, looking at the decrease in utilization of health care during the pandemic. Many hospitals canceled procedures. Doctor's offices weren't seeing people. So that had a big impact, but also people self-selected to not go to hospitals. The consequences of that I don't think are fully known because this is actually a fairly recent phenomenon. So we just have the last year and a half of experience. Things have come back. So there's a rebound of utilization. And I think it just takes time to sort out what the consequences of the lower utilization really were. In many but not all cases, these things were deferrable, and it wasn't a big deal. Even though there was education, more or less, throughout the pandemic, it just got shifted to a way that just didn't work for a lot of kids. Many kids were just stalled. Even though they technically completed that year of school, they only got a fraction of the education they would have otherwise gotten. So they're way behind where they otherwise would be in terms of reading, math, and other topics. That's going to have long term implications. What's even more important than that is the distribution of that effect. So kids with more resources, or who just were in a better place educationally, in terms of what they're capable of doing, didn't fall behind as much as kids who weren't as privileged. And that's going to have long term repercussions — decades long. There's lots of work that shows that your educational attainment and the quality of your education has an effect on your future employment and your wages, and actually, your health. So I think we're going to be dealing with that in ways we don't really fully understand for a long time. My last question looks towards the future of health economics. What is at the frontier of research in your field at the moment? What are some of the things that you're excited to learn more about using the principles and the methods of health economics? AF: I'm not sure I have a perfect answer to this question, but let me use this to talk about the importance of data. There are a few things that are like the lifeblood of research — data is certainly one of them. I am excited about the growing availability of kinds of data we haven't had before. So in my own area of research on Medicare Advantage, which we talked about. For many years, the kind of data you could get about the care that was provided under traditional Medicare, the fully public program, you could not get for private plans under Medicare Advantage. This is despite the fact that both arms of the program are highly taxpayer subsidized. So we are all paying for this healthcare that's been delivered, yet for a substantial portion of it, we have very little understanding of what's going on. I've long been concerned that we don't know about Medicare Advantage at that level of detail. That has recently changed. Medicare is now releasing Medicare Advantage encounter data. We only have a few years right now, and the quality of the earlier data is questionable, so there's a lot of work being done in validating the data and making sure it's of good quality. But it's beginning to look possible to use those data to answer the kinds of questions about Medicare Advantage that we have answered about traditional Medicare for years. And I'm very excited about that. And that's just one example of other ways data availability is improving. And it's still not enough. It's never enough. The data are still idiosyncratic, spotty, not comprehensive, and typically very expensive. So that limits access to researchers who can't get the grant funding, and there's a whole equity issue there — some researchers are better financed and others. I'm not satisfied, but I'm encouraged and excited about opening up these kinds of data. Thank you for that, and for your other comments, Dr. Our readers will surely benefit from your insights. For many physicians, there is a lack of accessibility to healthy coping mechanisms and opting to ask for help. Health IT is expensive to acquire and implement in hospital structures. Health IT poses a major disruption to the daily workflow of clinicians and organizations. How can this transition be more efficient, and what role does IT have in the patient-provider workflow? She received her Ph. She primarily focuses her research on policies aimed at enhancing the affordability and quality of healthcare in the United States. Her work has played a significant role in shaping provider payment systems in both public and private spheres. Additionally, she has provided guidance to federal and state policymakers regarding healthcare payment policy development and implementation. Black and Brown maternal health disparities are rooted in historical health policies limiting power and reproductive decision-making in the United States. From anti-Black racism in the field of obstetrics and gynecology and policies such as the Sheppard—Towner Act of in the American South, to xenophobia through the forced sterilization of non-English speaking mothers in the 20th and 21st centuries, there is a clear link between health policy and minoritized maternal health outcomes. Bryan Choi, an attending neurosurgeon, specializes in surgical care for patients with benign and malignant brain tumors. Karestan Koenen, a psychologist and epidemiologist at the Harvard T. Koenen received her B. She is a strong advocate of better support for victims of sexual assault and PTSD. This interview has been edited for brevity and clarity. Rigid adherence to traditional masculine norms typified by self-reliance and restrictive emotionality is associated with poor mental health and education outcomes for boys and young men. Existing approaches to encourage more flexible, positive expressions of masculinity have largely been focused on achieving individual behaviour change. Here we discuss the need for a policy lens on efforts to reduce the influence of restrictive gender role norms for boys and young men. Examples of current solutions span the sensitisation of mental health care for boys and men, alongside embedding of positive masculinity programming into educational policy. In all, applying a policy and systems lens when promoting positive masculinities does due justice to the structural nature of restrictive frameworks of masculine self-expression. Tiemeier has worked broadly in pediatric epidemiology for more than 20 years with an emphasis on child developmental research. At Harvard his research focuses on high-risk children, such as preterm children and homeless families. Mollie Williams, Dr. Patel received his PhD from Stanford University. Back Articles Perspectives. A Conversation with Health Economist Dr. Apr 7, David Blumenthal. Mar 5, Interview with Dr. Meredith Rosenthal: C. Feb 22, Feb 7, Bryan Choi. Oct 31, Karestan Koenen. Jul 28, Jul 19, Henning Tiemeier. Jul 17, Mollie Williams. Jul 10, Chirag Patel.

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Viewing items from our collection—like the first two images here—and engaging with the students made up the first day of the workshop. The balance took place in the Weill Cornell Medicine anatomy lab, where students worked directly with cadavers. Prosections are specially prepared human anatomical specimens, wrapped in a damp preservative, as well as plastinated specimens, which allow for the study of deeper and more isolated anatomical structure. Through laboratory drawing, participating students will become more familiar with the manner of interlocking deeper forms—forms which are not typically clear on anatomical models due to the haphazard ways that art school skeletons are wired together. Ultimately, students will work towards achieving greater anatomical clarity and validity in their drawing studies, which will be applied to creating higher quality figurative work in the visual arts, from a finer appreciation of human construction. Being in the anatomy lab was, for me, a transformative experience, as I had never had the opportunity to see actual cadavers and specimens and think about their relationship to images from historical texts that I share with classes when they visit. After the class had ended, I asked if the students would be willing to send their work to me so that we could share it with a broader audience. Many sent images, and it is a privilege to be able to show some of those here. Classes from many local institutions regularly visit the rare book room to engage with materials from our collections. After their visit, she wrote a blog post about the experience, which you can find here. If you are interested in bringing your class to the New York Academy of Medicine Library, please reach out to ashaner nyam. Specifically, Dr. George S. It is indeed an anxious time. We face threats such as climate change and the spread of misinformation. Writing in , Dr. Stevenson produced eleven tenets for dealing with our feelings. Public parks are beautiful places to go for a stroll. Scheduling recreation is sometimes hard—especially for an adult. When we are younger, we get scheduled vacation. The summer is ours! As adults, we have more responsibilities. As Dr. We can buy tickets in advance to the latest blockbuster or art-house film. We can schedule an hour or two before bed to transport ourselves with the help of a book. Stevenson has spoken of the benefits but so have others. In , Joseph Ralph, a psychologist and psychoanalyst, declared that he had found the fountain of youth. It was not in some unobtainable secret cave, and he was not going to keep it to himself. The secret to still being young was electronic relaxation, a method of inducing tension. Through wear and tear, the protoplasm becomes weak, causing us to age. The agent responsible was not our physicality but instead our mental conflicts. Our intense emotional reactions cause the protoplasm inside the cells to harden. If hardened, they can no longer provide us with the energy we need. Even your insurance company wants you to relax! Like Dr. Stevenson, the insurance company wanted you to figure out what works best for you. Besides the typical ways we think of recreation, the pamphlet stated that perhaps just sitting there is what works for you! While we all may have ideas of what recreation is, it looks different for all. We wanted to share how people have been relaxing so far this summer. We thank everyone for their responses so far. They relayed their goals for the summer, which included personal goals vacations, exercise, spending time with family and pets, and of course, recovery , as well work goals planning notable events, organizing office space, and remembering to respond to emails on time. Parks are always fun to visit during the summer. Indiana seems like a popular destination this summer. Three of our postcards come from different parks there. Rachel visited Wolf Park and talked about the different wildlife she saw there, including foxes, turtles, and of course, wolves! She mentioned how the park gave her tips on how to help the wildlife there and in the larger environment. Megan went on a trip to Turkey Run State Park in Indiana where she went on a hike for her recent birthday. She loved being in nature with her sister and best friends. Our Historical Collections Librarian sent a postcard from a road trip she took. One of her stops brought her to the Indiana Dunes National Park. There she got to walk along the Lake Michigan Shoreline! One of our patrons, Dr. Sharon Packer, sent us these photos from Bearsville, New York. The pictures remind us of the beauty and therapeutic power of relaxing in our natural environment. We are lucky to live only a train ride away from such different scenery. There also looks to be delicious home cooking! Both making and eating are perfect relaxation practices. With that, we are still collecting postcards and pictures. We look forward to hearing from you! And more importantly, we hope you are having a relaxing summer. References: Harris, Antron. Tibby, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Relax and Revive. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, ?. Stevenson, George S. How to Deal with Your Tensions. National Association for Mental Health, c Each year, all the cultural institutions along 5th Avenue get together to highlight what we have to offer. Think of it as a block party for museums! This year the Museum Mile Festival celebrated its 45 th anniversary. It also happened to be the th birthday of our neighboring institution, The Museum of the City of New York! Our set-up highlighted the treasures from our collection with replicas of assorted pamphlets. This included a photo-op with our new skeletal employee. There were plenty of crayons on hand for visitors to engage in sheets from our Color Our Collections coloring books. Sidewalk chalk was on offer to decorate the closed city streets. These encounters gave us ideas on how best to invite the community through our doors to engage with our organization. A reminder that throughout the year on the first Monday of every month at 12 pm holidays excepted , we offer tours of our library highlighting a portion of the collection. While we understand it may not be possible for some to attend, we continue to look for other ways to highlight our rich holdings. For some, the Museum Mile Festival is their unofficial kick-off to summer. Others wait for the official start on the day of the summer equinox. Students may celebrate on the last day of classes when their summer vacation starts. While not all of us get that traditional summer vacation, the season brings to mind the need for some real relaxation. Whether it be lying by the beach, going for a run in the park, or seeing your favorite baseball team play, we each have our own ideas of what it means to take it easy. Some like to relax by swimming. Others visit different places. Our blog has also shared what happens when the God of love needs some rest and relaxation. It goes to show that if they need it, we do too. Here at NYAM, we want to hear how you are spending this leisure time. Throughout the summer we hope to share with you what others have been doing. We need to recharge once in a while. Your relaxation tips might inspire others! You never know what may lie in your own backyard. Enjoyed the colorful, illustrated images? They come from our William H. Helfand Collection of Pharmaceutical Trade Cards collection which is available to view online! This included sharing information and graphics from the National Alliance on Mental Illness. Kids often imitate adult behavior. Passing down healthy habits, including ones related to mental health, is imperative! The popularity of Star Wars continues to this day. A television commercial and a poster were made for this, with the latter in our collection. School nurses are some of the first healthcare workers that children meet. On May 10 th we celebrated them. National School Nurses Day invites us to thank these caregivers. Terman shows a school nurse in action. She made her appearance in at the Cleveland Health Museum, helping to explain how the female body worked. Do you like foraging for your food? Thomas helps you identify which you can eat and which you cannot! World Goth Day happened on May 22 nd. The macabre is at the forefront of this often-misunderstood subculture. It appears on a card from our William H. International Plastic Free Day on May 25th seeks to have at least one day without single-use plastics. The day usually falls around Memorial Day, a long weekend often spent enjoying picnics, the beach, or hiking, all occasions tempting us to be wasteful. To keep on enjoying, we need to squash the usage of these products. Throughout the month, artists used the hashtag and prompt MerMay as a creative inspiration signaling mermaids and mermen. Finally, we are counting down the days until Museum Mile Festival ! On Tuesday, June 13 th , cultural institutions along Museum Mile on 5 th Avenue will be celebrating with extended hours, giveaways, and a look inside the collections. We can be found online over at Facebook , Instagram, and Twitter. Check back here or on our social media for more chances for a look inside our collection! The National Association for Mental Health, now Mental Health America, set up the month of educational events to clear up misconceptions about mental health and provide resources to those who need them. The knowledge of public health is always changing. What may have been taken as fact years ago is not necessarily the truth now. This is true for understanding mental health, or formerly, mental hygiene. These two organizations brought together some of the leading minds on the subject. This was a relatively new idea. Modern understanding of psychiatry had begun less than a hundred years earlier. The goal of this conference was what the public could do regarding their own mental health. They came up with six tenets. One of the forefathers of the mental health awareness movement would not be considered a traditional mental health expert. Clifford Whittingham Beers was born in Mental illness ran in his family. He himself served several stints in mental institutions. Upon the cruel treatment inflicted upon him at these hospitals, he went on to write a memoir on the subject. In A Mind That Found Itself, he writes of the degradation that he and his fellow patients were subject to. This memoir was key to providing a voice for those who were afraid to speak of their own illness. In Beers founded the organization now called Mental Health America. These mental health memoirs offer both guidance and companionship to those who also suffer. They provide maps for those who care about those who may be suffering and allow s a peek inside minds that many cannot comprehend. Some of these authors bring humor to their reflections. Two funny people wrote about their own struggles. Kevin Breel is a Canadian comedian. He also suffers from depression. His memoir, Boy Meets Depression , allows readers into the mind of someone who experienced the mental illness early on in life. Sara Benincasa is known for being a comical blogger. Her own memoir Agorafabulous! In dealing with mental health, we get to experience dark visions or the physical manifestation of anguish. The Hospital Suite by John Porcellino starts off with a hospitalization. His brief stint had taken a toll on his mental health. He writes about the experience of his recovery from an obsessive-compulsive episode. Porcellino is candid about his struggles and his fears of his bouts recurring. Ellen Forney was diagnosed with bipolar disorder before her thirteenth birthday. Afraid of stunting her creativity, she seeks treatment that will help her fulfill her potential. She begins to look at other artists who have suffered from mental illness. Forney takes us on her personal highs and lows in Marbles. Towards the end of his work on the epidemic of mental fatigue and pressure, People Under Pressure , Albert M. Barrett, MD, offered a sympathetic take on mental health challenges. For fifteen years prior to his publication, he worked alongside counselors and therapists. Barrett urges us to consider a different point of view. Barrett, Albert M. People under Pressure. College and University Press, Benincasa, Sara. William Morrow Paperbacks, Breel, Kevin. Harmony Books, Clifford, Beers W. Longmans, Green, and Co. Forney, Ellen. Gotham Books, Committee on Mental Hygiene. My name is Anthony Murisco. A few weeks back, we celebrated Pi Day by baking a couple of pies. I wanted to share my own experience. For those who may not know or need a refresher, Pi is a mathematical constant. Pi Day is a celebration of all things mathematical as well as that certain baked good. Pi and pie not only share a name but are both circular. While the holiday may have earlier origins, the first recorded celebration was heralded by physicist Larry Shaw in In an effort to make learning math fun, he conducted the first Pi Day celebration with his class. What better way to celebrate than by baking a pie? This year, this was my task. The New York Academy of Medicine Library has a plethora of recipe books, some more than years old. A selection of these books has been shared before, on social media, in this very blog, and even on our digital exhibition. Here was one of the first attempts of our staff making a dish! After searching through several books and finding only savory recipes, our Historical Collections Reference Librarian, Arlene Shaner, discovered what I was looking for. Mary Randolph first published The Virginia Housewife in Its popularity led to several editions and reprints. The Virginia housewife, or Methodical Cook was the first of its kind, a published manual of recipes and housekeeping tips that would later surge and create an industry. This was the perfect book to make a pie from. The book featured three different recipes. Only one specified that it was a pie. Arlene predicted that the second recipe was for pie filling. She is an experienced baker. She went with that one. I had never baked a pie before. I looked at the recipe to make a list of ingredients. I stopped by my local pop-up market and got four large red delicious apples. Each looked almost double the size of a single apple. Surely this would be enough! Powdered sugar and whole cloves were easy to get. While I know that pre-made is not ideal, I had never made a crust before. I would have needed even further directions! If store-bought is fine for Ina Garten, it would be good enough for me. The rose water ended up being the most elusive ingredient in my neighborhood. After several failed shopping trips, I contemplated looking up replacements. I ended up finding rose water downtown at a hip chain grocery store. Having never baked like this before, I tried to stick exactly to the recipe. The years of doing mail-in meal services will do that to you! Without the exact measurements, I was left a little confused—how would I know how much to use? The Virginia House-wife and other older cookbooks are not specific with their instructions. The recipes are a supplement to your knowledge. Randolph did not foresee someone like me, a beginner, taking on the challenge. During the filling of the crust, I noticed, two apples in, that I should have gotten more apples. This was not my case. Still, I used what I had! When I discussed my experience with Arlene, she told me that the powdered sugar I used was the wrong ingredient. Powdered sugar today is not the same as it was then. It was more akin to granulated sugar today. Though the pie tasted good, I had given it a different spin. The pie I made was tasty. The powdered sugar dried up some of the apples. I also put too many cloves. This led to quite a spicy taste. Since , Dr. Rachel Snell, a historian, has been working her way through The Virginia house-wife. I wish I had seen her blog prior to making the pie, so I could have prepared a little more! I hope to be able to share more of these recipes in the future. In the meantime, please check out our digital collection of cookbooks. Maybe something will inspire a course for your dinner tonight! Berton, Juston. Randolph, Mary. The Virginia house-wife. Washington : Davis and Force, Snell, Rachel A. Before the written word, we relied on our stories being passed down orally. These tales were meant to explain and justify the mysteries of the world around us. Fables, folksongs, and myths are examples of these. Our common superstitions act as bite-sized versions of this folklore. While every month has its sayings , March is known specifically for two. Through the years the saying has trickled down into our collective lexicon. It warns of caution towards the middle of March; the Ides fall on the 15th. It makes sense, though, that after the destruction of crops by killing frost, the fresh fertility of the land brings to mind an innocent animal. Lambs have long had religious symbolism for innocence and these animals were also a sign of luck. The first lamb of Spring meant good fortune, specifically if it faced you. If it was caught looking away, that was thought less lucky. Academic, teacher, and author Dr. Frank Clyde Brown started to accumulate folklore related to his state of North Carolina. He collected state-specific stories, songs, and tales from about to When he died in , the collection became known as the Frank C. Brown Collection of North Carolina Folklore. If March comes in like a lamb, it will go out like a lion. Perhaps for snappier flow, lines needed excision. Nor does it negate their kernels of truth, some based on observed early science. We still circulate many of these whether it be in the water cooler at work or shared on social media. It is important to place these within context. We now know that they are not to be taken as facts but rather as what was once believed to be facts. As the dreaded ides of March draw near, we offer up a few more of these sayings from the Brown Collection to celebrate the month:. And for those hoping for a fruitful March, I leave you with -To make cabbage seed grow, sow them in your night clothes on March seventeenth. References Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham. Hand, Wayland D. The Frank C. Durham: Duke University Press, Hole, Christina ed. Encyclopaedia of Superstitions. London : Hutchinson, Platt, Charles. Popular Superstitions. London : H. Jenkins, Ltd. In an earlier post , we looked at how we came to that position. Every good special collections library has a distinct identity, focused around its collections. This is ours: we are a research library holding medical and public health literature ranging from the earliest days of printing to the early years of the 21 st century. Though formed by many forces, our collection now exists to serve the advanced academic humanities researcher in a variety of disciplines, chiefly the history of medicine and public health. To support this identity, we continue to add to our collections, selectively, focusing on books and other materials that are not found locally, and may be rare nationally. Collecting physical books remains crucial. Not all the medical literature of the past has been digitized, and reading the bare information contained in the words of the text does not begin to exhaust the experience of learning from a physical book. Supporting academic research into the collections is important. The Library awards two residential fellowships annually, the Audrey and William H. Our application period for Fellowships just closed and our review committee is now working through the applications. Through our participation in the academic group, the Consortium for the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine CHSTM , we serve as a venue for their fellows as well, both short-term exploratory visits as well as longer term research trips. Why support academic research? Historical scholars lay the groundwork and generate the ideas that will inform discussions in the years to come. The discipline of history provides a particular lens through which to understand our society today—and the role of medicine and public health in shaping society and being shaped by it, a central concern before the COVID pandemic, brought even more sharply into relief since. As ideas emerge, they are picked up by thought leaders and informed citizens, and they help to shape the shared understanding and open debate of a healthy society. In we started the programmatic series Race and Health, followed in by Then and Now, pairing academic historians with public health researchers and policymakers, so that each may learn from the other, and the audience may learn from both. Certainly continuing to add to the collections; and certainly continuing to award fellowships and welcome researchers. We will also continue our work behind-the-scenes: cataloging our holdings, so that everyone will know that we have them, and conserving our books, so that researchers of the future can use them too. But the future should not be just more of the same! We want to support our academic researchers better going forward. How can we not just support individual researchers, but develop and sustain a creative intellectual community that can spark ideas and deepen understanding? How can we find the hidden voices in our collections, which have been smoothed over by the descriptive practices of the past? How can we supplement those voices now, by going beyond the printed word? These are all serious questions. Over the next decade, I hope we can dig more deeply and understand our collections better, to serve our users better. I hope we can find a way to support more research in our reading room, and even commission oral histories, as history starts just in the last moment. Our work is broad-based. Our practice of hosting school groups and providing tours goes back decades. This past year, class visits have started up again in earnest, opening the worlds of the past through our books and images—for college students—while we offer everyone drop-in tours on the first Monday of each month. Engaging with the physical book is important—for everyone, and for many reasons. In an increasingly digital world, we tend to think of facts, ideas, opinions, and images as disembodied—unmoored from the circumstances of production, distribution, and presentation—and therefore, mistakenly, as more authoritative. Beyond that, books have a particular beauty. But this I mean not only the beauty of a well-crafted binding, or a pleasing or dramatic illustration, or a fine type-face—though I do mean those qualities, best appreciated with an authentic piece, not a facsimile, digital or otherwise. Part of the beauty of books comes rather from different qualities: its heft; a variety of different sizes of books; the thinness or thickness of the paper, and its quality, brightness, look, and feel; an exemplary job of printing and binding, or, alternately, signs of wear caused by generations of use; or even the gradual unfolding of the text as one turns from one page to the next—or bounces around, going forward and backward, engaging with the text physically while one engages with it intellectually. I should add: to appreciate the book is not to disparage the digital revolution—digital texts provide ways of advancing both intellectual and aesthetic life that are different from traditional books. Our collection is both deep and broad, even with its medical focus. As other libraries empty their shelves and go all-digital, the Academy Library has an increasingly rare and valuable perspective to offer. How can we do this better? We could engage more people in more ways. Digital products reach a broad swath of people and can draw them to the Library for an in-person experience. Hybrid models could be explored and exploited, for example marrying larger digital exhibits on expansive themes, with smaller physical displays and personal tours. We could explore taking our materials out to the community, rather than always asking people to come our way. We could make a concerted effort to find ways for all facets of society to encounter our collections. All these are possibilities, many of them being investigated and developed elsewhere. We should be actively exploring what works for us at the Academy Library. Keep connected and see what comes next! On Wednesday, September 21, the Academy Library celebrates its achievements and looks to the future. Join us for a festive evening with a chance to meet the NYAM Library Team and explore a special display of some of our rare treasures. Register here. Over the last years, the Academy Library has built one of the premier medical collections in the United States, expanded its reach beyond the Academy to the world, and reinvented its mission. The first item in its collection was Dr. The centerpiece of the medical library, though, was the medical journal, the avenue to the most up-to-date medical thinking. Collecting was extensive: the journals take up six floors of stacks; both books and journals number over , volumes. In addition, the Library has collected hundreds of thousands of pamphlets—a favorite 19 th — and early 20 th -century format—as well as , medically related illustrations. By the s, the Academy Library was one of the largest medical libraries in the country. In , the Academy opened the Library to the public, and began to serve not just the Fellows, but also the larger medical community, inquisitive citizens, and historical researchers. By the turn of the 20 th century, we were seen as complementing the New York Public Library; our scope reached beyond the city to the tri-state region. By the middle of the 20 th century, our range expanded to the nation and beyond, as the Library became part of broader networks of libraries—medical and otherwise—that made our resources available to everyone. In the s, like many other leading medical libraries, we took on innovative projects to use the internet to collect new forms of medical information and to reach audiences in new ways. In it started the Grey Literature Report, an online database gathering and indexing the rarely-collected studies and articles published by foundations and other nonprofits. Through these and many other projects, the Library moved with the times. Even so, as medical books and especially journals moved into the digital realm, and as access to this literature increasingly came through medical schools and hospitals, the NYAM Library found its primary mission supplanted. People got their medical information elsewhere. Archibald Malloch. Manuscript and archival collections, such as the Michael M. Davis papers on medical economics, supported historical research as well. From on, the Library published its History of Medicine book series, which concluded in after 53 volumes. Public lectures, some radio-broadcast, explored historical topics. Starting in , the Library hosted a residential fellowship in the history of medicine and public health, and three years later added a second. As that field developed, historians expanded their focus from classic texts to the full panoply of medicine and public health. As our in-person medical users began to drop away, the Library refocused its efforts to history, building on its premier collections and its century-long work in the history of medicine and public health. In the first decades of the 21 st century, the Library stopped collecting current medical literature and made history its primary mission. Its Center for the History of Medicine and Public Health opened in , mounting public programs that use history to engage the public around issues of health and medicine. As the Library looks to the future, we embrace our mission of serving the Academy, the city, the nation, and beyond, preserving the heritage of medicine, and promoting historical understanding. We invite you to join us! The Academy Library has reworked and expanded its timeline of milestones. Please check it out to learn more of our year history. Army was the largest, which in became the U. National Library of Medicine. The first quotation is from pp. The Fasciculus Medicinae was first published in , but demand for it made it a favorite text for printers. By , it had been issued more than twenty times. Variations in the text and the illustrations through time show the early modern tension between medieval medical ideas and advances in medical understanding forged at the beginning of the 16 th century. The site includes contributed essays from Dr. Natalie Lussey Seale of the University of Edinburgh, whose work focuses on early modern Venetian print culture. Frontispiece, The illustrations of the Fasciculus Medicinae offer an intriguing glimpse of medical practice in the 16 th century. Other woodcuts help us to understand early modern conceptions of health and illness. This figure, who dates to earlier manuscripts from the medieval period, survives well into the twentieth century, appearing alongside horoscopes in a modified form in print in American almanacs produced by pharmaceutical companies. The Facendo Il Libro website has a simple design, but a complex structure. It is both a standalone digital collection and an online exhibit built using Islandora, an open-source digital repository framework. The online exhibit was built using an Islandora multi-site to leverage the digital collection repository Fedora , Drupal Book module, and the current Library branding theme. The ability to draw from the common repository made it possible to store content once and use it in multiple ways. Thus, the five digitized editions are available in two different places using a single source. The built-in navigational structure for the exhibit makes it easy for users to explore the collection in a linear fashion or by sections. Replicating the physical experience of touching the text is still a challenge for digital projects. Thus, it was important to create a digital experience that provides the user with some sense of the materiality of the object. The image shows the thickness of the text and the fact that the edition begins in middle of the physical object. It shows the user exactly what will be encountered when using the physical item. It also highlights a significant piece of information that could have been lost due to cropping. Another important aspect of the online exhibit is the illustrations page, where users can see all the illustrations from all editions in one place. When a user clicks on an illustration, the user is immediately taken to a page with descriptions of each illustration as it appears in each edition. To explore the images, users can click on an image and zoom in to see the intricate details. Workshop participant Karina Fuhrman shared images from the visit to the rare book room. The drawings were done by Dan Thompson and the sculpture was done by Karina during her time in the dissection lab. We even got a response from a friend of a famous foot-tall ape… Parks are always fun to visit during the summer. References: Barrett, Albert M. Porcellino, John. The Hospital Suite. Title page of the edition of The Virginia house-wife by Randolph. Two of the pie recipes. Notice how the second is not specifically stated as a pie! Ready to be baked! The finished product. References: Berton, Juston. The cover of Popular Superstitions by Charles Platt As the dreaded ides of March draw near, we offer up a few more of these sayings from the Brown Collection to celebrate the month: -A thunderstorm in March indicates an early spring. Barton c. A Library conservator repairs one of our rare books. A Dundas Dick and Co. Helfand Collection of Pharmaceutical Trade Cards, with an autumnal scene on the front and calendars for and on the back. The Drs. By the NYAM Library Team Over the last years, the Academy Library has built one of the premier medical collections in the United States, expanded its reach beyond the Academy to the world, and reinvented its mission. Isaac Wood inscribed his donation of Dr. The Rare Book and History Room shortly after it opened in Since , the room is known as the Drs. Subscribe Subscribed. Books, Health and History. Sign me up. Already have a WordPress. Log in now. Loading Comments Email Required Name Required Website.

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