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Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Recent increases in marijuana use and legalization without adequate knowledge of the risks necessitate the characterization of the billions of nanoparticles contained in each puff of smoke. Tobacco smoke offers a benchmark given that it has been extensively studied. Tobacco and marijuana smoke particles are quantitatively similar in volatility, shape, density and number concentration, albeit with differences in size, total mass and chemical composition. For tobacco and marijuana smoke, respectively, and different compounds are detected, of which, and in common are tentatively identified, and of these, and different compounds 69 in common are known to cause negative health effects through carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, or other toxic mechanisms. This study demonstrates striking similarities between marijuana and tobacco smoke in terms of their physical and chemical properties. Cannabis is among the most commonly used controlled substances worldwide 1 , 2. An estimated In North America, an estimated There is a growing trend to liberalize policies governing cannabis possession and use 3 with over 20 countries and most U. At the time of writing, eleven U. In , Canada became the first Group of 7 G7 country 6 and the second in the world, after Uruguay 7 in , to formally legalize cannabis for recreational use 8. Smoking marijuana is commonly perceived as less harmful than smoking tobacco 10 , However, marijuana smoke contains harmful substances including known carcinogens likely emitted from the pyrolysis of the plant material during smoking The health effects of tobacco smoke have been extensively studied and after decades of research it has been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen While smoking marijuana has been associated with increased rates of adverse respiratory symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 10 , 14 , it has not been conclusively linked to lung cancer The chemical composition of tobacco smoke has been thoroughly investigated in previous work However, there are few reports of the chemical composition of marijuana smoke. The chemicals emitted from smoking tobacco cigarettes or marijuana cigarettes known as joints are qualitatively similar with some quantitative differences 17 , 18 , Chemicals such as nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide, and aromatic amines were found in marijuana smoke at concentrations three to five times higher than tobacco smoke The deposition of chemical constituents from an aerosol in human lungs e. Several studies characterize aerosols from smoking tobacco cigarettes 27 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ; however, there are very few studies which characterize aerosols from smoking marijuana joints. In , Hoffman et al. In the s, the group of Hiller et al. The chemical properties of mainstream and sidestream smoke from nonfiltered tobacco or marijuana cigarettes under two smoking conditions were extensively compared by Moir et al. However, aerosol research in this area appears to be limited. Therefore, significant research is required to generate the same level of understanding of marijuana smoke that has been developed of tobacco smoke over decades. In this work, aerosol particles produced from smoking tobacco cigarettes or marijuana joints are characterized in terms of particle number concentration, aerodynamic and mobility size distributions, mass, effective density, morphology, volatility, and chemical composition. These characteristics are then quantitatively compared with each other as well as against previous tobacco research to provide context for the marijuana smoke results, an area where knowledge is currently limited. This study compares the mainstream smoke produced from a filtered tobacco cigarette with that from a nonfiltered marijuana joint. The aerosol smoke samples were collected in a bag with dilution air to allow common particle characterization techniques to be utilized, while the chemical composition and total particulate matter TPM measurements were completed on smoke collected on quartz filters immediately downstream of the cigarette or joint. These two sampling methods, henceforth referred to as aged and fresh smoke, respectively, were identical between the measurements of the tobacco and marijuana smoke. Further experimental details are provided in the Methods section, with additional information on the cigarettes and sampling techniques presented in Supplementary Sections S1 and S2 , respectively. Smoke particles contain chemical compounds with a large range of volatilities. To investigate this aspect, this study used a catalytic stripper strategically with different experimental setups to characterize the nonvolatile portion of the smoke e. Semi-volatile compounds have a meaningful presence in both gas and particulate phases, and have lower vapor pressures than volatile compounds Nonstripped particles were not conditioned by a catalytic stripper. The aerodynamic and mobility size distributions of aged particles produced by smoking tobacco cigarettes or marijuana joints are qualitatively similar, as shown in Fig. All size distribution measurements confirm a lognormal frequency characteristic of aerosols having undergone coagulation by Brownian motion The lognormal size distributions are quantified by three parameters: count median diameter CMD , geometric standard deviation GSD and total number concentration N. Further detail is given in the Methods and Supplementary Sections S3. Geometric standard deviations of the averaged log-normal fits ranged between 1. For a , b , the center line and shaded regions represent each CMD and its corresponding total uncertainty, while for c , d the error bars represent the total uncertainties, with the exception of GSD error bars in c which represent its precision uncertainty. Adam et al. Similarly, Ingebrethsen et al. In either case i. This difference is reflected in the geometric standard deviations GSDs , ranging from 1. The total particle number concentrations N of the aged aerosol from either smoke source were quantified using three different methodologies as shown in Fig. These measurements varied due to the high concentration of particles in the smoke samples and their transient nature see Supplementary Section S3. Despite this variation and the measured sizes of the tobacco and marijuana smoke particles being different, the particle number concentrations from the two smoke sources are approximately the same with four of the six measurements agreeing within the measurement uncertainty as shown in Fig. The dilution-corrected particle number concentrations measured by the condensation particle counter CPC for both the aged tobacco and marijuana smoke are shown in Supplementary Fig. This decrease in particle concentration over time is also reflected in the consecutive mobility size distribution measurements see Supplementary Fig. S4 and, as discussed further in Supplementary Section S3 , is likely a combination of particle coagulation, evaporation, and losses within the smoke bag over time The measured effective densities of aged particles from tobacco and marijuana smoke are shown in Fig. Densities in this range are common for organics These results also agree within uncertainty with effective densites of aged particles from tobacco smoke determined independently by Johnson et al. This constant density indicates that the nonstripped, aged particles from either smoke source have a spherical morphology, which is likely achieved by the outer surface of each particle being liquid. This inference agrees with the chemical composition and particle size distribution results that indicate the presence of relatively volatile hydrocarbons, which likely exist as liquids. Using those parameters and their associated uncertainties, the mass concentrations of the particles were roughly 2. This estimate uses the Hatch-Choate equations to calculate the particle mobility diameter that represents the average mass of the measured mobility size distributions fitted with a log-normal function. These mass concentrations agree with total particulate matter TPM measurements of fresh smoke collected on a filter directly downstream of the cigarette or joint without dilution or aging due to sampling , which show smoking a marijuana joint produces roughly 3. These results indicate that the volatility of aged particles from either smoke source are similar and that the particles are almost entirely comprised of semi-volatile material. Particles with high mass volatility can also be produced from combustion engines 43 although this is typically accompanied by higher number-based semi-volatile fractions than are observed here. Furthermore, purely semi-volatile particles may manifest as another distinct peak in a particle size or mass distribution 44 , however, all size and mass distributions measured were uni-modal. Headspace solid-phase microextraction SPME was used to sample components of aerosols collected directly from mainstream tobacco and marijuana smoke on quartz filters for chemical analyses. The total number of compounds detected for these samples were and , respectively, which are approaching the over compounds that have been compiled for tobacco smoke using numerous methods Based on linear temperature-programmed retention indices of alkanes ranging from C5—C30 in the first dimension and mass spectral library searches against the NIST and Wiley mass spectral libraries, or compounds were tentatively identified in aerosols from tobacco cigarette or marijuana joint smoke, respectively. The identified compounds were further grouped into chemical classes Supplementary Table S1 to highlight major chemical differences between tobacco and marijuana smoke. The lists of compounds identified in tobacco or marijuana smoke particles along with the known health effects of each compound are also provided in Supplementary Tables S3 and S4. The x-axis denotes first-dimension retention time seconds , while the y-axis denotes second-dimension retention time seconds. Peak intensity is indicated based on the colour bar. The relative number of peaks among chemical groups for samples of tobacco and marijuana smoke are shown in Fig. Though the two types of smoke look similar according to Fig. Most notably, the hydrocarbon content of tobacco has greater contributions from aromatic and polycyclic aromatic compounds, whereas marijuana contains more terpenes and sesquiterpenes. Additionally, tobacco contains a greater variety of pyridines than marijuana, even though marijuana smoke itself contains about seven times more pyridine than tobacco cigarette smoke. A greater number of oxygenated species are observed in tobacco smoke, which may be due to differences in oxygenated species endogenous to the product, or could be due to compounds being produced in greater amounts during the tobacco cigarette combustion process itself. These peak areas were normalized to the peak area of dodecane. Health effects of the individual compounds that were tentatively identified are summarized in Table 2 , and detailed in Supplementary Tables S3 and S4. This list of compounds represents only those identified by the chemical analyses in this work, and should not be considered an exhaustive list of carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens or otherwise toxic compounds found in mainstream tobacco or marijuana smoke The data in Table 2 show some notable differences between the potential health effects of tobacco vs. A limitation of the chemical analyses and sampling of the collected aerosols from the filters is that very light compounds are not detectable by our approach. These two additional compounds are included in the health risk numbers above, as well as Table 2. In order to appear in our results, compounds must have a sufficiently low vapor pressure to condense into the particle phase and be trapped by filters during the smoking experiment. In general, compounds in the range of C6 hexane to C25 pentacosane are readily observed under the conditions of this experiment. A second limitation of the non-target approach taken here is that different compounds will have different partition coefficients with the SPME fibre, and MS response factors are not constant across all compounds. This means that comparisons between different compounds are impossible in all but the most general terms. However, comparisons in the relative amounts of a particular compound e. While relative concentrations of compounds in the two types of aerosol can be estimated based on careful study of Supplementary Tables S3 and S4 , an actual assessment of risk would also need to consider other factors such as the dose being received through smoking. As discussed in Supplementary Section S2 , marijuana smokers tend to inhale larger volumes of smoke and also hold the smoke in their lungs longer than tobacco smokers 17 , 20 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , which may lead to a different proportion of inhaled material entering the bloodstream. However, tobacco users typically smoke many more cigarettes per day than marijuana users smoke joints. In Canada, for example, the average smoker of tobacco will consume Therefore, the data presented here should be viewed as a guide to compounds and their metabolites that should be targeted in future health studies. The physical characteristics of aerosol particles produced by smoking tobacco cigarettes or marijuana joints are qualitatively similar with quantitative differences in size, mass and chemical composition. Diffusion is the primary deposition mechanism for particles smaller than 0. Therefore, the measured differences in particle size between marijuana and tobacco smoke could have limited, but potentially significant implications for locations of deposition of the chemicals they carry into human lungs. These effective particle densities are independent of mobility size, indicating that the particles from either smoke source are spherical. This morphology is likely due to the particles having a liquid component, which agrees with other volatility and chemical measurements that indicate the presence of light hydrocarbons. These similarities in morphology, effective density and number concentration, while accounting for the marijuana smoke particles being larger, results in a 2. This estimate agrees within uncertainty with total particulate matter TPM measurements of fresh smoke also collected, which shows smoking a marijuana joint produces roughly 3. This result agrees with chemical analyses of fresh tobacco and marijuana smoke collected on filters. The chemical analyses tentatively identified and compounds in marijuana and tobacco smoke particles, respectively, with approximately one-third being common to both smoke sources. Of those identified, and compounds found in marijuana and tobacco smoke 69 common to both , respectively, are known to pose health risks through carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic or other toxic mechanisms. While there are compounds in marijuana which may have some therapeutic effects, these have not been thoroughly and rigorously studied in this work. Consequently, this study focuses on compounds which present known health risks and could act as a guide to compounds and their metabolites that should be targeted in future health studies. While this study characterized and compared the mainstream smoke from marijuana joints and tobacco cigarettes most representative of that encountered by the general public i. Therefore, additional insights could be gained by future studies of the smoke from filtered marijuana joints, such as if any of the similarities or differences between the tobacco and marijuana smoke observed in this study are due to being filtered and nonfiltered, respectively. The aerosol properties of fresh smoke from marijuana relative to tobacco could also be compared using techniques which exhibit faster response times. These techniques are associated with higher uncertainties that must be carefully addressed, but will better capture the volatile and transient behaviour of the smoke particles. The decreased latency times would also be more representative of the aerosol that is inhaled by the smoker. These negligible losses of particles also agree with the insignificant diffusion and settling losses estimated by Johnson et al. Since these loss estimates are conservative, based on simplifying assumptions and negligible relative to the other uncertainties of the measurements as summarized in the Statistical Analysis section , these loss corrections were not applied to the results presented in this study. Please see Supplementary Section S3 for further details. Despite negligible particle losses of nonstripped tobacco smoke, Johnson et al. They showed that particle coagulation is likely the main mechanism for this trend, which should increase the CMD of smoke particles. However, consecutive mobility size distribution measurements collected by Johnson et al. This discrepancy was explained, based on mass conservation, by components of the particles likely evaporating over time. These results agree with the measurements of this study, which observed the decreasing particle concentration in the sample bag for all of the smoke samples as shown in Supplementary Fig. For example, the consecutive mobility scans of nonstripped tobacco smoke are shown in Supplementary Fig. Therefore, components of the particle evaporating over time likely affected the representativeness of the aged smoke samples of this study. However, particle evaporation has also been observed in fresh tobacco smoke 32 , 56 , and this observation is further supported by the many volatile and semi-volatile compounds identified in the fresh smoke of this study. In summary, the characterization of marijuana smoke presented comprises particle, chemical, and volatile species analyses, while using parallel tobacco smoke measurements and existing literature to provide context. Building on our work, researchers have a basis for which chemical compounds and particle properties to target in future toxicology or lung deposition studies of marijuana smoke to determine its associated health effects. The objective of this study was to characterize marijuana smoke and contrast it against its well-understood analog - tobacco smoke - under identical testing conditions. Tobacco cigarettes and marijuana joints were smoked using a dedicated smoking machine which allowed for programmable smoking routines, including the ability to vary the puff volume, profile and timing. For the online aerosol measurements, smoke was collected in sample bags which were pre-filled with dilution air and discarded after a single use. Material for offline measurements was collected using filters positioned immediately downstream of the tobacco cigarette or marijuana joint. The smoke samples were produced using a smoking machine Cambustion Ltd. These products represent the most common method of consumption of tobacco cigarettes and marijuana joints. In , Further details of these consumption methods are discussed in Supplementary Section S1. The mainstream smoke produced from one cigarette or joint was either captured directly into quartz filters for chemical analyses or TPM measurements, or collected into a smoke bag Kite Packing, Coventry, UK from which aerosol characterization was performed. These two sampling methods are referred to as aged and fresh smoke, respectively. These aged samples likely differ in some aspects due to particle coagulation, evaporation and losses in the smoke bag 30 from the aerosol inhaled during smoking. An aerosol is commonly characterized by its distribution of particle sizes and total particle number concentration. It is the diameter of a spherical particle with the same mobility or same aerodynamic drag under a known external force as the particle under consideration Further details regarding the aerosol size distribution measurements are outlined in Supplementary Section S3. The total particle number concentration was determined using three different methodologies, directly with a CPC or by integrating the area under the aerodynamic or mobility size distributions. Further details regarding these different approaches and the sources of variability for these measurements are outlined in Supplementary Section S3. This definition results in a constant effective density for homogeneous, spherical particle of any mobility diameter. Further details regarding the particle effective density measurements are outlined in Supplementary Section S3. This effective density, combined with the particle mobility diameter that represents the average mass of the measured mobility size distributions as estimated by the Hatch-Choate equations 44 , allowed the total mass concentration of the aerosol to be estimated. This estimate was compared against the total particulate matter TPM collected from fresh smoke on a filter directly downstream of the cigarette or joint i. The semi-volatile mass f m and volume f v fractions indicate the fraction of semi-volatile material relative to the total mass and volume, respectively. These semi-volatile fractions provide insights into the overall composition of the particles, as semi-volatile particles from combustion sources are likely comprised of organic hydrocarbons The semi-volatile fractions for the polydispersed size distributions were determined following a similar methodology, however using the mass and volume concentrations of the aerosols estimated using the Hatch-Choate equations 44 and measured mobility size distributions, rather than the individual particle mass and volume. Further details regarding the aerosol volatility measurements are outlined in Supplementary Section S3. Chemical compounds from particulates captured on pre-fired quartz filters were sampled by solid phase microextraction SPME for analyses. Chromatograms of both types of smoke samples extracted with different SPME fibre types are shown in Supplementary Fig. Peaks that did not meet the aforementioned criteria were treated as unknowns. All of the uncertainties stated or shown in this study are the total uncertainty based on propagating the repeatability of the measurements and biased uncertainty of the measurement methods through the analysis. World Health Organization. The health and social effects of nonmedical cannabis use. World Drug Report United Nations publication, Sales No. Pacula, R. Medical marijuana and marijuana legalization. Annual review of clinical psychology 13 —, State medical marijuana laws. Marijuana overview. Wesley, J. Beyond prohibition: The legalization of cannabis in Canada. Article Google Scholar. Romero, S. Uruguay acts to legalize marijuana. New York Times. Bill C45 - Statutes of Canada Health Canada. Tashkin, D. Is frequent marijuana smoking harmful to health? The Western Journal of Medicine , Sinclair, C. Perceptions of harm to health from cigarettes, blunts, and marijuana among young adult African American men. Maertens, R. The genotoxicity of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco smoke condensates. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 83, Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. Macleod, J. Cannabis, tobacco smoking, and lung function: a cross-sectional observational study in a general practice population. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Jett, J. Cannabis use, lung cancer, and related issues. Rodgman, A. The chemical components of tobacco and tobacco smoke CRC press, 2 edn. Moir, D. A comparison of minstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions. Lee, M. Hoffmann, D. On the carcinogenicity of marijuana smoke. In Runeckles, V. Wu, T. Pulmonary hazards of smoking marijuana as compared with tobacco. Robinson, R. Coagulation of cigarette smoke particles. Nanoparticles in cigarette smoke; real-time undiluted measurements by a scanning mobility particle sizer. Ingebrethsen, B. Aerosol studies of cigarette smoke. Deposition of cigarette smoke particles in the human respiratory tract. Charles, F. Methodologies for the quantitative estimation of toxicant dose to cigarette smokers using physical, chemical and bioanalytical data. Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. ICRP Publication ICRP 24 1—3 Johnson, T. Transient measurement of the effective particle density of cigarette smoke. Baker, R. The retention of tobacco smoke constituents in the human respiratory tract. Adam, T. Simultaneous on-line size and chemical analysis of gas phase and particulate phase of cigarette mainstream smoke. Steady-state measurement of the effective particle density of cigarette smoke. Hygroscopic effects on the mobility and mass of cigarette smoke particles. Chen, B. Physical characterization of cigarette smoke aerosol generated from a Walton smoke machine. Hiller, F. Anderson, P. Particle size distribution of mainstream tobacco and marijuana smoke. Sheehan, T. Chemical and physical variations of cannabis smoke from a variety of cannabis samples in New Zealand. Weschler, C. Semivolatile organic compounds in indoor environments. Swanson, J. Evaluation of thermal denuder and catalytic stripper methods for solid particle measurements. Friedlander, S. The self-preserving particle size distribution for coagulation by brownian motion. Electronic cigarette aerosol particle size distribution measurements. Vemury, S. Self-preserving size distributions of agglomerates. Dean, J. Lipowicz, P. Determination of cigarette smoke particle density from mass and mobility measurements in a Millikan cell. Graves, B. Characterization of particulate matter morphology and volatility from a compression-ignition natural-gas direct-injection engine. Hinds, W. The less harmful cigarette: a controversial issue. A tribute to Ernst L. Narkowicz, S. Environmental tobacco smoke: Exposure, health effects, and analysis. Rickert, W. A comparison of tar, carbon monoxide and pH levels in smoke from marihuana and tobacco cigarettes. Gargani, Y. Too many mouldy joints- marijuana and chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Atakan, Z. Marijuana as medicine? The science beyond the controversy. Effects of varying marijuana smoking profile on deposition of tar and absorption of CO and deltaTHC. Government of Canada. Canadian cannabis survey summary. Ruzer, L. Aerosols handbook: measurement, dosimetry, and health effects CRC press, 2 edn. The changing cigarette, — Shin, H. Effect of cigarette filters on the chemical composition and in vitro biological activity of cigarette mainstream smoke. Kane, D. Effect of smoking parameters on the particle size distribution and predicted airway deposition of mainstream cigarette smoke. A report of the surgeon general. DeCarlo, P. Thirdhand smoke uptake to aerosol particles in the indoor environment. Reference Cigarette Program. Federal trade commission cigarette report for Kulkarni, P. Wang, S. Scanning electrical mobility spectrometer. Measuring aerosol size distributions with the aerodynamic aerosol classifier. Particle morphology and density characterization by combined mobility and aerodynamic diameter measurements. Part 1: Theory. McMurry, P. The relationship between mass and mobility for atmospheric particles: A new technique for measuring particle density. Olfert, J. The effective density and fractal dimension of particles emitted from a light-duty diesel vehicle with a diesel oxidation catalyst. Kinney, P. Use of the electrostatic classification method to size 0. Agreement between different aerosol classifiers using spherical particles. In Cambridge Particle Meeting , June 15, Symonds, J. TSI Inc. Model ultrafine condensation particle counter: Operation and service manual, Revision B Download references. The authors thank Cambustion Ltd. Fiona Smail for her insight on chemical analysis techniques and her contributions to the literature search. Brian M. Graves, Tyler J. Johnson, Robert T. Robert T. Ryan P. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. The author contributions consisted of the following: B. Correspondence to Robert T. Nishida or Adam M. Reprints and permissions. Comprehensive characterization of mainstream marijuana and tobacco smoke. Sci Rep 10 , Download citation. Received : 18 November Accepted : 20 March Published : 28 April Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Mass spectrometry Nanoparticles. Abstract Recent increases in marijuana use and legalization without adequate knowledge of the risks necessitate the characterization of the billions of nanoparticles contained in each puff of smoke. Blood and urine multi-omics analysis of the impact of e-vaping, smoking, and cessation: from exposome to molecular responses Article Open access 21 February Assessment of the exposure to selected smoke constituents in adult smokers using in-market heated tobacco products: a randomized, controlled study Article Open access 28 October Introduction Cannabis is among the most commonly used controlled substances worldwide 1 , 2. Results This study compares the mainstream smoke produced from a filtered tobacco cigarette with that from a nonfiltered marijuana joint. Aerosol size distributions and concentrations The aerodynamic and mobility size distributions of aged particles produced by smoking tobacco cigarettes or marijuana joints are qualitatively similar, as shown in Fig. Figure 1. Full size image. Full size table. Figure 2. Figure 3. Table 2 Summary of known health effects for compounds found in smoke particles from tobacco cigarettes and marijuana joints. Numbers indicate the number of tentatively identified compounds which exhibit a given health effect. Discussion The physical characteristics of aerosol particles produced by smoking tobacco cigarettes or marijuana joints are qualitatively similar with quantitative differences in size, mass and chemical composition. Methods Experimental design The objective of this study was to characterize marijuana smoke and contrast it against its well-understood analog - tobacco smoke - under identical testing conditions. Smoke generation The smoke samples were produced using a smoking machine Cambustion Ltd. Aerosol size distributions and concentrations An aerosol is commonly characterized by its distribution of particle sizes and total particle number concentration. References World Health Organization. Article Google Scholar Romero, S. Acknowledgements The authors thank Cambustion Ltd. Author information Author notes These authors contributed equally: Brian M. Johnson and Robert T. Harynuk Authors Brian M. Graves View author publications. View author publications. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary information. About this article. Cite this article Graves, B. Copy to clipboard. This article is cited by Modulation of pulmonary immune function by inhaled cannabis products and consequences for lung disease Matthew Preteroti Emily T. Wilson Carolyn J. Baglole Respiratory Research Publish with us For authors Language editing services Submit manuscript. Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author. Show results from All journals This journal. Advanced search. Close banner Close. Email address Sign up. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing.

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