Buy weed Viborg

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Buy weed Viborg

Sven R. Nielsen, MD 5 , Flemming W. Bach, MD 6 and Nanna B. Finnerup, MD 7. Objective: To evaluate recreational and medical cannabis use in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury, including reasons and predictors for use, perceived benefits and negative consequences. Methods: A item questionnaire was sent to 1, patients with spinal cord injury who had been in contact with a rehabilitation centre between and Results: A total of participants completed the questionnaire. Those who had never tried cannabis reported that they would mainly use cannabis to alleviate pain and spasticity if it were legalized. Conclusion: Cannabis use is more frequent among individuals with spinal cord injury in Denmark than among the general population. Most participants had started using cannabis before their spinal cord injury. There was considerable overlap between recreational and disability-related use. Correspondence address: Sven R. E-mail: sven. Cannabis is widely used for psychoactive and medical purposes because of its content of bioactive cannabinoids. The cannabinoid system plays a role in inhibiting synaptic transmission and controlling synaptic plasticity in pain and motor pathways through activation of the G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Individuals with SCI have, in several studies, reported that cannabis use relieves their pain and spasticity 5, 6 , but our knowledge of the extent and characteristics of cannabis use in the SCI population in Denmark is inadequate. A number of studies in the general population and specific disease populations have found that anxiety, stress, pain, depression, nausea, appetite stimulation, sleep improvement, alleviation of muscle spasms, spasticity, facilitation of pleasure and partying are commonly given as reasons for using cannabis 7— Cannabis users more often smoked and drank alcohol than non-users and had more often tried cannabis in early adolescence, were younger, more often males and had lower income and lower socioeconomic status than non-users 11, The main aim of the current study was to evaluate the use of recreational and medical cannabis in a nationwide population with traumatic SCI in Denmark, including predictors and reasons for use, benefits and negative consequences. A secondary aim of this cross-sectional survey in Denmark was to determine the prevalence, severity and impact of pain and spasticity in this population. These results were reported earlier in another article by Andresen et al. This was an anonymous nationwide questionnaire study. The questionnaire was sent by post in January—April Participants had the option to complete either a web-based questionnaire via survey-xact. Cannabis consumption is illegal in Denmark, therefore all replies were anonymous and no reminders were sent out to non-responders. Questionnaire data included demographic variables age, sex, marital status, education level, region of residence and population density , labour force information occupation, labour market affiliation, income and lifestyle behaviours and habits alcohol consumption, tobacco-smoking Participants were asked if they had experienced continuous or daily recurring pain for more than 3 months. Pain treatment was recorded. Participants were also asked if they had experienced spasticity muscle stiffness or spasms. Spasticity treatment was determined using a list of treatment options. Quality of life was assessed using the International SCI Quality of Life Basic Data Set 18 , whereby participants estimated how satisfied they had been with their life situation and physical and mental health in the past week using an NRS 0— Participants also rated sleep disturbances during the past week on an NRS 0— Participants were asked if they had tried cannabis at any time in their lives. If not, they were asked if they would try it if it were legal and for what reason. Those who had tried or used cannabis one or more times were asked about their age of debut. Data were described as mean SD or median range or frequency and percentages. Normality was checked using histograms and quantile-quantile Q-Q plots. Numerical data were analysed using unpaired t -test or Mann-Whitney U test. The level of missing data for different variables was less than 2. Missing data were not replaced. The authors certify that all applicable institutional and governmental regulations concerning the ethical use of human volunteers were followed during the course of this research. In the period —, 1, individuals aged 18 years or over with an acquired traumatic SCI had been in contact with at least one of the two rehabilitation centres in Denmark. A total of 1, individuals were sent the questionnaire Fig. The response rate was Of the returned questionnaires, 7 were incomplete with no information on cannabis use, and were therefore excluded. Consequently, questionnaires from individuals were included and analysed Fig. Demographic variables and clinical characteristics of study subjects are shown in Table I. Mean age was The mean time since injury was Table I. Demographics and clinical characteristics of individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury in the study and relationship with cannabis use. Thirty-six percent of of all participants had tried cannabis at least once. To be able to compare our data with available data on the general Danish population the group was subdivided by age. Of the participants under the age of 45 years, 75 The mean age for trying cannabis for the first time was Former cannabis users most often used hashish, whereas current users also consume a variety of other forms of cannabis, which may contain more THC, such as skunk Fig. Medical cannabis sativex or dronabinol was not commonly used 4 current and 3 former cannabis users. Further details were obtained for the 48 current cannabis users, i. The mean age of current users under 45 years of age was Of the 31 participants who also used it for medical reasons in relation to their SCI, 8 had started using cannabis after their SCI. Among the 26 participants who knew their level of consumption of cannabis, the mean intake in the previous 4 weeks was The most frequently reported reasons for using cannabis were pleasure, followed by pain, partying and spasticity Fig. Most participants reported a good to very good effect Fig. The 4 individuals who used medical cannabis dronabinol and sativex reported none or some effect on pain and spasticity. Of current cannabis users 8. Significant variables identified through the univariate analyses in Table I were examined further using a logistic regression model. Table II. Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with cannabis use. Variables in logistic regression model. Harris et al. Medical use of Cannabis is legal in Canada, but not in the UK or Denmark, which may influence the number of individuals using cannabis. A possible reason for the higher use among individuals with SCI may be that cannabis use increases risky behaviour and users therefore have a greater risk of accidents and thus SCI. This may be supported by the fact that 38 of the 48 current cannabis users started their cannabis use before their SCI. Increased incidences of accidents were seen in the USA when cannabis was legalized and became more accessible to a larger population Another possible explanation is that persons using cannabis are risk prone, i. It is also possible that living with SCI and the consequent secondary complications may lead to increased cannabis use, since 31 of the 48 current users reported that they used cannabis partly for relief of secondary complications due to their SCI, although only 8 of these had started using cannabis after their injury. In our study, pleasure, followed closely by pain, partying and spasticity, were the most frequent reasons for cannabis use. Ten percent used it exclusively for SCI-related symptoms. Thus, in both populations there is considerable overlap between medical and recreational cannabis use. The slightly higher percentage of current users among individuals with multiple sclerosis may partly be because this population is more aware of cannabis being potentially useful to alleviate their symptoms The same reasons were also commonly reported by current users, although in this group, pleasure and partying were other common reasons. Most current users reported at least some effect on pain, spasticity and sleep disturbance. Less effect was reported by the 4 participants who used medical cannabis. Other studies have reported the use of cannabis in pain and spasticity 6, Cannabinoid medications have been developed and are now used in the treatment of pain and spasticity. These include dronabinol and nabilone, which are synthetic THCs, nabiximols sativex , which is an oromucosally delivered spray containing extracts of the cannabis plant. Two trials failed to find effect of dronabinol or sativex for SCI neuropathic pain 24 Clinicaltrials. Except for the use of smoked or inhaled cannabis, which in a few short-term trials has shown efficacy on different neuropathic pain conditions, not including SCI neuropathic pain 25, 26 , randomized controlled trials have shown conflicting results for neuropathic pain Recent recommendations from the Neuropathic Pain Special Interest Group of the International Association for the Study of Pain 27 include a weak recommendation against the use of cannabinoids for neuropathic pain, due to negative results, side-effects, issues of misuse and abuse and possible long-term risks of psychosis and cognitive impairment, in particular in susceptible individuals 28, 29 , although this is still debated Few studies have examined the effect of medical cannabis on SCI-related spasticity. In a single case trial, there was an effect of deltaTHC 31 , whereas an unpublished trial showed no effect of sativex on SCI-related spasticity Clinicaltrials. Also, for spasticity due to multiple sclerosis, the results are conflicting In Denmark, dronabinol and sativex are available for medical use, but with specific requirements for reimbursement, and it is illegal to drive while using medical cannabinoids, which may explain the low number of individuals with SCI using medical cannabis in this study. The mean age of debut for cannabis use in our population was 20 years, which is consistent with a debut in the Danish general population of 16—24 years 33 , but lower than the Participants in the current study reported a mean consumption of cannabis of Participants spent between 0 and 3, DKK per 4 weeks, with a mean amount of Current cannabis users took paracetamol less often than participants who were not current cannabis users. This is of interest since paracetamol has been shown to inhibit cellular synaptic space reuptake of anandamide and thus have cannabinoid-like analgesic effects 35, A synergistic interaction effect between cannabinoids and paracetamol has also been suggested 37 , which is of interest for future studies. Since this was a cross-sectional survey, we were not able to examine the long-term effect. Several studies have shown that there may be an increased risk of developing both psychotic and cognitive dysfunction 4, 25, 38, 39 , and both short- and long-term effects and the potential for abuse and addiction 39 should be considered if cannabis were to be offered as treatment for pain or spasticity. This is in agreement with previous studies 7, 9, 11, Pain and severity of the SCI were not found to predict current cannabis use. This was a cross-sectional study; therefore it was only possible to examine the causal relation between cannabis use and the consequences of a SCI. The low response rate may have been due to cannabis use being illegal in Denmark, and to the fact that it was not possible to send out reminders as the response was anonymous. We were not authorized to access information held in the medical records by the Danish Health and Medicines Authority, therefore it is not known whether our sample population is representative of the whole group who received the questionnaire. However, epidemiological studies suggest that our sample is representative of the population with traumatic SCI in Denmark. A recent Danish epidemiological study for the period — found the median age at injury to be 35 years, with a predominance of men The current study found the prevalence of current cannabis users among persons with traumatic SCI in Denmark to be slightly higher than previously reported in the Danish general population. This may be due to an increased risk of accidents among cannabis users. Most participants started using cannabis before their SCI and used it for recreational purposes, but some also reported some effect on pain and spasticity. Cannabis use was associated with lower age, living in rural areas and larger cities, tobacco-smoking, high alcohol intake and higher muscle stiffness. There is currently limited evidence for the use of medical cannabis for SCI-related pain and spasticity, and there are concerns about side-effects and long-term risks. Further research into cannabinoid treatments and the development of cannabinoid drugs with fewer psychological side-effects, such as CB2 receptors agonists, palmitoylethanolamide analogues and endocannabinoid-degrading-enzyme inhibitors, is needed. All authors had full access to all data and the corresponding author had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. Conflicts of interest. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare within the submitted work. Toggle navigation. Content » Vol 49, Issue 2. Design: Cross-sectional survey in Denmark. Key words: spinal cord injury; traumatic; pain; spasticity; cannabis; survey. Click to show fullsize. Study flow chart. Supplementary content. Do you want to comment on this paper? The comments will show up here and if appropriate the comments will also separately be forwarded to the authors. All rights reserved. Privacy Policy.