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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Armenia is reportedly both a country of origin and a destination country for victims of human trafficking, with women and children being particularly at risk of victimization. Due to existing demand, women from the former Soviet republics, and most notably Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, are vulnerable to sexual exploitation in Armenia. Armenian women are also trafficked, often abroad, to Turkey and the UAE, and Armenian children are trafficked for adoption abroad. Allegedly, the ring organizing the trafficking has been operational for at least two decades, involving high-ranking public officials, medical professionals and orphanages. Compared to global trends, human smuggling is fairly limited in Armenia. On the one hand, foreign nationals may be smuggled into Armenia, where they become vulnerable to trafficking. On the other, Armenian nationals may seek the help of smuggling rings to get out of the country in pursuit of employment elsewhere, mainly in Russia, Turkey and the UAE. No evidence exists to support the existence of a highly organized arms trafficking market in Armenia. Most arms trafficking incidents in the country are isolated and occurred before the Velvet Revolution. The long territorial dispute over the Nagorno-Karabakh region was a reason for increased legal arms imports, especially during the Nagorno-Karabakh war. Many of the arms and aid could potentially be diverted into the illegal arena, as has happened before, or nurture an illicit arms market in the region, where governmental control is weak. Currently, however, domestic demand is limited. Illicit logging in Armenia is prevalent along the border with Azerbaijan, where heightened insecurity lowers investment prospects. Locally, illicitly harvested timber is used as firewood and in furniture manufacturing. Organized-crime groups are known to export timber, mainly to Russia. Despite overall corruption levels falling since , corruption in the logging sector is still problematic. Allegedly, organized crime groups pay off officials to allow loggers to work undisturbed. Deforestation is already having a negative impact, leading to environmental issues such as landslides, floods and destruction of ecosystems. The Armenia—Azerbaijan border regions are also well-known poaching grounds. Although there is an indication that poaching is becoming more organized, there is no information on the types of actors involved. Armenia is, however, known to be a transit country for wildlife trafficked between Asia, Africa and Europe. The country is also part of a caviar-smuggling corridor, running from Azerbaijan through Armenia into Russia and the EU. In addition to facilitating illicit logging, corruption is central to a number of other illicit activities that affect the environment, among them wildlife trafficking and mining. Officials reportedly use fraudulent Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CITES permits to import rare animal species to keep as pets, and high-ranking officials have allegedly abused state-issued permits and conspired with foreign companies to benefit from mining activities in the country. After decades of entrenched corruption, however, vested interests in the sector have been overcome. Following the revolution, the government came down on companies involved in illicit gold extraction and the criminal market for non-renewable resources in the country has subsequently shrunk. Armenia is predominately a transit country for the heroin trade, forming part of the northern route linking Afghanistan, Iran, the Caucasus and Europe. Armenian organized crime groups are involved in the trade, but mostly Russian and Iranian actors organize the supply and cross-border transit. Evidence indicates that the Meghri crossing on the Armenia—Iran border is where most of the heroin supply enters the country; it is subsequently transported to the Armenia—Georgia border. However, domestic heroin consumption in Armenia remains limited, as prices have allegedly risen in recent years. However, cocaine trafficking through Armenia, which mostly involves foreign actors, is believed to have been on the decline in recent years, and domestic demand is low. Indoor cannabis production seems widely prevalent in Armenia, with organized-crime networks involved in distributing cannabis in the country and trafficking it abroad. While Armenian groups are known to be involved in the production and export of methamphetamine to larger markets, such as Australia, Armenia is mostly a transit country for synthetic drugs. Predominantly Iranian groups are involved in the trade, with synthetic drugs destined for larger markets coming in from Iran. State-embedded actors seem to be the most influential criminal type in Armenia, but their overall influence is limited. For the most part, due to the inability of state actors to monopolize specific markets, they tend to collude with criminal actors and facilitate organized crime. Additionally, corruption levels and the involvement of state-embedded actors in criminality have decreased following the revolution. Foreign players are also engaged in criminal activities in Armenia. For the most part, these are Iranian groups involved in the trafficking of heroin, synthetic drugs and, to a lesser extent, cocaine, and Russian companies working with state-embedded actors to exploit non-renewable resources. There are indications of mafia-style groups divided into clans or brotherhoods akhperutyuns , controlling parts of the capital, Yerevan. In the post-revolution period, however, membership has significantly declined and clan leaders have either reduced their criminal activities or fled to Russia. Historically, thieves in law vory v zakone have been active in Armenia, although their influence has declined since the early s and experts no longer consider them mafia-style groups but rather criminal networks. Instead, mafia groups are more active outside the country, primarily in Russia. A small number of thieves in law remain in Armenia but they maintain connections with Georgian and Russian networks as well as with former members in Turkey and the UAE. They exert some influence over the prison population in Armenia. They were allegedly linked to high-ranking state officials but it is believed that these ties were severed in the post-revolution period. It is likely that other organized-criminal networks also operate in Armenia, but their influence over criminal markets is not considerable. Before the revolution, Armenia resembled a semi-dictatorship; it has since made considerable progress. The new government adopted an ambitious programme of reforms, prioritizing rule of law and anti-corruption, among other key areas. It established the Anti-Corruption Policy Council and, in addition to an anti-corruption drive, it stepped up its anti-drug-trafficking efforts. These reforms have resulted in increased transparency and public trust in institutions and have been recognized by the international community as positive developments. In spite of the progress made, the country still lacks effective anti-corruption measures. As a result, state-embedded corruption and organized crime remain problematic. In addition, the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute has created tension between Armenia and Azerbaijan, with the latest conflict turning into a full-scale war. The region is also a reason for the long-term fragility and vulnerability of the country — politically, economically and in terms of security. Armenia is party to most relevant international treaties and conventions pertaining to organized crime, with the exception of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and the Arms Trade Treaty. The country collaborates closely on matters of justice and security with a number of state and non-state actors, including Russia and other former Soviet republics, EU member states, Georgia, Iran, the US and China. The anti-corruption reforms and the legislation criminalizing criminal subcultures and their leaders are all positive steps, although some political resistance has been encountered. The government that came after the revolution has recognized that a transparent and independent judicial system is a critical element of governance. In an attempt to overhaul the judicial branch, a new strategy for judicial and legal reform was drafted in jointly with civil society and international organizations. The top-to-bottom reforms and their implementation, although not complete, have generally received positive assessment, but courts reportedly still lack independence and institutions are weakened by corruption. To rectify that, there is a significant focus on anti-corruption, with Armenia announcing plans to establish three anti-corruption investigative bodies by Problems in the prison system, on the other hand, persist. Allegedly, criminal subcultures rule prisons; following the introduction of the bill criminalizing criminal subcultures, riots broke out in many prisons across the country. Reports also indicate prisoner abuse and poor living conditions in the penitentiary system, including understaffed and poorly equipped medical facilities. Measures to strengthen healthcare and human rights in prisons have been taken in collaboration with the EU. Historically, law enforcement agencies have not been among the most trusted institutions in the country. Limited state funding and low salaries have made bribes more tempting. However, with the new government coming into power, reforms were implemented in law enforcement as well. Anti-organized crime units were restructured and high-profile arrests were made, including of local crime bosses. Nevertheless, as it is at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, Armenia remains an important hub for transnational organized crime activities. The Nagorno-Karabakh region was another source of territorial vulnerability in While Armenia maintains domestic control of its law enforcement operations, there are Russian border guards along the country's borders with Turkey and Iran, as well as Russian immigration staff at international airports in Yerevan and Gyumri. Armenia has improved its anti-money laundering AML framework over recent years and has made progress in money-laundering risk and threat assessment. In spite of the improvements, especially following the revolution, Armenia does not meet international standards, and risk of money laundering and terrorist financing is still considered high. Nevertheless, the programme aims to improve transparency in business, increase investments and develop tourism, as well as exports. Currently, the economic regulatory environment is conducive to doing business in the country. The Armenian government has increased its protection efforts for victims of human trafficking and forced labour but there is no witness protection programme. Arguably, since , the government has not paid attention to improving victim and witness support, and law enforcement officials reportedly lack the training and sensitivity needed to assist victims. There is an NGO-run victim protection shelter that offers victims of organized crime legal, medical and psychological assistance. Other NGOs in Armenia also give legal assistance to victims, and the government provides free healthcare. In terms of prevention, Armenia has approved a national action plan to reduce the trafficking of human beings. In spite of lack of funding for NGOs, Armenia has a vibrant civil society sector. NGOs were part of the revolution and have subsequently been more involved in discussion and decision making. The media landscape improved considerably in the wake of the revolution, but independence of journalists and transparency in media ownership are still major issues in the country. Throughout the protests, small media outlets not affiliated with political or corporate entities provided counternarratives to the discourse proposed by mainstream state-sponsored outlets. However, to this day, independent journalists report that they employ self-censorship as a means of avoiding harassment. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Yerevan. Income group Upper middle income. Population 2,, Geography type Landlocked. Criminal markets 3. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 3. Human smuggling 2. Arms trafficking 2. Flora crimes 4. Fauna crimes 4. Non-renewable resource crimes 3. Heroin trade 4. Cocaine trade 2. Cannabis trade 4. Synthetic drug trade 4. Criminal actors 3. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 3. Criminal networks 3. State-embedded actors 3. Foreign actors 3. Political leadership and governance 6. Government transparency and accountability 6. International cooperation 6. National policies and laws 6. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 4. Law enforcement 6. Territorial integrity 5. Anti-money laundering 6. Economic regulatory capacity 5. Victim and witness support 5. Prevention 5. Non-state actors 6. Analysis Download full profile english. People Armenia is reportedly both a country of origin and a destination country for victims of human trafficking, with women and children being particularly at risk of victimization. Trade No evidence exists to support the existence of a highly organized arms trafficking market in Armenia. Environment Illicit logging in Armenia is prevalent along the border with Azerbaijan, where heightened insecurity lowers investment prospects. Drugs Armenia is predominately a transit country for the heroin trade, forming part of the northern route linking Afghanistan, Iran, the Caucasus and Europe. Criminal Actors State-embedded actors seem to be the most influential criminal type in Armenia, but their overall influence is limited. Leadership and governance Before the revolution, Armenia resembled a semi-dictatorship; it has since made considerable progress. Criminal justice and security The government that came after the revolution has recognized that a transparent and independent judicial system is a critical element of governance. Economic and financial environment Armenia has improved its anti-money laundering AML framework over recent years and has made progress in money-laundering risk and threat assessment. Civil society and social protection The Armenian government has increased its protection efforts for victims of human trafficking and forced labour but there is no witness protection programme. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.

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