Bandar Abbas buy cocaine

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Bandar Abbas buy cocaine

These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Key findings and threat assessment. Global context. Trafficking and supply. Criminal networks. Prices, purities and offences. Retail markets. Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. Heroin is obtained from morphine, an alkaloid that occurs naturally in opium. The process by which morphine and heroin are produced from opium harvested from poppies comprises six main steps see Figure Overview of heroin production :. Morphine, and therefore heroin, may also be produced by a synthetic route without the use of opium. Although these approaches have garnered much academic interest over the years, they are unlikely to be used for illicit heroin production, given the comparatively low yields and the large number of steps required Zerell, This was the sixth consecutive year in which production in the country exceeded 6 tonnes UNODC, , a. These figures represent opium cultivation in Afghanistan in the first cultivation season following the Taliban takeover in August 1 and the announced ban shortly before the opium harvest began on poppy cultivation and other drugs in April see Section Key developments in the opiate trade in Afghanistan. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. The European heroin market is closely bound to the fate of the Afghan opium market as it is almost exclusively supplied with heroin from Afghanistan, via Turkish, Iranian and Pakistani organised crime networks see Section Criminal networks operating in the heroin market. With widespread socioeconomic insecurity, it has become apparent that the production of opiates, a major illicit economic activity in Afghanistan, could be subject to significant change. In April , the Taliban announced a ban on opium poppy cultivation, raising the question of the implications this will have for Europe. Data for shows that the prices of opium have continued to rise to an average of USD per kilogram, nearly five times greater than the average price two years prior to the Taliban takeover UNODC, c. The reduction in the area under opium cultivation includes an estimated reduction of cultivation in Helmand, the main poppy cultivating province in Afghanistan, from more than hectares in to less than 1 hectares in Mansfield, The significant drop in , if sustained beyond , would have major implications for the European drug market, highlighting the importance of intensifying monitoring of opium cultivation in Afghanistan see Box Challenges and opportunities in estimating opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan. The long-term impact of the ban on opium cultivation is difficult to predict for a number of reasons. Importantly, the Taliban is deeply fragmented, likened to a loose conglomerate of members chasing frequently conflicting agendas and positions for power Sharifi, As such, it is unclear whether and how they will continue to enforce the ban, particularly in the context of frozen international aid programmes and the economic hardship faced by farmers in the country, which may make sustaining the ban politically difficult domestically. How the European heroin market will be affected by the new political situation in Afghanistan is uncertain. The existence of stocks held by individuals along the opiate production chain in Afghanistan and the trafficking chain to Europe, and that it takes at least 12 months before the opium harvest appears on the European retail market as heroin, makes it too early to predict the impact on drug availability in Europe. At the moment there are no signals of heroin shortages on the European market. If opiate production continues at the present low level, the market may take time to adapt and alternative supply sources may not be immediately accessible. It should be noted, however, that criminal networks are highly flexible. Experience with previous periods of reduced supply suggests that this can lead to changes in patterns of drug trafficking and use. For instance, there are historical examples of shortages in heroin supply to the European market where the use of fentanyl increased to fill the gap Caulkins et al. In this context, the potential consequences of sustained disruption of the supply of heroin to Europe would be increased rates of polysubstance use among heroin users or an increase in the European market for synthetic opioids, including fentanyl and its derivatives, new synthetic opioids and prescription opioid medicines. While it is possible to estimate the global production of heroin, a number of limitations and data gaps mean that it is difficult to provide accurate estimates. It is also difficult to determine the exact locations where the drug is produced. Opium production can be more accurately quantified and located because poppies are grown in specific geographic regions and can be identified through satellite imagery coupled with knowledge of average opium yield per hectare. The average opium yield can, in turn, be used to estimate potential heroin production. While the estimates show the potential amount of heroin that could have been manufactured from the opium produced each year, a number of factors and information gaps may have a significant impact on these estimates. Historically, Afghanistan is the country that has reported the largest numbers of dismantled heroin production facilities, indicating that large quantities of opium are processed into heroin in the country UNODC, a. It should be noted that Afghanistan ceased reporting on the dismantling of heroin production facilities in , when 41 facilities were seized. Following a period of declining morphine seizures starting in , Afghanistan seized 47 tonnes in , the largest quantity in the world, and seizures increased further to 63 tonnes in Large opium consumer markets exist in Iran and to some extent in Pakistan. However, the very large seizures of opium and morphine in these countries indicate that some of these products may be further processed into heroin there or further along the trafficking chain see Box Seizures of opium, morphine and heroin in Iran and Pakistan. Notably, in , Europol reported that both processing and production of heroin take place in Pakistan and Iran, in addition to Afghanistan Europol, a. However, the scale of production in these countries remains unknown, and neither country has reported dismantling heroin production facilities. Acetic anhydride is the main drug precursor used in the processing of morphine into heroin and is subject to international control in accordance with the UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Acetic anhydride is, however, also used in a broad range of legitimate industries, and these have grown considerably since the precursor was placed under international control. This includes use for both industrial purposes and consumer goods such as plastics, dyes and medicines. Coupled with the fact that relatively small amounts of acetic anhydride are required for illicit heroin production, these issues make preventing its diversion for illicit heroin production a challenging task. Globally, almost 1. To put these global figures into context, according to UNODC estimates, the opium harvested in in Afghanistan would potentially require between and litres of acetic anhydride for conversion into between and tonnes of heroin. This represents roughly 0. Seizures of acetic anhydride reported to the International Narcotics Control Board INCB have been declining substantially since , a trend that continued in According to the INCB, possible reasons for this significant decrease might include a decline in the number of diversion attempts and in the subsequent trafficking of the substance, compared with the peak period of to ; the emergence of trafficking in acetyl chloride, a potential substitute for acetic anhydride that is not yet under international control see Box Acetyl chloride seizures ; and a shift to alternative trafficking routes INCB, a, Global seizures of acetic anhydride between and averaged litres per year or approximately tonnes whereas the amount seized globally in the years to averaged litres per year, or approximately tonnes. In , 58 litres or approximately 62 tonnes was seized worldwide. At European level, this was a slight increase from the previous year, when 5 litres was seized, but a significant drop from , when five European countries reported a total of over 20 litres seized, in addition to 7 litres from stopped shipments in three countries see Figures Acetic anhydride: quantity seized and quantity in stopped shipments, EU, and Acetic anhydride: number of seizures and number of stopped shipments, EU, In the Netherlands, the 5 litres seized across two incidents in represented a sixfold increase from the litres seized in In one of these cases, 2 litres of acetic anhydride was seized in a warehouse together with litres of glacial acetic acid, 60 kilograms of sodium carbonate and a large quantity of heroin. The circumstances of this case pointed to the illicit manufacture of heroin in the country. Overall in , 10 sites believed to be associated with illicit heroin manufacture were identified and dismantled in the Netherlands. In recent years, illicit heroin laboratories have also been identified in other EU Member States see Section Opiate production in Europe: a relativtely rare occurence. Source: EU drug precursors database. Information available to Europol suggests that criminal networks active in the Netherlands orchestrate the acquisition and smuggling of acetic anhydride from the EU to heroin producing countries. Criminal networks take advantage of the lack of strict controls on consignments leaving the EU to smuggle acetic anhydride. In addition, limited resources and capabilities to thoroughly check cargo in transit and receiving countries may encourage criminals to smuggle the precursor along particular routes. Despite the continued cultivation of opium poppies in Afghanistan, seizures of acetic anhydride in the country have significantly declined since their peak in , when 37 litres was seized. However, these decreasing amounts do not reflect a diminished need for the precursor in the illicit manufacture of heroin. This is further corroborated by seizures of large amounts of acetic anhydride elsewhere, including in Europe and West Asia, believed to be destined for Afghanistan. Seizures of acetic anhydride have also continued to be made in countries neighbouring Afghanistan, such as Iran and Pakistan, and in the UAE. In , Iran reported seizing a shipment of 13 litres of acetic anhydride, misdeclared as paint, in the seaport of Bandar Abbas. In , Pakistan reported three seizures of acetic anhydride amounting to 5 litres. The largest of these took place in the port of Karachi and involved 2 litres, allegedly originating from China INCB, b. Production of heroin is uncommon in Europe, although the final step of the production process — the acetylation of morphine into heroin — has been reported in Germany, the Netherlands and France. Most of the facilities associated with illicit heroin production reported in the EU between and were sites for processing, i. At cutting and packaging facilities, heroin is adulterated to increase the volume of the drug and packaged for onward distribution. For example, Dutch criminal groups appear to specialise in the preparation of heroin cutting mixtures for these types of facilities typically using caffeine and paracetamol see Section Heroin adulteration and Box Dutch criminal networks specialise in heroin cutting mixtures. Importantly, a facility associated with heroin production may be involved in several of these activities simultaneously see Table Facilities associated with heroin production in Europe. At least 15 sites associated with illicit heroin production were dismantled in the EU between and Ten of those sites were dismantled in the Netherlands in , clustered around Alkmaar, The Hague and Rotterdam, with confirmed heroin production at three of the sites. Preliminary data related to two laboratories dismantled in The Hague region indicate that heroin production or processing continued in the Netherlands in Politie, While there is limited information about the heroin production facilities identified in the EU, including their production capacities and the source of the morphine used in the process, the evidence indicates that heroin production in the EU persists, albeit at a low level, and is made possible by the ease with which acetic anhydride can be diverted from legitimate suppliers in Europe. Heroin production or processing has also been noted in countries bordering the EU. In , Kosovo 2 reported dismantling two facilities set up for the processing and packaging of heroin. Seizures of morphine, possibly intended for processing into heroin, have also been noted in several EU countries. In , Spain reported the seizure of 3. In addition, seizures of opium have been noted in several EU countries. In , Bulgaria reported seizing 27 kilograms of opium, while Spain and Sweden reported seizing The opium available in Europe could be used for heroin production or by individual consumers where demand exists. In addition to the production of heroin from imported morphine or opium, since Czechia has reported dismantling three small-scale heroin production facilities that were using poppy straw or morphine extracted from medicines. The illicit production of all plant-based and synthetic drugs entails a range of environmental harms. With regard to heroin, most of the environmental impacts and harms relate to the cultivation of opium poppies that takes place outside the EU. Field preparation requires agricultural inputs, including pesticides and irrigation, leading to energy and land use, to water, soil and air pollution, and to emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds UNODC, a. The dumping of waste materials from production threatens fragile ecosystems, and the extensive cultivation of these crops leads to a range of environmental harms, including soil erosion. Specifically, in Afghanistan, the use of pesticides and of solar- or fuel-powered irrigation methods has led to soil depletion and reduced groundwater levels Mansfield, In the EU, the identification of laboratories associated with heroin production, albeit in small numbers, indicates more direct damage pathways in terms of the dumping of toxic waste. From to , at least 15 sites associated with the production of heroin were identified and dismantled see Section Opiate production in Europe: a relatively rare occurrence. While the number of reported dumping sites related to heroin production is low compared to the number of dumping sites related to synthetic drug production, the use of precursors, water and electricity may cause direct harms to the environment in the EU. The market for synthetic opioids has been growing in Europe, and it appears that most illegally produced synthetic opioids distributed in the EU originate from non-EU countries. Depending on the destination country and the mode of distribution, the three main source countries for synthetic opioids available on the European drug market are believed to be China, India and, to a lesser extent, Russia. Some production of synthetic opioids, including new synthetic opioids, may occasionally occur in the EU, although currently this would appear to be marginal compared with the manufacturing of other illicit drugs. Laboratories carrying out the full production cycle of synthetic opioids are rarely found, and there does not appear to be any widespread or sustained illicit production of these substances. However, because these substances are very potent often orders of magnitude greater than morphine , even a small illicit laboratory could produce sufficient material to satisfy national or even EU demand. France and Estonia each reported dismantling a small-scale laboratory for the production of fentanyl in and , respectively UNODC, c. In May , the Latvian police seized a large quantity of fentanyl approximately 5 kilograms together with fentanyl precursors, which suggests that fentanyl production might have taken place in the country Valsts policija, Overall, with a few possible exceptions in the Baltic countries and in countries bordering the EU, there is no strong evidence of significant fentanyl production currently occurring elsewhere in the EU. Nonetheless, this situation may change rapidly should market conditions become favourable in the future see Box Factors that could increase the threat of synthetic opioid production in Europe. While no fentanyl production sites have been identified in the Netherlands, seizures of fentanyl have been reported there Openbaar Ministerie, , a. Furthermore, in , the National Police of the Netherlands reported the seizure of chemicals used in the production of fentanyl, along with the final product, indicating that fentanyl production may take place in the country see Box Signals of possible fentanyl production in the Netherlands. Cutting and packaging facilities for synthetic opioids are more commonly detected in the EU than laboratories producing these substances. However, reporting rarely differentiates between the two. In , Latvia reported detecting and dismantling one small-scale site for the manufacture or packaging of the benzimidazole isotonitazene UNODC, c. The illicit production of methadone is also known to take place in the northeast of Europe. For example, a small-scale illicit laboratory producing methadone using precursors diverted from the legal market was dismantled in Latvia in Ukraine reported dismantling three medium-scale methadone production laboratories in and two medium- and one small-scale laboratories in UNODC, c. This estimate considers only the main season, as the second harvest is marginal in comparison, based on the evidence available UNODC, b. Consult the list of references used in this module. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Table of contents Search within the book. Introduction Introduction Key findings and threat assessment Key findings and threat assessment Global context Global context Production Production Trafficking and supply Trafficking and supply Criminal networks Criminal networks Prices, purities and offences Prices, purities and offences Retail markets Retail markets Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. EU Drug Market: Heroin and other opioids — main page. On this page.

From the India Today archives (2021) | India and the threat of drugs

Bandar Abbas buy cocaine

The shipment of talc stones, a clay mineral used as raw material for cosmetics, was headed for Vijayawada in Andhra Pradesh and meant for a Chennai-based couple, Machavaram Sudhakar and his wife Vaisali. When DRI sleuths opened the containers on September 15, they spotted hundreds of white synthetic bags, each large enough to seat an adult. Beneath the loosely-packed talc stones was 3. The drugs would have sold on the streets of Mumbai for some Rs 3, crore. With the Mundra seizures, the total heroin haul this year has crossed six tonne, double the 3. It cannot be good news in a country where opioid consumption is 2. Over 50 million Indians, it said, were hooked on drugs. This swathe, comprising Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran, accounts for 83 per cent of the worldwide production and distribution of opiates. The sticky brown resin is scraped off the bulbs of poppy plants, refined in drug labs first as opium and then into a crystalline white powder that we know as heroin. The powder is packed and sent through Europe, Central Asia and South Asia to the veins and windpipes of an estimated When the heroin leaves Afghanistan, it has a value of around Rs 10, a kilo. By the time it reaches Mumbai, it is worth Rs 50 lakh. This is what makes the drugs business so profitable. Having tapered off in the s, smack has reappeared in the past five years. In Delhi, the street prices of one dose of smack can drop to as low as Rs Supply fluctuations are plugged with baking soda adulteration. Trafficking of opiates takes place along the India-Pakistan international border; cannabis along the India-Nepal border and amphetamine type stimulant ATS , methamphetamine MD and heroin take the Indo-Myanmar route. One government agency pegs it at around Rs 30, crore extrapolating from the Rs 3, crore worth drugs seized annually, assuming seizures account for 10 per cent of the trade. NCB officials note how drug traffickers are increasingly using the DarkNet—the part of the internet search engines cannot access—to fix deals. Smugglers have started using courier companies to ferry small packages to consumers. In August, the NCB busted a Kolkata-based drug smuggling network that was shipping high-grade marijuana across the world using the dark web. Online sales have made access to drugs much easier than before. In South Asia, Indian government officials say, drug smugglers are moving their rendezvous points deeper into the ocean, into international waters using satellite phones to coordinate drops, evading law enforcement authorities. The debilitating impact on society aside, these drug shipments have serious national security ramifications. Indian Punjab has been in the past, and continues to be, a prime battleground for ISI subversion as it is a strategically important state. Despite the large seizures, doctors and health workers report that major Indian cities are now awash with synthetic drugs—from methylenedioxy-methamphetamine MDMA to heroin. Hiranandani Hospital in Mumbai. Adil name changed , a bright-eyed year-old from the east Delhi suburb of Kalyanpuri, has been away from home for three months. His father drives an e-rickshaw and his mother is a homemaker. But not his friends. His distraught parents finally brought him to the three-storeyed de-addiction centre at Delhi Gate. There are 40 other juveniles at the de-addiction centre. The National Crime Records Bureau records this trend of young drug offenders. Heroin is the most common, consumed by 18 million. Moreover, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat contribute more than half to the approximately 6 million people with opioid use disorders harmful or dependent pattern in the country. Users inject, sniff, snort or smoke heroin. Highly addictive, the heroin enters the brain rapidly and binds to opioid receptors on cells located in areas that involve feelings of pleasure and pain and which control the heart rate, sleeping and breathing. Sustained heroin usage damages the heart and lungs. Highly-priced South American cocaine continues to be the drug of choice for a limited circle of high-society addicts. The agency said that drug mafias from Nigeria and South American countries like Peru, Brazil and Chile were spreading their tentacles in India, especially in Mumbai. The call centre was being operated from Nigeria. Customers got doorstep delivery of cocaine after paying online. A senior government official admits that the capacities of the states and Centre are severely limited when it comes to handling a drugs surge. He suggests the creation of a national drug management authority headquartered in Delhi with stakeholders right up to the district level for a coordinated war on drugs. All global counter-narcotics campaigns rest on three pillars—supply reduction or disrupting the supply of drugs, demand reduction or trying to get people to go off drugs and harm reduction or ensuring the rehabilitation and recovery of drug addicts. The NCB—the primary agency tasked with combating a transnational threat like drug trafficking—needs to be made more effective along the lines of a globally-deployed organisation like the US Drug Enforcement Agency. The bureau sorely needs technical experts to monitor the DarkNet where the bulk of the drug deals take place. It needs to warn of new threats and patterns in the drug trade. MDMA, also known as crystal meth, a powerful and highly addictive stimulant, is made in small clandestine laboratories and sells for Rs 2, a gram in India. It has displaced cocaine as the drug of choice among the well-heeled in certain metros. Ajay Agnihotri, a former IRS official, says the drug agencies need to monitor major supply routes. Given the scarce resources available to the government, experts say the priority should be to nab the big fish in the trade and go after problem drugs like MDMA, heroin and cocaine, not chasing pedlars. The Mundra smuggling network, for instance, was being monitored by an Afghan-origin kingpin based in Shimla with a network of associates across the country. He is now in police custody and the case is being investigated by the NIA. Romesh Bhattacharjee, a former DG of NCB, says this refocus can come about only when drugs like cannabis are decriminalised. The government must distribute them so that there is no incentive left for smugglers and traffickers. Supply reduction must go hand in hand with another crucial side of the triangle—public awareness campaigns to reduce demand and make drugs less desirable. The campaign claims to have reached out to million people, including women and children. A government-run helpline for counselling drug addicts has 12 primary counsellors answering over 2, calls each month. Subscribe to India Today Magazine. Live TV Primetime. Maharashtra Jharkhand. Latest Edition Insight Best Colleges. All Sports. Short Videos. Fact Check. Other News. Download App. Follow Us On:. From the India Today archives India and the threat of drugs Rising heroin shipments from Afghanistan and the surrounding region region threatens to make India's drug problems worse. Listen to Story. Sandeep Unnithan. Must Watch. Watch Live TV.

Bandar Abbas buy cocaine