Young Teens 14

Young Teens 14




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Young Teens 14

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6/2/18



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If you know any teenagers this might not come as a surprise, but research has confirmed that risk-taking peaks during this exact moment in mid-adolescence.
“We calculated the age at which our group of participants made the greatest proportion of risk choices to be 14.38 years,” writes University College London neuroscientist Sarah-Jayne Blakemore in her new book “ Inventing Ourselves: The Secret Life of the Teenage Brain ” (Public Affairs).
The beginning of puberty (around 11 or 12) to the late teens/early 20s brings about a host of brain and behavioral changes.
Brain scans have shown that teens are not only more prone to embarrassment, they’re also less likely to respond to punishment and are more visually creative than adults.
Knowing the neuroscience behind brain development should help us better understand, parent, teach and relate to those on the cusp of adulthood. “We shouldn’t demonize this period of life. We should understand it, nurture it and celebrate it,” Blakemore writes.
Here are a few more insights into the teen brain from her book, out now:
Parents, it’s not your imagination — teens are more physically embarrassed (often by you). A 2013 Harvard study scanned participants in MRI scanners and then alerted them that a peer was watching (in reality, there was no peer). “Observed” teens showed greater activity in their medial prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain associated with “reflecting on the self,” writes Blakemore. Even their skin revealed inner turmoil. Teens produced more sweat when they thought they were being watched.
A simulation driving game asked different age groups to get around a track as fast as possible while still obeying traffic lights. Yellow lights represented a risky choice — as you would have a higher chance of causing an accident and losing time and points. Teens ages 13-16 were almost twice as likely to run yellow lights when playing the game in front of friends. Interestingly, there was not an increase of yellow-light running when they played alone. “It means that adolescents don’t always take risks, contrary to the stereotype,” writes Blakemore.
A risk-assessing card game — where one pack of cards is considered a “risky” deck with big payouts and even bigger losses and the other is a “steady earner” — showed that adolescents 14-21 were more likely to choose the risky deck. “This age group preferred and persisted with the risk pack, even though it eventually lost them money.” Children and adults were more likely to stick with the steady earners.
A 2014 study on rodents showed that adolescent mice drink more alcohol (yes, apparently mice will hit the sauce) if they’re surrounded by other adolescent mice. This isn’t true for adult mice, who drink the same no matter who they’re with.
A series of memory tests from the 1980s showed that there is a “dip” in the memory tasks around age 12. A 2000 follow-up confirmed that 11- and 12-year-olds were 15 percent slower than 10- to 11-year-olds when asked to identify emotions in photographs of faces. “We don’t yet understand the causes of the possible dip . . . It’s possible that the large changes in sex hormones at this time might trigger changes in brain circuitry,” Blakemore writes. This supports evidence of the “educational dip” in early adolescence, between 12 and 14, where some students tend to do worse in school.
A study at the National Institutes of Health in 2007 suggested that teens are worse at ignoring emotional cues than adults. The study asked two groups, one ages 9 to 17, the other 25 to 36, to view fearful faces in fMRI scanners. “Compared with adults, the children and adolescents showed higher activation of two regions in the frontal cortex when they were asked to look at fearful faces than when they were asked to look at neutral faces,” Blakemore writes. This didn’t change when they were told to focus only on the “non-emotional aspect” — the nose (fear is typically communicated through the eyes) as it did in adults. “This suggests that the adolescent brain is tracking emotional and arousing stimuli in the environment even when the individual has been asked to focus on non-emotional stimuli,” she writes.
In 2016, Blakemore found that adolescents are “less likely to learn from punishment.” In the study, she asked two groups — 12 to 17 and 18 to 32 — to choose symbols that (they would learn over time) were associated with rewards and punishments. While both groups were equally good at spotting the winners, the adolescents fared much worse in sussing out the losers. This suggests that “a reward-based approach, rather than punishment, might be more likely to benefit an adolescent learning,” writes Blakemore.
Visual creativity is often highest in adolescence, studies have shown. Though adults perform better on “verbal divergent” thinking (for example, “name various uses for a brick”), mid-adolescents (ages 15 and 16) did better on “visual divergent” tests (for example, “make up similarities between different drawings”) than younger adolescents and adults. “Creativity is still developing in adolescence,” writes Blakemore. “Adolescents are creative, their brains are plastic and malleable and they are quick learners.”

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'Underage' teens as young as 14 caught in mystery nightclub tragedy with 17 dead
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South Africa: East London tavern cordoned off after at least 17 deaths
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Family members and parents were stood outside the tavern in East London, South Africa, shouting to get in and calling out the names of their loved ones as the horrific scene unfolded
At least 17 young people were found dead, including 'underage' children, at a packed out nightclub where people collapsed to the floor in a mysterious tragedy.
Police and paramedics were called in the early hours of this morning to discover 'bodies strewn across tables and chairs' at the Enyobeni Tavern in the South African city of East London.
More than a dozen people were discovered dead, with others rushed to hospital, including children as young as 14.
The underage teens and revellers had allegedly gone out to celebrate "pens down" following the end of exams, local officials confirmed.
Distraught parents discovered their children were among the dead after pictures of their bodies circulated on social media, with crying families stood outside the tavern trying to get in.
Investigations have suggested that a stampede broke out when one or two DJs attracted "unanticipated numbers" of young people to the small tavern in a residential area in Eastern Cape.
However, one official claimed that first pictures from the scene seem suggest the cause of death is 'unlikely' to be a stampede as the bodies are described as laying on chairs with 'no obvious sign of injury'.
The cause of death is unknown but one eye witness described watching "people fainting because the venue lacked proper ventilation".
Others have speculated that it could have been a gas leak, while local media reported that the popular night spot was formerly a house which had been converted into a nightclub.
Eastern Cape Community Safety spokesperson, Unathi Binqose, told Newzroom Afrika, that they would take a "closer look" at what was being sold at the tavern.
He said: "What is clear is that there was a stampede that took place but whether it is the cause of the fatalities that will be subject to the forensic investigation.
"Some of the bodies were found on top of the tables, there were no open wounds, there were no bruises that may point to stampede. We are talking about a small tavern.
"There were bodies found on both floors so that may put into doubt the issue of stampede.
"We are told that some are underage, meaning they are under the age of 18. That is not a legal age to be in a tavern or alcohol outlet in SA.
"Just by looking at the bodies there are some that are under the age of 18.
"We are told that it's pens down.. We are also told that it has been 'masks down' as not so long ago it was announced the wearing of masks in SA is no longer necessary.
"Those with serious concerns for their children have now started to make their way to the mortuary as they have been advised to do so.
"They will get a chance to identify their loved ones.
"Like we have said on the issue of a stampede, it doesn't look like it's the only cause so we will have to dig deeper, take a closer look at what is being sold at the tavern.
"Of course the bodies will have a lot of details as well during the post mortems, of what may have been a contributing factor to the fatalities."
Outside the tavern panic spread that several children could be among the dead as 'lots of distraught parents' returned home to find their kids were not there and gathered outside the tavern looking for answers.
By Sunday afternoon some parents were still looking for their children as they stood around outside the club in tears,
Mr Binqose said: "There are a lot of distraught parents waiting, some were coming in from nightshift and when they got home they were told their children were not there.
"Some were crying and some of the pictures have circulated on social media, pictures that are supposed to be part of the forensic investigation."
He added: "The tavern owner will certainly have a lot to answer to
"The issue of licensing will have to be looked at.
"We will probe and investigate everything to get to the bottom of this because we have got to ensure sure it doesn't happen again."
Police Minister Bheki Cele arrived at the scene to speak with management staff from the tavern as the force launched a probe into the tragedy.
The South African Police Service SAPS claimed they did not wish to speculate on the cause of deaths until their investigation was complete.
Brigadier Tembinkosi Kinana told Newzroom Afrika: "The SAPS confirms an incident where people were found dead in a tavern in Scenery Park in the area of East London.
"We received this report in the early hours of Sunday. The circumstances surrounding the incident are under investigation as we speak.
"We do not want to make any speculation at this stage, our investigation is continuing."
The popular Enyobeni Tavern is a club in Scenery Park, South Africa, in the British namesake city which sits on the southeastern coast.
The port city which is build around the Buffalo River was originally known as Port Rex but was renamed to honour the UK capital city in the mid-19th century.
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Healthy Children > Ages & Stages > Teen > Stages of Adolescence


The information contained on this Web site should not be used as a substitute for the medical care and advice of your pediatrician. There may be variations in treatment that your pediatrician may recommend based on individual facts and circumstances.


By: Brittany Allen, MD, FAAP & Helen Waterman, DO
Adolescence is the period of transition between childhood and adulthood. It includes some big changes—to the body, and to the way a young person relates to the world.
The many physical, sexual, cognitive, social, and emotional changes that happen during this time can bring anticipation and anxiety for both children and their families. Understanding what to expect at different stages can promote healthy development throughout adolescence and into early adulthood. 

During this stage, children often start to grow more quickly . They also begin notice other body changes, including hair growth under the arms and near the genitals, breast development in
females and enlargement of the testicles in
males . They usually start a year or two earlier in girls than boys, and it can be normal for some changes to start as early as age 8 for females and age 9 for males. Many girls may start their period at around age 12, on average 2-3 years after the onset of breast development.

These body changes can inspire curiosity and anxiety in some―especially if they do not know what to expect or what is normal . Some children may also question their
gender identity at this time, and the onset of puberty can be a difficult time for
transgender children . 

Early adolescents have concrete, black-and-white thinking . Things are either right or wrong, great or terrible, without much room in between. It is normal at this stage for young people to center their thinking on themselves (called "egocentrism"). As part of this, preteens and early teens are often self-conscious about their appearance and feel as though they are always being judged by their
peers .

Pre-teens feel an increased need for privacy . They may start to explore ways of being independent from their family. In this process, they may push boundaries and may react strongly if parents or guardians
reinforce limits .

Physical changes from puberty continue during middle adolescence. Most males will have started their growth spurt, and puberty-related changes continue. They may have some voice cracking, for example, as their
voices lower. Some develop acne. Physical changes may be nearly complete for females, and most girls now have regular periods.

At this age, many teens become interested in

romantic and sexual relationships . They may question and explore their sexual identity―which may be stressful if they do not have support from peers, family, or community. Another typical way of exploring
sex and sexuality for teens of all genders is self-stimulation, also called
masturbation .

Many middle adolescents have more

arguments with their parents as they struggle for more independence. They may spend less time with family and more time with friends. They are very concerned about their
appearance , and peer pressure may peak at this age.   

The brain continues to change and mature in this stage, but there are still many differences in how a normal middle adolescent thinks compared to an adult. Much of this is because the frontal lobes are the last areas of the brain to mature―development is not complete until a person is well into their 20s! The frontal lobes play a big role in coordinating complex decision making, impulse control, and being able to consider multiple options and consequences. Middle adolescents are more able to think abstractly and consider "the big picture," but they still may lack the ability to apply it in the moment. For example, in certain situations, kids in middle adolescence may find themselves thinking things like:
"I'm doing well enough in math and I
really want to see this movie… one night of skipping studying won't matter."


Do I really
have to wear a condom during sex if my girlfriend takes the pill?"


"Marijuana is legal now, so it can't be
that bad."
While they may be able to walk through the logic of avoiding risks outside of these situations, strong emotions often continue to drive their decisions when impulses come into play.
Late adolescents generally have completed physical development and grown to their full adult height. They usually have more impulse control by now and
may be better able to gauge risks and rewards accurately. In comparison to middle adolescents, youth in late adolescence might find themselves thinking:
"While I do love Paul Rudd movies, I need to study for my final."
"I should wear a condom…even though my girlfriend is on birth control, that's not 100% in preventing pregnancy."
"Even though marijuana is legal, I'm worried about how it might affect my mood and work/school performance."
Teens entering early adulthood have a stronger sense of their own individuality now and can identify their own
values . They may become more focused on the future and base decisions on their hopes and ideals. Friendships and romantic relationships become more stable. They become more emotionally and physically separated from their family. However, many reestablish an "adult" re
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