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The throat comprises of air and food passageways lying behind the nasal cavity and mouth and in the neck. It consists (from the top to the bottom) of the pharynx, epiglottis, larynx (voice box with vocal cords) and the upper part of the esophagus and trachea ( Picture 1 ).
Picture 1 : Throat parts: pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, esophagus (source: Wikimedia)
The pharynx is a muscular tube lying behind the nasal cavity and mouth, carrying air from the nose toward the larynx and food from the mouth toward the esophagus. The pharynx is what your doctor can see through your mouth when examining your throat.
The pharynx (Greek pharynx = throat; pharanx = gulf, chasm) is a cavity within the throat that serves as an air and food passage. The other main part of the throat is the larynx.
When food or fluid enters the pharynx, muscle contraction — swallowing reflex — pushes it toward the esophagus. Disorders of swallowing — dysphagia — can be caused by dry mucous membrane, dry food, disorders in the pharyngeal wall, psychological reasons or neurological disorders.
Touching of the soft palate or the back wall of the pharynx with the finger can trigger vomiting reflex.
Pharynx carries air from the nose and mouth toward the larynx. Inflamed adenoids or tonsils, sudden swelling from an insect bite or allergic reaction, stuck food or detached dentures, or injury of the pharynx can all impede breathing.
Pharynx, together with the larynx, tongue and soft palate, helps to form sounds.
The pharynx is connected with the middle ear on both sides with Eustachian tubes (Picture 1). These enable equilibration of pressure differences between the throat and the middle ear built during quick changes of altitude, diving or in disorders of the middle ear.
Tonsils and (in children) adenoids (Picture 1) can catch some microbes and foreign particles thus preventing them to enter the lungs.
Pharynx is a vertical tube lying behind the nasal and oral cavity. Its walls are built from striated (voluntary) muscles, covered by mucosal layer on its inner side.
The part of the pharynx lying behind the nasal cavity is called the nasopharynx (Lat. nasus = nose). In children, a mass of lymphatic tissue — the pharyngeal tonsil or adenoids — is protruding into the nasopharynx from its roof. Above the pharynx roof, the sphenoidal sinus — one of the paranasal sinuses — is located.
The part of the pharynx seen through the mouth is called the oropharynx (Lat. os, or- = mouth). The lingula is hanging down from its frontal edge. There is one tonsil located on each side. Normal tonsils can be small and not visible or quite prominent when checked in a mirror (Picture 2). Symmetrically enlarged and reddened tonsils are seen in acute inflammation; in chronic inflammation, tonsils can be shrunk. From asymmetric tonsils or lingula pharyngeal a pharyngeal cancer can be suspected.
Picture 2: Oral part of the pharynx as seen through the mouth. (source: Wikimedia)
The bottom part of the pharynx, lying behind the larynx is called the laryngopharynx. The back part of the pharynx continues downward into the esophagus, and its front part into the larynx. During swallowing, the entrance of the larynx is covered by a muscular fold – epiglottis.
The larynx (from Gk. larynx = the upper windpipe) is an air passage carrying air from the pharynx to the trachea (Picture 1). It contains the vocal cords (folds), also called the voice box. The adjective form of larynx is laryngeal , for example, laryngeal cancer.
Larynx is a short (1.5 inch) tube lying in the front middle part of the neck, between the pharynx above and the trachea below. It extends from the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage (laryngeal prominence – Adam’s apple) to the bottom edge of the cricoid cartilage. In skinny persons, both cartilages can be felt by fingers. The thyroid cartilage is connected to the hyoid bone by muscles. Larynx lies on the C3-C6 level of the cervical spine.
Behind the larynx, there is a lower part of the pharynx and the neck part of the esophagus.
The skeleton of the larynx consists of five main cartilages, connected by connective tissue membranes and muscles:
Picture 3: The larynx with the vocal cords; vertical section, looking from behind (source: Wikimedia )
A thyrocricoid membrane connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilage. A cleft can be made into this membrane to enable breathing in emergency situations, when foreign objects or swelling of epiglottis from severe infection or allergic reaction obstructs the entrance of the larynx. A pocket knife can be used to make a cleft through the skin and membrane, and a thin tube, like the chase of a biro pencil, should be put into the cleft to maintain air flow.
All laryngeal muscles are voluntary striated muscles. They are innervated by a left and right Superior laryngeal nerve and Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branches of the Vagus nerve- 10th cranial nerve). These nerves also enable sensations in the larynx mucosa.
Intrinsic (internal) laryngeal muscles alter the position, tension and shape of the vocal cords. They keep vocal cords apart during breathing and together during speaking (Picture 3).
Picture 4: Vocal cords are held apart during breathing (left), and together during speaking (right) (source: Wikipedia)
Extrinsic (external) laryngeal musclesattach the larynx to the hyoid bone and other neck and head structures, and enable larynx elevation during swallowing and speaking (1).
Your primary doctor can examine your larynx with the help of a small mirror held on the back of your throat (Picture 4). Your doctor for ear, nose and throat (ENT) can use laryngoscope to make a detailed investigation of the larynx and take samples (biopsy) of laryngeal mucosa. Histological changes of a sample can be then checked under the microscope. CT or MRI can be use to detect disorders in the laryngeal wall or adjacent structures.
Picture 5: Normal larynx as seen during larynx examination or laryngoscopy:
1=vocal cords, 2=vestibular fold, 3=epiglottis, 4=plica aryepiglottica,
5=arytenoid cartilage, 6=sinus piriformis, 7=base of the tongue
(source: Wikimedia)
Main disorders of the larynx include:
Hoarseness can be caused by any of above disorders.
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The throat is one of the most complex parts of the human body. It starts from the pharynx and extends to the upper end of the esophagus. Immediately following the pharynx are the larynx, epiglottis, larynx and the esophagus. The throat is responsible for performing a large number of functions, namely the swallowing, speaking and breathing. It also prevents the accumulation of saliva and helps in the process of digestion.
The Human Throat Anatomy can mainly consists of the following parts.
Each of these parts in the Throat anatomy has been discussed in detail in the following sections:
Adenoids is the term given to the lymphatic tissue collection. These tissues are located towards the rear side of the nasal passages which in turn lie in the nasopharynx. The adenoids are also known as the “lymph glands”. In terms of appearance, they look very similar to the tonsils. The two also share almost the same location except that the adenoids are located slightly higher than the tonsils. After birth, the adenoids keep growing in size and only reach their full size during the early childhood. After these lymph glands have reached their full size, they start to decrease in size and by the time of adolescence, they will have disappeared almost completely.
The adenoids are an integral part of the immune system and help the body to fight against various infections arising out of the attacking viruses and bacteria that mainly enter the body during inhalation. The adenoids make use of different cells as well as antibodies in order to protect the throat against infections. However, their role is not highly important, mainly because the body also has several other mechanisms for fighting infections, thereby offering only a lesser role to the lymph glands.
Since the adenoids gradually reduce in size starting from childhood, they are not generally associated with health issues and complications. However, in rare cases, these glands swell up and thereby require treatment. The enlargement occurs mainly as a result of infection from bacteria and viruses. At other times, they are also caused by allergies.
Tonsils refer to the pair of soft lymphatic tissue lumps that lie at the back of the throat. They have an appearance similar to that of the adenoids. The only difference is that they are found towards the rear part of the throat instead of the nasal passages. Although rare, another serious complication arising with the tonsils is cancer . The tonsils are also included in the body’s immune system. They mainly help in defending the body against infections and illnesses caused by germs that enter the body during inhalation or eating. It is the antibodies and cells that are present in the tonsil that helps in the fighting off these malicious foreign microbes. Although the body also has several other ways to deal with infections, the tonsils form the first defense line. The size of the tonsils is not constant and may vary considerably form one person to the other.
The most problem arising with tonsils is tonsillitis, a condition during which the tonsils get infected. There are also other less common conditions such as quinsy and glandular fever that can affect the tonsils. Although rare, another serious complication arising with the tonsils is cancer. If repeatedly shows infections, it can be beneficial to go for surgeries and resolve the issue once and for all.
The epiglottis is simply a flap composed of soft cartilage which is then covered by a mucous membrane. The epiglottis is directly attached to the posterior part of the tongue and covers the cavities lying behind it. Its main function is to prevent the liquids and food from going over to the lungs. The epiglottis is controlled involuntarily. It automatically closes every time we swallow something, even saliva. At the time of breathing, the epiglottis lies vertically and automatically adjusts itself into a horizontal placement at the time of swallowing so as to prevent the liquid and food items from entering the trachea. Hence, the position of the epiglottis keeps changing between the larynx and the pharynx depending on whether you are swallowing or breathing.
Since the epiglottis folds itself across the trachea at the time of swallowing, the contents are directly passed on to the esophagus. However, in some cases, it may fail to do so thereby allowing the contents to move down a different lane. When this happens, the person experiences choking, thereby developing a red face and an unpleasant sensation. In some cases, the epiglottis may also get inflamed thereby leading to the blockage of the trachea and breathing issues.
The uvula is a very small section of the throat made up of tissues. It extends from the rear part of the throat or the soft palate. The uvula appears oval in shape and resembles a teardrop. It is known as Uvula namely because its shape forms an outline of the alphabet U. The function of the Uvula is the same as that of the epiglottis that is to prevent the food and fluids from entering the Uvula and instead of sending them down the esophagus. This is made possible mainly because of a muscle known as the musculus uvulae which allows it to change its shape during different functions. At the time of swallowing, these muscles become rigid and seal the opening that leads to the trachea. The Uvula also has a key role in musical performances. It is the main part of the Throat anatomy that allows singers to produce a wavy sound technically known as the vibrato. With the help of uvula, the singers are able to modulate the scale of the vibrato. The uvula is also responsible for various other types of sounds that are produced while talking and breathing.
Some of the common problems affecting this part of the Throat Anatomy are:
The larynx is located above the trachea and is also known as the voice box. It is made up of cartilage and soft tissues. The larynx appears in the Throat anatomy front view as a projection which is also known as Adam’s apple and is clearly visible with the eye. The larynx is also the part of the Throat anatomy that connects the pharynx and the trachea. The two main functions of the larynx are to prevent the food from entering the lungs through the trachea and to help in sound production by creating specific vibrations. The larynx comprises mainly if three parts – the glottis, the subglottis and the supraglottis. The glottis is the middle portion of the larynx. It is where the vocal cords are located. The upper part of the larynx made up of tissues is known as the supraglottis while subglottis refers to the tissues at the bottom that connect the trachea and the larynx. The larynx is made up of a total of nine different types of cartilages. Some of these are paired cartilages while others are not. These cartilages offer support to the larynx and also help in retaining the shape of the skeleton in the area. Some support is also offered by the vagus nerve that lies alongside the larynx. Some of the common issues associated with the larynx are polyps, nodules, ulcers, and laryngitis. People who are used to frequent smoking and drinking alcohol may also suffer from throat cancer.
The pharynx is located at the top of the air passage in the posterior part of the nasal passages and the mouth. Starting from there, it runs all the way down to the beginning of the esophagus. The pharynx is often mistaken for the larynx. However, it is a different part located above the esophagus, trachea and the larynx. It forms a part of both the digestive as well as the respiratory systems. Pharynx also has a role in the production of sound while speaking and singing.
The Throat anatomy diagram divides the pharynx into three parts – the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the uppermost part of the pharynx and extends down from the base of the skull to the nasal passages, hence the name. The Eustachian tubes, which have a role in controlling the air pressure within the ear also open up to the nasopharynx. The oropharynx is that part which is located in the rear part of the mouth and comprises of the epiglottis, uvula and the tonsils. The laryngopharynx is that part which is located towards the bottom of the oropharynx and extends from the larynx up to the epiglottis.
The most common problem arising with the pharynx is pharyngitis, which is a condition in which Parts of the throat and mouth get infected. Dysphagia is also another one of the common problems with the pharynx. Sometimes it is a problem on its own, and in other cases, it arises as an indication of another underlying disease.
The vocal cords comprise of two membranous folds that are stretched over the larynx. The opening and closing of these membranes are controlled by the air pressure. The vocal cords are made of white bands of tissue and lie in the posterior part of the Throat anatomy attached through the cartilage fibers. The Anatomy of the throat and neck show that the inner portion of the vocal cords are empty while the outer portions are attached through several parts to the larynx that helps in regulating its shape and size.
Right above the vocal cords lie the vestibular folds that are also known as the false vocal folds. These thick layers of skin help in protecting the vocal cords and help in producing deeper vocal tones like that hear during chanting. The vocal cords are located just above the trachea, below the epiglottis. The difference in the size of vocal cords of the males and females is what gives rise to different pitches of voices. In females, the vocal cords can measure anywhere in between 12 and 17 mm while in males it can vary from 17 to 25 mm.
Vocal cords may be affected by problems such as nodules, sores, strain and vocal polyps. Other problems such as laryngitis, Reinke’s edema and vocal cord paralysis may also affect the vocal cords. Sometimes, the issues are caused due to an overuse of the vocal cords including frequent and intense coughing, continuous shouting and talking. Singers are also prone to strain their vocal cords thereby leading to the development of a polyp or a nodule. Staying in smoking environments for long hours at a stretch may also give rise to issues. Vocal cord problems can also arise from smoking as it tends to give rise to inflammation, leading to dry, aggravated and swollen vocal cords.
The trachea, also known as the windpipe looks very much like a bony tube. The Throat anatomy front view shows the trachea extending from the larynx up to the lungs. The ending portion of the trachea lies just posterior to the sternum or the breastbone. The trachea branches off into the left and right bronchi and finally into the alveoli. To better understand the Throat anatomy of this portion, think of the trachea as a tree trunk that has been turned upside down. The trachea is made up of C shaped rings that are made up of muscles and cartilage. This allows the Parts of the throat and neck around the trachea to stay upright and keeps the windpipe from collapsing even as the neck gets involved in a wide range of movements.
The trachea also allows the swallowed food and fluids to move down the esophagus without any obstruction. The cells present in the inner lining of the windpipe have very minute fringes that look almost like hair. There are also other cells that secrete a slippery and sticky substance. With the help of these cells, the trachea traps all the foreign particles that enter the body through the oral and nasal passages. Furthermore, the tiny fringes keep on pulsating
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