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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Cannabis remains by far the most commonly consumed illicit drug in Europe. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the drug situation for cannabis in Europe, including prevalence of use, treatment demand, seizures, price and potency, harms and more. European Drug Report — home. The drug situation in Europe up to Drug supply, production and precursors. Synthetic stimulants. Heroin and other opioids. Other drugs. New psychoactive substances. Injecting drug use in Europe. Drug-related infectious diseases. Drug-induced deaths. Opioid agonist treatment. Harm reduction. However, both the level of use and trends in use reported in recent national data appear heterogeneous see Prevalence and patterns of cannabis use , below. At the same time, there is an ongoing debate on how best to respond to the use of this drug, with some countries modifying their regulatory approach. We are also seeing significant developments in the cannabis market. Taken together, this all means that there remains a pressing need to understand better the potential harms associated with different patterns of cannabis consumption and the implications this raises for policy and practice. Around 1. Cannabis use can cause or exacerbate a range of physical and mental health problems, including chronic respiratory symptoms, cannabis dependence and psychotic symptoms. In addition, studies have found that regular cannabis use can be associated with poorer educational achievement and an increased risk of involvement with the criminal justice system. Problems are most associated with early onset of use, high-potency products and more regular and long-term patterns of use. There remains, however, a need to understand better the kinds of problems experienced by cannabis users, as well as what are appropriate referral pathways and effective treatment options for those with cannabis-related problems. Cannabis is reported to be responsible for more than one third of all drug treatment admissions in Europe. This finding is difficult to interpret, in part because of the wide variety of interventions provided to cannabis users, which may include brief interventions or directive referrals from the criminal justice system. Further work is needed to understand better the kind of services offered to those with cannabis problems. However, the information that does exist would suggest that psychosocial treatments, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, are commonly offered and that e-health online interventions appear to be increasingly available. Evaluating the risk of harm in this area is complicated by the apparently increasing range of cannabis-based products potentially available to consumers, which can include edibles, high-potency products and various derivatives. This diversity can have implications for the risk of an individual experiencing problems with their cannabis use and is therefore an area that requires greater research and regulatory attention. Overall, the number of people reported as entering treatment for cannabis problems for the first time remained relatively stable until , before declining during the pandemic, and not returning to pre-pandemic levels in most EU Member States by see Treatment entry for cannabis use , below. A caveat here is that data quality and coverage issues mean that this observation must be interpreted with caution. Seizures of cannabis products overall continued to be at historically high levels in , indicating the high availability of this drug see Cannabis market data , below. However, the total quantity of cannabis resin seized in the European Union dropped significantly, largely due to a decrease in seizures reported by Spain. It is possible that this may reflect an adaptation in supply routes by those involved in trafficking cannabis resin from North Africa to Europe as a response to anti-trafficking measures taken by Spanish authorities. In this context, it is also interesting to note that since the volume of herbal cannabis seized has increased significantly in Spain. However, it is important to note that significant cannabis production also takes place elsewhere in the European Union. Recent large seizures highlight the role Spain continues to play as a transit country for resin intended for the European market. In , for example, Spanish authorities seized 22 tonnes of cannabis resin concealed in fake tomato packaging suspected of being destined for trafficking to France see Figure 2. Although new products and forms of this drug are available, herbal cannabis and cannabis resin remain the most commonly available forms. While the quantities of cannabis resin seized in the European Union are greater than those of herbal cannabis, this is thought to reflect the greater vulnerability of cannabis resin to interdiction measures in cross-border trafficking, rather than availability or use. The information available suggests that herbal cannabis is the more commonly available form of the drug in most countries. Herbal cannabis may be grown near to its intended consumer market, and this may reduce the risk of detection. This is very high by historical standards, potentially creating elevated health risks, particularly when associated with early onset of use. Some worrying new developments in the detection of cannabis seizures entering Europe may indicate that trafficking routes are diversifying and creating a growing challenge for interdiction efforts. These include, for example, the seizure of 4 tonnes of cannabis resin originating from Pakistan in the port of Antwerp, Belgium. Moreover, this is evidence that Morocco is not the only source of resin for the European cannabis market. Some EU Member States reported the trafficking of cannabis through postal systems and, increasingly, through commercial air travel, sometimes linked to the United States and Canada. There are indications that larger quantities of herbal cannabis may be shipped from North America via maritime routes. This, alongside the appearance of new forms of the drug, raises concerns that developments in regulated cannabis markets outside Europe may increasingly have implications for the availability of this drug within the European Union in the future. The diversity of cannabis products available in Europe is increasing. This is true for the illicit drug market. It is also true for the consumer market, where products are appearing that contain low levels of THC, or other substances that may be derived from the cannabis plant such as CBD, or both. On the illicit drug market, the availability of high-potency extracts and edibles is of particular concern and has been linked to acute drug-toxicity presentations in hospital emergency departments. In addition, there are concerns that some products sold on the illicit market as cannabis may be adulterated with potent synthetic cannabinoids. For more information on these synthetic cannabinoids, see New psychoactive substances — the current situation in Europe. Some semi-synthetic cannabinoids have also appeared recently on the commercial market in parts of Europe. These are substances thought to be produced from cannabidiol extracted from low-THC cannabis hemp , not controlled under the international drug conventions. While knowledge of the effects of HHC in humans is limited, concerns have been raised as studies have emerged, including some reports of links to psychosis. Many of the cases involved young people, including children, who had consumed edibles, such as gummy bears. The European policy approach to cannabis is also becoming more diverse, as some EU Member States are considering or changing their policy approach to recreational cannabis use, creating various forms of access to cannabis resin and herb products. In December , Malta legislated for home growing and cannabis use in private, alongside non-profit communal growing clubs. In July , Luxembourg legislated to permit home growing and use in private, and in February , Germany legislated to allow home growing and non-profit cannabis growing clubs. Czechia has also announced plans for a regulated and taxed distribution system. In addition, non-EU Switzerland has started to authorise pilot trials of sales or other distribution systems for specific residents in certain cities. The Netherlands is also reviewing its approach in this area. The cultivation, sale and possession of cannabis remain criminal offences in the Netherlands. A concern with this approach is that cannabis is still necessarily supplied from the illegal market, and criminal groups therefore benefit from this trade. To address this issue, the Netherlands is piloting a model for a closed cannabis supply chain in 10 municipalities, with cannabis produced in regulated premises being made available for sale in cannabis coffeeshops. This data explorer enables you to view our data on the prevalence of cannabis use by recall period and age range. You can access data by country by clicking on the map or selecting a country from the dropdown menu. Prevalence data presented here are based on general population surveys submitted to the EMCDDA by national focal points. For the latest data and detailed methodological information please see the Statistical Bulletin Prevalence of drug use. Graphics showing the most recent data for a country are based on studies carried out between and Prevalence estimates for the general population: age ranges are and for Germany, Greece, France, Italy and Hungary; and for Denmark, Estonia and Norway; for Malta; for Sweden. In , of the 51 cities with comparable data, 20 reported an annual increase in the cannabis metabolite THC-COOH in wastewater samples, while 15 reported a decrease Figure 2. In most cities, sampling was carried out over a week between March and May Apart from the trends, data are for all treatment entrants with cannabis as the primary drug — or the most recent year available. Trends in first-time entrants are based on 25 countries. Only countries with data for at least 5 of the 6 years are included in the trends analysis. Missing values are interpolated from adjacent years. Because of disruptions to services due to COVID, data for , and should be interpreted with caution. Missing data were imputed with values from the previous year for Spain and France and Germany Price and potency: mean national values — minimum, maximum and interquartile range. Countries vary by indicator. Show source tables. The complete set of source data for the European Drug Report including metadata and methodological notes is available in our data catalogue. A subset of this data, used to generate infographics, charts and similar elements on this page, may be found below. Prevalence of drug use data tables including general population surveys and wastewater analysis all substances. Other data tables including tables specific to cannabis. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Table of contents Search within the book. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Prevalence and patterns of cannabis use Based on the most recent surveys Figure 2. Among to year-olds, an estimated It is estimated that around 1. Among to year-olds, an estimated 2. Trends in cannabis use at the national level appear mixed. Of the countries that have produced surveys since and reported confidence intervals, 3 reported higher estimates, 8 were stable and 2 reported a decrease compared with the previous comparable survey. This data source also indicates that consumers may be commonly using more than one form of this drug. Figure 2. Prevalence of cannabis use in Europe This data explorer enables you to view our data on the prevalence of cannabis use by recall period and age range. Users entering treatment for cannabis in Europe. Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. European Drug Report main page. On this page.

Legal Weed in New York Was Going to Be a Revolution. What Happened?

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Prior to the prison stint, Miller, a cheerful guy in his early fifties, had run a construction company and a serious marijuana operation, simultaneously. CAURD went a step further, mandating that the first licenses for the sale of recreational weed go to people who had, or whose family members had, a marijuana-related conviction. In the previous four decades, according to an analysis by the Legal Aid Society, police in New York had made more than a million marijuana arrests. Although weed is consumed in roughly equal proportions across the racial and economic spectrum, as recently as people of color were subjected to ninety-four per cent of marijuana arrests and summonses in New York City; arrests in the city were also much heavier in high-poverty areas. We used to smoke weed together in college. His new boss, the director of the O. Fagon had been texting his weed dealer, Misha, for feedback on policy proposals. The activists had won. Howell Miller got out of prison in early and followed up on the tip from Weiner. It led him to the Bronx Cannabis Hub, an incubator set up by the Bronx Defenders and run by a public defender in his thirties named Eli Northrup. Forty or so people, most of them Black or Latino, gathered in the reception area of the Bronx Defenders office. Northrup and his colleagues had previously defended several of the attendees in court, and he dapped them up as they walked in. A twentysomething man named Sirvon, wearing a Louis Vuitton shower cap, told me that he used to call Northrup from Rikers on weekends, just to catch up. The Hub brought together a scrappy and profoundly New York City collection of people. The prospective applicants included a bricklayer, a harm-reduction trainer, and the owner of a local grocery store. There were also cabdrivers and restaurant managers, an accountant, and an electrician. Among the few women was Naiomy Guerrero, an art historian in her early thirties doing a Ph. Her brother had the weed conviction. Legal weed entrepreneurship is typically a sport for the well capitalized. CAURD promised a package that would help licensees leapfrog these barriers, providing renovated dispensary spaces and access to a loan fund of two hundred million dollars. In several states, companies that already dominated the medical-marijuana market got the first shot at the recreational market. New York required those companies to wait three years. At the Hub meeting, Northrup began taking questions, and hands kept going up. It was still illegal to transport marijuana across state lines—how would retailers get their inventories? Farmers upstate were growing fields of licit marijuana! No one knew, exactly. How much was the application going to cost? Two thousand dollars. Also, it was nonrefundable. What about the weed-selling bodegas and trucks that had been sprouting up across the city throughout the summer? Kathy Hochul, who had replaced Cuomo as governor, insisted that legal dispensaries would be open by the end of A woman in a pink skirt sighed. Equity programs elsewhere had flopped. Illinois had a carve-out for social-equity applicants, but by only one per cent of legal weed businesses in that state had Black majority ownership. Ohio mandated that fifteen per cent of medical-marijuana licenses go to people of color; after a lawsuit, the mandate was ruled unconstitutional. But a fluky political moment had created the chance for something radical in New York. If the O. If it failed, people might see it as a death knell for social justice having anything to do with legal weed. When the O. Miller was not among them. Guerrero, the art historian, did get a license. We really did this thing. There were some large asterisks, however. The state had been hit with the first of many lawsuits arguing that CAURD , in giving exclusive priority to people with convictions and their families, violated the law. That money was meant to be the fruit of a partnership: fifty million from the state, a hundred and fifty million from investment in a private fund. Management of the fund was entrusted to a team consisting of the former N. A week after the first licenses were announced, the online publication NY Cannabis Insider reported that, by all indications, no private money had been raised. The author of that report was Brad Racino, a journalist based in Syracuse. CAURD applicants started getting antsy. Marte and a couple of friends set up a group text for gossiping, brainstorming, and sharing resources. The O. Guerrero was growing skeptical and overwhelmed. The real work is that in-between. They generally had fund-raising lists and boards of directors. On December 29, , Housing Works, which supports people with H. The doors opened at P. Chris Alexander was the first customer. He bought a pack of watermelon gummies and a sativa strain called Banana Runtz. It is what we are doing. When began, New York City had one legal weed store and about fourteen hundred illegal ones. Some of these shops had an Apple Store look—minimalist merchandising, counters of blond wood and glass—and seemed well capitalized. I met her at her office, on Columbus Avenue, on a rainy afternoon. Brewer is in her early seventies, with blond hair graying at the roots and the unflappable bearing of a lifelong city dweller. In nearly every state where marijuana has been decriminalized, legalization has been followed by an upswing in illegal activity. Many entrepreneurs keep a hand in each world: legal growers in California often divert half their product to the illegal market as a safeguard against industry volatility and to pad their bottom line. Officials in that state recently accused a founder of a well-known legal brand of being the landlord for a string of illegal dispensaries in Los Angeles. Yelp-like Web sites that list local dispensaries frequently display legal and illegal businesses alike, without differentiating. But the explosion of unlicensed weed stores in New York City is unparalleled. This is due to, among other things, the sheer number of storefronts and the hypercharged culture of entrepreneurship in the city, where pop-up vending is perpetually in bloom. Enforcement, in any case, has fallen on the entirely unequipped O. Alexander compared the situation to a group project in grade school. In the year and a half that elapsed between the legalization of marijuana and the arrival of legal stores, the illegal shops were allowed to flourish. Consumers were waiting for weed stores, and look—here they were! It featured a velvet rope and a red carpet and the standard inventory for such places: pre-rolled joints, neon bud grinders, elaborate bongs, candy-flavored nicotine vapes which are illegal to sell in New York , cans of nitrous oxide, weed-infused gummies and chocolate bars from out-of-state brands. Several products advertised a truly terrifying potency: one bag of peach gummy rings from the California brand Smashed supposedly contained two hundred and fifty milligrams of THC per gummy, enough to send a devoted stoner like myself to the emergency room, if not to the grave. These purported amounts are not always accurate. Also, no one has ever actually died from too much weed. He handed me a copy of Cannabis Magazine in case I wanted to learn more. Plenty of penalties, both civil and criminal, can be deployed against these sellers, at least in theory. Churros are thoroughly legal—and a thirteen-year-old can consume them incautiously without having a very memorable panic attack—but cops still occasionally find the motivation to bust ladies who sell them in the subway. The sheriff sent police to sweep a few shops and confiscate illegal products. Two days later, the store was open again, fully restocked. The owners of Zaza Waza could not be reached for comment. Back on Columbus Avenue, Brewer and I passed weed bodegas every few blocks. She had a grim sense of humor about their invincibility. The Mayor, Eric Adams, had launched an interagency task force to inspect stores and seize illegal products; the state legislature granted the O. But the fines could be levied only through scattershot administrative hearings, and the O. The bottoms of her camel pants were soaked from walking through puddles. We passed a bar called Prohibition. Selling cannabis to minors is a felony. Brewer snorted when I recounted the conversation. Here, too, regulators tried to create an industry that was equitable, and environmentally friendly. New York is the only state in the country to have its first crop of legal marijuana grown entirely under the sun, Alexander told me. Farmers were allowed an acre of outdoor canopy, or about half that if they wanted to grow in a greenhouse. Not everyone agreed that this was a good thing. Never a sweet smell. The Kolektor, a former U. Only those with convictions were eligible for CAURD ; plenty of longtime dealers and growers had never been caught. The Kolektor sent me an elaborate amnesty proposal, drafted by a prominent cannabis lawyer. It involved a double-blind application system, a truth-and-reconciliation tribunal, locked hearings. Anything like that would take a lot of time. He posted closeup shots of his dense, crystalline flower on Instagram and sold huge amounts of weed through Discord every week. Most of the hemp farmers were white, and lived upstate. Brittany Carbone, who grew up on Long Island, runs a farm with her husband, Erik. Her past involvement with marijuana includes a run-in with law enforcement: as an undergrad at Penn State, in , she was arrested for smoking weed in her dorm room. Her parents paid a three-thousand-dollar fine, and she did a day of community service; a year later, her record was automatically expunged. Her passion for marijuana was undiminished. After college, she worked as a personal trainer for Equinox, and started making her own CBD blends, mixing hemp extract into ashwagandha root and lemon balm in her kitchen. When New York announced that farmers could get licensed to grow hemp for CBD, she thought of a property her family owned, which had a lot of unused acreage. I visited the farm, called Tricolla, on a biting-cold day. Carbone wore fleece, Erik wore lined denim, and their dogs ran underfoot. Carbone drove me around in a utility vehicle, passing acres of four-foot-tall marijuana plants, a million nugs waving gently in the wind. The barns were strung with wire cages for drying the harvest. Plastic tubs were stuffed with bags of weed. Carbone speaks with the wonkish vigor of a policy nerd and the can-do restlessness of an athlete at a press conference. She told me she understood that people were skeptical about the quality of outdoor-grow marijuana. She and her husband had taught themselves how to grow hemp just as the federal government removed it from the controlled-substances list: supply skyrocketed, prices plummeted, and they ended up with their crop mostly composted and an unsustainable load of debt. Legal cannabis had arrived as a lifeline, but the Carbones had upended everything to grow their first weed crop, and then found themselves with almost nowhere to sell it. In the early months of , licensed dispensaries began to dot New York. Union Square Travel Agency, a luxe store operated by the Doe Fund, a nonprofit, arrived soon afterward. In April, Coss Marte finally got his license. Howell Miller got his in July. Then, in August, the entire program was halted by litigation. A group of military veterans had sued the O. Soon, a coalition of medical-marijuana suppliers was allowed to join the suit as plaintiffs, giving rise to a popular theory that it had orchestrated the case. By that point, only about twenty licensees were doing business. Webber and Willis had finally secured a lender, Chicago Atlantic, for the two-hundred-million-dollar loan fund. The interest rate was thirteen per cent. Small businesses were going bankrupt, corporations were moving to less restrictive territory, and the majority of weed purchases were still made illegally. And now the lifeboat is sinking. In the fall of , the O. He threw a huge party—Funkmaster Flex d. Marte, a natural salesman armed with social connections and a P. Still, he immediately ran into obstacles. The law required that cannabis products not be visible from the street, and limited the text a store could print on its signs. Many weed bodegas, in contrast, had a flamboyant, illegal tackiness. Marte hustled like old times on the sidewalk, telling people about his store in Spanish and in very basic Chinese. In October, applications for licenses opened to the general public. Unsure of how the lawsuit would turn out, the O. I took the train back to the Bronx, where the Hub was helping people navigate the process. Northrup sorted through paperwork; the licensees, used to getting worked over by the government, sat by patiently. One of them had given up a restaurant to focus on his dispensary, and was fretting about yet another pivot. The plaintiffs suing the O. CAURD could now proceed. She and Erik had downsized, on account of the delayed rollout, and were now tending to a half-acre crop mostly on their own. Their pre-rolled joints and gummies were selling at Housing Works and Conbud. But the cost of doing business was punitively high, she said, and the market was fluctuating, with farmers lowering prices to impossible levels just to get their products on the shelves. As she saw it, the O. At the end of the year, I waded through holiday shoppers in Tribeca on my way to the law offices of Cleary Gottlieb, thirty stories up in a high-rise, where Northrup had invited CAURD holders to plan their next steps. People clapped one another on the back as they walked in. Most of them were struggling to find financing. One man, a cabdriver, was still miffed about having to apply for a license twice. Naiomy Guerrero was biding her time, turning down a succession of predatory offers. The language of social equity had come to seem like a cloak for a more brutal capitalist reality. Northrup had decided that the best way for him to help was to join the legislature: he was now running for State Assembly. Several licensees lived in his campaign district, in Morningside Heights and West Harlem, and they joked about getting out the vote. He suggested that the licensees organize a trip to Albany to advocate for themselves. The talk continued, and ideas flew alongside grievances and hopes. Could they crowdfund? Was it all too late? He made a business out of it when he was nineteen and expecting his first kid; his supplier got barrels shipped in from Jamaica. He would work past midnight and barely clear two hundred dollars. Housing Works had done twenty-four million dollars in sales in A year ago, according to an O. Marte said that sales at Conbud were increasing by five per cent every week. Howell Miller signed a lease for a dispensary in the Bronx—Two Buds, which he will run with his brother, and which has a grand opening planned for the spring. I e-mailed Anthony Weiner to ask if he remembered his conversation with Miller on the prison track. So glad to hear he is doing well. Send him my best. More than a hundred thousand marijuana convictions have been expunged, and sellers in the black market continue to cross over, if slowly. Misha, formerly the weed dealer of choice for the O. A handful of legacy growers, including the Kolektor, were in line for micro-licenses, allowing small, craft-beer-esque cultivation. Still, there were two hundred and fifty thousand pounds of legal weed deteriorating in storage, and patience was ebbing in Albany. In order to function properly, Democracy needs the loser. What happens to all the stuff we return? When the piano world got played. The Vogue model who became a war photographer. The age of Instagram face. Sign up for our daily newsletter to receive the best stories from The New Yorker. Save this story Save this story. Listen to this article. Cartoon by Benjamin Schwartz. Copy link to cartoon Copy link to cartoon. Link copied. Our findings die with us. Cartoon by E. New Yorker Favorites. Jia Tolentino is a staff writer at The New Yorker. In , she won a National Magazine Award for her columns and essays on abortion. Letter from Pennsylvania. By Eyal Press. The Political Scene. Three months ago, the Vice-President was fighting for respect in Washington. Can she defy her doubters—and end the Trump era? By Evan Osnos. Among the Gaza Protest Voters. Will their tactics persuade her, or risk throwing the election to Trump? By Andrew Marantz. The Lede. The A. Tammy Kim. Treating political violence as a contagion could help safeguard the future of American democracy. By Michael Luo. The Relentlessness of Florida Hurricane Season. For residents still picking through the destruction caused by Hurricane Helene, the arrival of Milton was met with anxiety, horror, and, in some cases, weary acceptance. By Carolyn Kormann. The Financial Page. Extreme-weather events accentuated by climate change are leaving homeowners in high-risk areas without coverage and policymakers scrambling for a solution. By John Cassidy. A new book by two New York Times investigative reporters comprehensively debunks the notion that Trump is a good businessman. Is It Time to Torch the Constitution? By Louis Menand. Tim Walz and J. Duelling visions of fatherhood will define the Vice-Presidential debate. By Molly Fischer. Outrage and Paranoia After Hurricane Helene. These are significant things in North Carolina, where Trump and Harris are within a point of each other. By Jessica Pishko. News Desk. The Pursuit of Gender Justice. For the first time, the International Criminal Court has concluded that an armed group specifically targeted women. By Jina Moore Ngarambe.

Wiener buying hash