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Washington University in St. Louis. "Studying the brain's suspension system in TBIs." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 4 April 2017. .
Washington University in St. Louis. (2017, April 4). Studying the brain's suspension system in TBIs. ScienceDaily . Retrieved August 15, 2022 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170404160025.htm
Washington University in St. Louis. "Studying the brain's suspension system in TBIs." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170404160025.htm (accessed August 15, 2022).
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Studying the brain's suspension system in TBIs https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/04/170404160025.htm
Traumatic brain injury, or TBI, can be devastating and debilitating. Researchers know that the membranes separating the skull from the brain play a key role in absorbing shock and preventing damage caused during a head impact, but the details remain largely mysterious. New research takes a closer at this 'suspension system' and the insight it could provide to prevent TBI.
Traumatic brain injury, or TBI, can be devastating and debilitating. Despite intense interest and years of study, the exact mechanisms linking force and neurological injury remain unclear. Researchers know that the membranes separating the skull from the brain play a key role in absorbing shock and preventing damage caused during a head impact, but the details remain largely mysterious.
New research from a team of engineers at Washington University in St. Louis takes a closer look at this "suspension system" and the insight it could provide to limit or perhaps prevent TBI.
"The idea was to find out how protective are the layers of membranes that connect the brain to the skull," said Philip Bayly, the Lilyan & E. Lisle Hughes Professor of Mechanical Engineering and chair of the Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science Department at the School of Engineering & Applied Science. "They serve the same function as the suspension in your car. When you go over a bump in a car, there's a big oscillation of the wheels but you get very little motion in your body because the suspension absorbs it.
"We know that the membranes are there to cushion the brain, but by how much, and what's the variation from person to person?"
During the study, researchers used an imaging technique called magnetic resonance elastography, or MRE, on six volunteers. During MRE, tiny skull vibrations are introduced through a vibrating pillow and measured with sensors embedded in a mouthguard. The motion of the brain was then measured via magnetic resonance imaging. When compared to a gelatin model that showed significant force transfer, the six subjects' skull-brain interface significantly delayed and weakened the transfer of motion from skull to brain.
"We're putting numbers to it, quantifying how much protection is actually there," Bayly said. "During our study, 90 percent of the motion to the brain was attenuated."
The next steps: eliminating the need for the mouthguard-sensor system and developing a more streamlined MRE method, which could enable a larger study with many more subjects.
"This would allow us to examine factors such as age or gender as variables when it comes to traumatic brain injury, and see who might be more susceptible to such injuries," Bayly said.
Materials provided by Washington University in St. Louis . Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
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This is probably the simplest form of hanging, and although unconsciousness is quick, it may not be instant (but see below), and thus may or may not be a totally painless method. It should also be noted that if the process is interrupted before completion (e.g. someone discovers the hanging and loosens the knot), brain damage is a likely result. Anyone attempting this method is advised to read the section Dangers of failing & reliability before proceeding with this method.
Short drop/suspension hanging achieves death by cutting off the oxygen supply to the brain and body (asphyxiation) and/or the compression of the arteries (carotid and vertebral) and veins (jugular) in the neck. It requires little or no drop, as death is achieved simply by constriction of the trachea and/or the blood vessels. Indeed, a shorter drop is preferable for this method as it places less strain on the neck muscles.
Whilst generally the literature considers asphyxiation via constriction of the airway as the main cause of death in short drop hanging, Stone 1 does discuss how short drop hanging can take place without the pain and discomfort of the airway being blocked. The idea is to have enough pressure from the noose on the right side of the head, just below the jaw, to constrict the carotid artery. Interrupting the blood flow to the brain causes swift unconsciousness (in 15 seconds or less 2 ), then what should be death in five to ten minutes.
Likewise, death can also be achieved by constricting the jugular vein under the left side of the jaw, which prevents blood from getting back to the heart.
Stone 1 also discusses the amount of pressure require to constrict the blood vessels to and from the head. Whilst the jugular might be constricted with only 2kg (4 ½ lbs) of pressure, the carotid would need 5kg (11lbs), but these figures do vary from person to person and with the width of the rope (or whatever else is used around the neck).
If the airway is constricted, and full suspension achieved (i.e. feet fully off the floor), this method, at least initially, is likely to be very painful, as the person struggles for air against the compression of the noose and against the weight of their own body, being supported entirely by the neck and jaw. Clark 3 quotes estimates of 1 to 3 minutes before unconsciousness sets in, with full death within 20 minutes.
It is sometimes possible to revive a person after short drop/suspension hanging if discovery occurs before death. People who have survived hanging have described the pain diminishing after a while and seeing bright lights as they drift into unconsciousness.
Some key considerations of short drop hanging are:
Knot positioning. According to a post on alt.suicide.methods, the knot goes behind your neck. Stone 1 states it is important that the knot goes high and at the front of your face. Both agree that the knot should pull tighter as more pressure is applied. The positioning probably depends on how you intend to achieve the suspension (see point 4 below). The important thing is that the rope tightens as suspension is achieved.
Knot. A simple noose should do the job. For information on knots see http://www.realknots.com/knots/noose.htm , and note that the Hangman's knot is not suitable for this method. It is important that the knot tightens easily as pressure is put on the noose.
Attachment of the other end of the rope. Must be to something solid that will not break or move. The rope must be knotted securely so the knot does not slip.
Suspension. The rope needs to be arranged so that it will tighten around the neck. It could be suspended from a hook, or over a rafter and secured to something else tightly. It could simply be attached to a door knob and thrown over the top of a door, or to a stair railing. In films people are seen arranging the rope with them standing on a chair, then kicking the chair away. However, this is not necessary.
Effective strangulation could be achieved by simply bending the knees, putting them on the floor, sitting or lying down. In one study of hangings by Simonsen 4 , 63% of the victims were in contact with the ground.
The key is that whatever position is assumed, whether that be lying, kneeling or feet lightly on the ground, the noose tightens sufficiently to constrict the blood vessels and/or airway. Noting of course, that in some positions it might be easy to stop the hanging by releasing the pressure. The intention with this method would be for the blood flow to/from the head to be constricted quickly thereby achieving a swift loss of consciousness.
Stone 1 does discuss the possibility of achieving suspension in such a way so as to put the necessary pressure on the blood vessels to/from the face (at its side), without constricting the airway. The positioning of the knot could be important here, as the knot's position is where the least pressure is applied to the neck. According to a study by JL Luke 5 , the most popular location of the knot in successful suicidal hangings is on the left, closely followed by the right and back of the neck. Only 5% of successful suicidal hangings in this study had the knot at the front of the neck.
Stone also mentions that having the noose higher on the neck (i.e. closer to the jaw/base of the head) is less likely to compress the airway since some of the pressure from the rope may be taken by the jaw and skull, rather than all the pressure going on the neck. If the intention is to achieve death simply by constricting the arteries to the head, having the rope higher on the neck would seem sensible.
Test the rope. The unconscious body will thrash about as it dies. It is important that the rope is tight around the neck until death is achieved, and estimates are that this can take up to 20 minutes 3 . If total suspension is intended, it is important to ensure that the rope will hold the suspension while the body thrashes around. Bear in mind that, especially when conscious, if the body's airway is restricted it will do all it can to be able to breathe, and that could include clawing at the rope and wild thrashing around.
Consider putting something around the rope where it comes into contact with the neck to keep it from cutting into the skin. Stone 1 recommends firmly padding the front quarter of the neck. For the same reason it is probably best not to use something like cord or wire around the neck. Obviously the padding should not be so thick that it prevents the rope tightening sufficiently to compress the windpipe and blood vessels - just enough to prevent the rope cutting into the neck. Maybe a towel or similar.
Ensure that there will be no interruptions. Bear in mind that the body thrashing around whilst unconscious could draw attention. Having this method interrupted before completion can cause brain damage so should be avoided.
Anyone considering this method is advised to read the section Dangers of failing & reliability before proceeding, as well as Help me .
Geo Stone, Suicide and Attempted Suicide, 1999.
SA Schreck, Cerebral Anoxia, in AB Baker, RJ Joynt eds., Clinical Neurology 1988.
Richard Clark. Capital Punishment UK www.capitalpunishmentuk.org 1995.
J Simonsen, Patho-anatomic findings in neck structures in asphyxiation due to hanging: a survey of 80 cases, Forensic Sci Int. 1988 Jul-Aug.
JL Luke et al., Correlation of circumstances with pathological findings in asphyxial deaths by hanging: a prospective study of 61 cases from Seattle, WA, J Forensic Sci. 1985 Oct.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gene Hackman
Morgan Freeman
Lori McCreary
Anne Marie Gillen
Stephen Hopkins
Gene Hackman
Morgan Freeman
Thomas Jane
Monica Bellucci
May 11, 2000 ( 2000-05-11 ) ( Cannes Film Festival )
September 22, 2000 ( 2000-09-22 ) (United States)
United States
France
Puerto Rico [1]
Gene Hackman as Henry Hearst
Morgan Freeman as Captain Victor Benezet
Thomas Jane as Detective Felix Owens
Monica Bellucci as Chantal Hearst
Nydia Caro as Isabella
Miguel Ángel Suárez as the superintendent
Pablo Cunqueiro as Detective Castillo
Isabel Algaze as Camille Rodriguez
Jacqueline Duprey as Maria Rodriguez
Luis Caballero as Paco Rodriguez
Patricia Beato as Darlita
Soledad Esponda as Reina
Hector Travieso as Peter
Marisol Calero as Sergeant Arias
Vanessa Shenk as Sue Ellen Huddy
Noel Oscar Alicea Colon as a man in white at the carnival
Under Suspicion is a 2000 American-French thriller film directed by Stephen Hopkins and starring Gene Hackman , Morgan Freeman , Monica Bellucci and Thomas Jane . The film is based on the 1981 French film Garde à vue and the 1970s British novel Brainwash , written by John Wainwright . It was screened out of competition at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival . [4]
Wealthy tax attorney Henry Hearst (Hackman) is about to give a speech at an exclusive fundraising party in San Juan , Puerto Rico, as the city celebrates the San Sebastián Festival . He is called to the police station to be questioned about the body he found the day before – that of a young girl who had been raped and murdered . Hearst changes his version of events several times; Captain Victor Benezet (Freeman) and Detective Felix Owens (Jane) question him about inconsistencies in his story. Hearst quickly realizes that they think he committed the murder, as well as that of another young girl whose body was found days earlier, but at this stage of questioning he is unalarmed. Benezet is under pressure from his boss ( Miguel Ángel Suárez ) to free Hearst so that he can give his speech. As there is no conclusive proof, Benezet's superior at the party says to let Hearst at least come to the party and give his fund raising speech. After a fracas at the police station, Hearst arrives, disheveled, at the party, gives his speech, and is then escorted back to the police station.
At the party, a crowd is gossiping and Chantal (Bellucci), Hearst's much younger wife, has to keep her face emotionless. She is questioned later about why she and her husband sleep in separate rooms. Little by little, the story that each of them tells changes, always casting Hearst in a worse light.
Hearst first blames Chantal for being jealous. Then, it is discovered he likes cheap, very young prostitutes and visits pornography websites featuring barely legal-age women. Hearst says that Chantal and her brother-in-law, artist Paco Rodriguez ( Luis Caballero ), are lovers. Chantal says that she saw Hearst with her 13-year-old niece Camille (Isabel Algaze), giving her presents and trying to seduce her. She also says that on the night of one of the recent murders she saw her husband washing his blood-stained clothes at night. Hearst adamantly denies molesting Camille, but admits that he has a fondness for younger women.
Chantal, the legal owner of the mansion where they live, permits the police to search the premises for hard evidence linking her husband to the murders. In the dark room, they find photographs of the two murdered girls. When the photographs are shown to him at the police station, Henry says that he can't believe Chantal would go this far.
Hearst, recalling the details revealed to him by Benezet, now confesses to the murder of both girls. Whilst still recording Hearst's confession, the detectives are notified that the real killer has been arrested, having been " caught in the act ." Benezet and Owens free Hearst, who is still badly shaken by what he has gone through in the previous hours. Chantal attempts to connect with him outside the police station, but he cannot forgive her for turning on him and believing him capable of the murders, and walks away into the crowd of San Sebastián Festival revelers.
Based on 45 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , 49% of critics gave Under Suspicion a positive review, with an average rating of 5.3/10. [5]
The film was given limited release to only 19 theaters in North America, grossing a total of $334,245 during its theatrical run. [3] The film was also given limited release internationally, grossing $752,783 in Mexico, $17,222 in Taiwan and $277,675 in the United Kingdom. [2]
The film was nominated by the Mystery Writers of America for the 2001 Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture.
Brainwash by John Wainwright Garde à vue by Claude Miller Jean Herman Michel Audiard
Un problème de morale
L'audition d'une jeunette
Grosse anglaise qui fait un show