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The Symbol, the Sign and the Secret in the Ecstatic Language of the Zohar

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Correspondence: marius. In a context in which sedentary screen time is on the rise and adolescents are less eager to engage in free-time activities, physical and recreational activities, although too often ignored, have proven to be an antidote for a large array of psychological and behavioral problems in adolescents, including drug use. The present study is a cross-sectional investigation of the association between physical and recreational activities, sedentary screen time, and time spent with parents and the intensity of drug use in adolescents. The participants were part of a representative sample of adolescents from Bucharest, Romania. The results indicate that vigorous physical and recreational activities, as well as time spent with parents, were negatively associated with an index of drug use 13 drugs , while screen time positively predicted the intensity of drug use. Keywords: recreational activity, physical activity, sedentary screen time, drug use, time with parents. Romania is a small Eastern European country, which, in the last decade, has been transformed from a transitional market of illicit substances into a market of high-risk drugs, such as heroin \[ 1 \]. The drug with the most widespread use by adolescents in Romania remains cannabis \[ 4 \]. Few studies have been conducted on the situation of drug consumption in Eastern European countries. Kokkevi et al. These data are significantly increased compared to the data according to the Romania Country Drug Report from \[ 4 \]. Although parents spend much more time today with their children \[ 8 \], antisocial behavior, drug use, and other risky behaviors have increased and their prevalence is specific to the transition to adolescence, as shown in cross-sectional and longitudinal research \[ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 \]. We also expect an increase in the prevention of substance use among youth in schools. Studies clearly documenting the association between physical or recreational activities and drug use in adolescents are scarce \[ 25 \]. The present study addressed vigorous physical activity in reference to sports and aerobics. In a review of the literature, Bardo and Compton \[ 26 \] found that physical activity, in various forms, reduced marijuana and opioid drug use, and it can serve as a preventive or a treatment measure. The same authors \[ 26 \] p. Substance Use Disorders. Medium and high physical activity, but not low physical activity, increases internal inhibition i. It seems that the effect is dependent on the amount of physical activity. On the one hand, Kwan et al. On the other hand, it seems that binge drinking and alcohol or even cannabis use have been positively associated with physical activity in the context of competitive sports \[ 20 , 29 \]. Screen time refers to the sedentary or passive use of multimedia devices for entertainment \[ 37 \]. In recent years, studies have focused on further investigating the relationship between sedentary screen time and other issues, such as drug use or mental health \[ 38 \]. As a trend, the relationship between sedentary screen time and the intensity of drug use has been poorly documented in the literature, although sedentary screen time has generally been more often correlated with negative psycho-behavioral and even social consequences in adolescents \[ 39 , 40 , 41 \]. The existing studies have considered drug use and screen time as comorbidities in nosological disorders, either as behavioral problems or as different behaviors belonging to the same deviant category \[ 42 \]. Screen time includes the use of various virtual applications, such as chats, video games, video content, internet surfing, and so on. Screen time might be an educational activity or a deviance, as it is often considered, owing to prolonged exposure to it and its consequent negative effects. It is very likely that different legal or illicit drugs are used for stimulation or longer resistance in front of screens, but the opposite could be also true: more drugs could lead to more screen time. In addition, screen time leads to drug use when adolescents do not feel enough pleasure in front of screens \[ 38 \]. Although studies on screen time and drug use are scarce, internet use is associated with alcohol use in students \[ 45 \]. Problematic internet use i. Thus, we expect that sedentary screen time by adolescents would be positively associated with more drug use. Overall, time spent with parents is a protective factor against drug use, as long as it is the framework in which the parent—child relationship develops \[ 51 \]. On the one hand, in healthy parent—adolescent relationships, they spend enough time with each other, and as a result, the adolescents feel loved and supported. This helps them remain psychologically and physically healthy and achieve optimal development \[ 52 \]. Wills et al. On the other hand, when one or both parents are absent, the risk of substance use is higher. Thus, time spent with parents in prosocial activities might reduce the risk of drug use. What is more, in general, adolescents spend less time with their parents than with their same-gender siblings, which could lead to a higher bad influence from their peers, if the latter are deviant \[ 56 , 57 , 58 \]. Spending time together could mean a chance for parents and children to disclose their feelings and thoughts, and parents could better exert their role as advisers. Spending time together allows parents to monitor and acquire information from and about their children. Thus, they can manage their control and support levels in order to protect adolescents against substance use \[ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 \]. Thus, we expect that more time spent with parents on weekends and in after-school activities would play a protective role against drug use. The aim of the present study was to investigate how physical and recreational activities, sedentary screen time, and time spent with parents influence the intensity of drug use in adolescents. The study was a cross-sectional, self-reported, questionnaire-based investigation using a representative sample. The model is based on the primary prevention work initiated in Iceland in , which made possible the decrease in substance use amongst Icelandic teenagers to the lowest level compared to all other Western European countries. Starting in , the questionnaire has been applied in Bucharest every other year to a representative sample of 15—year-old students \[ 64 \], based on the research protocol initiated and coordinated by The Icelandic Centre for Social Research and Analysis ICSRA , Reykjavik University, in partnership with The General Directorate of Social Welfare—Bucharest Municipality. The methodology of the research observes both the ethical considerations of the National Bioethics Committee of Iceland and the national rules and regulations applicable in Romania for the selected age group. In order to submit the self-completed questionnaire to the selected sample, a protocol was signed by The School Inspectorate of Bucharest Municipality and by each participating school. Whole classes of students were randomly selected, and about official letters were sent to their parents in order to inform them about the program and the questionnaire and to ask them to allow their minor children to participate in the survey passive consent. To ensure the anonymity and confidentiality of the answers, each participant received their own questionnaire and an empty, self-adhesive envelope to return their answers to the research team. The extensive, omnibus questionnaire included 79 questions on substance use and on a large number of different social factors, aiming to identify the relevant risk and protective factors associated with it. From the entire list of classes in Bucharest school units mainly in the 10th grade , we randomly selected whole classes of students. The same core questionnaire omnibus-type, containing validated scales with variables and indicators referring to areas such as substance use, leisure time activities, wellbeing in school, peer group, family, physical and mental health, etc. The questionnaire has been translated from English into each national language spoken in the participating cities in our case, Romanian. The translation into Romanian followed the scientific rigor and methodology for translated instruments. The translation tried to use adequate, easy-to-understand language using popular including colloquial or slang terms referring to substances i. The teachers received their own questionnaire so they could read the items and help the students in case they needed additional information or clarification during the process. At the end of the selected period, questionnaires were returned. With a small delay, 18 other questionnaires were submitted to the research team for optical scanning and data cleaning, so the final response rate of our sample was The sample is representative of 10th grade adolescents from the capital of Romania, Bucharest. Bucharest is a city with about 1. The Intensity of Drug Use: This item consisted of 13 items, indicating how often adolescents have used various drugs, such as heroin, cocaine, sniffing, etc. Each category in the scale was numerically coded, and we summed up all codes for all 13 items to obtain a total drug score index. The total score index measured the intensity of drug use, indicating the variability in drug use in adolescents scores ranging from 13 to The total score index was further treated as a continuous variable in the regression analyses used in the present study. There have been statistical studies \[ 66 , 67 , 68 \] that indicate that Likert or ordinal variables with five or more categories can be treated as continuous variables without harming the results. This is often the case in sociological studies based on surveys, such as ours. Frequency of Time Spent with Parents: This item consisted of two items referring to spending time with parents outside of school hours on working days and spending time with parents during the weekends. The items were measured on a 5-level Likert scale, from 1 almost never to 5 almost always. The score of the frequency of time spent with parents was obtained by summing the scores for each item. The final aggregated variable used in the present study had scores ranging between 2 and The items were measured on an ordinal scale from 0 almost never to 6 almost every day. The final variable was created by summing up all four scores from the four items. The aggregated variable had scores ranging between 0 and Sedentary Screen Time: This item consisted of three items referring to watching video content, spending time on social media, and playing games every day. The items were measured on a scale from 0 Almost no time to 8 6 h or more. The final variable was created by summing up the individual scores from the three items. The aggregated variable had scores between 0 and In order to analyze the data, we used Jamovi software \[ 69 , 70 \]. Jamovi is a free, very intuitive, and open statistical platform that promotes the latest developments in statistics \[ 71 \]. For the present study, we used descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation, and linear regression analysis. We calculated the descriptive statistics \[ 69 \] regarding drug use in adolescents in Romania using a representative sample of participants from Bucharest. As the present database is from a sociological study, it is relevant to provide some descriptive statistics that might help better explain the variables. As the variables in the database were measured on a Likert or a categorical scale, it is most likely to report frequencies, percentages, or cumulative percentages see Table 1. Descriptive statistics for the categorical variables in the database: variable name, categories, frequencies, percentages, and cumulative percentages. In order to determine how the main variables were related, a multiple Spearman correlation analysis in Jamovi \[ 69 , 70 \] was performed see Table 1. The results Table 2 indicate that there were significant associations between the intensity of drug use in adolescents and the rest of the variables. There were no significant correlations between the rest of the variables. Source: Table created with Microsoft Word based on the Jamovi output. To assess the influence of the research variables on the frequency of drug use, a multiple regression analysis was performed. In the first model, the frequency of recreational activity was introduced; in the second model, the frequency of physical activity was added; in the third model, sedentary screen time was added; in the last model, the time spent with parents was added Table 3. The model fit measures indicate that each model was significant Table 4 and there were significant differences between all models Table 5. The fourth model explained most of the total variance in the frequency of drug use, id est, 5. Based on the data, the following predictive equation for individual predictions can be inferred. Firstly, recreational and physical activities have generally been positively associated in the literature with well-being and positive and healthy psychological and medical outcomes. The Leisure Ability Model suggests that the coping skills of drug consumers that increase, such as anhedonia owing to drug use, are replaced by increasing intrinsic positive realities, such as intrinsic motivation, relaxation, or social support connected to recreational activity \[ 73 \]. What is more, time spent in virtual reality playing games, using social media, or watching video content are all predictors of more drug use. The same article indicated that addictions have, to some extent, some common correlates, which explain the positive correlation between drug use and sedentary screen time. Finally, time spent with parents was a significant predictor of drug use frequency, but a negative one, meaning that the more time adolescents and parents spent together, the less frequently adolescents consumed drugs. One possible explanation is that parents are moral and prosocial educational vectors and time spent with them is impregnated with desirable social values, which are incompatible with drug use behavior. Time spent with children is a sign of parental love and a huge opportunity to exert control and monitor or set rules for children \[ 51 \]. The results of the present study indicate that all four models and all four variables explained a small percentage of the total variance in the dependent variable, and therefore, we could presume that other variables might better explain the intensity of drug use. The aim of the present study was to investigate four antecedents of drug use in adolescents. The results indicate that a higher frequency of recreational and vigorous physical activities and more time spent with parents predicted less drug use, while a higher frequency of sedentary screen time predicted more drug use. One strong point of this study is that it was performed on a large, representative number of respondents, which allowed for data generalizations. Furthermore, there are few studies that have related drug use and sedentary screen time in adolescents, and thus, this study definitely contributes to the literature. What is more, the study underlines the necessity to measure, in more detail, more psychological realities related to drug use, for example, how drug consumers select free-time activities and how judgements are involved when deciding on one activity over another. The results also suggest the great potential of free-time activities, as directed by specialists \[ 77 \] who aim at reducing drug use and re-establishing a healthy life. Future studies should investigate the role of demographic variables regarding drug use and the sex of the user, their socioeconomic status, marital status, employment, and education. In addition, studies should investigate how different degrees of physical activities or recreational activities might influence how adolescents use specific drugs. Modern treatments of drug use are complex, and the approaches are usually multidisciplinary, integrating medical, psychological, and social interventions. Recreational and physical activities are generally associated, in the scientific literature, with physical and mental health benefits, and few studies have advocated for the benefits of physical and recreational preventive measures against drug use. Yet, the present research indicates that vigorous physical activities and recreational activities help and function as protective factors against drug use, in the case of adolescents. In addition, measures referring to parental involvement by spending time with adolescents in prosocial activities such as sports, while reducing unhealthy screen time and offering love and support, can significantly prevent drug use. Conceptualization, E. All authors contributed equally to the present article. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. This paper was published using the personal funds of Simona Bostan, from Timisoara, Romania. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Find articles by Marius Marici. Find articles by Simona Bostan. Find articles by Liviu Gavrila-Ardelean. Gema Barrientos Vicho : Academic Editor. Open in a new tab. Predictor Estimate SE t p Stand. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. 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