Sperm Attack

Sperm Attack




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Sperm Attack
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Do Sperm Battle Other Sperm?

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A sperm's quest to fertilize an egg is not easy. Of the roughly 250 million sperm ejaculated into the human vagina during intercourse, fewer than one in a hundred will survive the perilous trek up the hostile, acidic chamber to the cervix. If the female is set to ovulate soon, the cervix will allow the frisky, foreign interlopers inside. If not, they'll "drown" in a thick flow of cervical mucus. Sperm that enter into the cervix must next decide to go left or right – for a human female has two fallopian tubes with an ovary at each end, and usually just one releases an egg. Perhaps a hundred sperm will enter a fallopian tube, and maybe one or two will actually reach the egg for a chance at fertilization.
In this arduous race, all of the sperm independently race towards the same goal: reproduction. But what if the competition was more cutthroat?
In the 1990s, biologist Robin Baker put forth the idea that a significant proportion of human sperm are not actually capable of fertilization and instead only serve to block or attack sperm from rival males potentially present inside the female. These "kamikaze" sperm probably also exist in other primates as well as many other promiscuous animal species, he hypothesized.
But an experiment published in 1999 countered Baker's claims. Scientists Harry Moore and Tim Birkhead mixed sperm samples in settings similar to the female reproductive tract and watched if the individual cells went to war. The sperm flit about furiously in search of an egg, but there were no signs of microscopic violence. The findings shut the door on the "kamikaze sperm" hypothesis in humans. It remains open in other species, however.
Honeybees, for example, provide a prime arena for sperm combat. Before producing more than a million offspring, queen bees mate with up to twenty males over a matter of hours.
"The queen's body is an arena where sperm are allowed to fight it out for a while," Jacobus Boomsma, a Professor of Biology at the University of Copenhagen, told Nature in 2010 .
Here, however, the sperm aren't actually fighting, but the seminal fluid is. Seminal fluid, also known as semen, is filled with enzymes, proteins, and sugars, providing a nurturing medium in which sperm can swim. In honeybees, however, seminal fluid from rival males seems to be toxic to foreign sperm . Floating proteins mercilessly attack unknown cells.
There is one group of animals in which genuine sperm warfare might actually occur: Lepidoptera . Butterflies and moths make up this order of insects, and males of almost all known species contain two different types of sperm called eusperm and parasperm. Eusperm are at least 50 percent longer and contain a nucleus, while parasperm lack a nucleus, and thus contain no genetic information. The former is capable of fertilizing an egg, while the latter is not. So what is the function of parasperm?
Biologists John Swallow and Gerald Wilkinson tried to answer this question in 2001 with a review of the scientific literature. Previously, other researchers suggested that parasperm might serve as "cheap filler," lingering in female moths and butterflies to delay them from becoming receptive to other males. Parasperm might also function as "blockers," getting in the way of rival males' sperm to prevent them from reaching the prized eggs. Lastly, and least likely, parasperm might actually attack rival sperm outright.
Swallow and Wilkinson found no consistent evidence from the published literature to clearly support a single hypothesis for the function of parasperm, but the "blocking" mechanism seemed to be the most likely.
Unfortunately, research on the topic has been fairly scant for the past twenty years, so we haven't learned much more on the matter of sperm combat.

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An allergic reaction to semen can occur very easily in women.
Semen is a substance that has a protein known as “sialic acid” in it, which some people are allergic to.
Our skin is basically a huge filter that we use to trap most of the pollutions that we come into contact with. The same is true for our immune systems. If something triggers our immune system to attack something foreign, our body responds by producing antibodies.
In women, the testes are the organs that are responsible for producing sperms. When these testes become infected, or when a woman’s reproductive system is tampered with, the testes can become inflamed, covered in a fluid-filled sac, and thus they will produce an antibody to fight off the infection.
The antibodies will then travel through the bloodstream to other parts of the body such as the lungs or the abdominal cavity.
Semen allergy is also caused by the immune system attacking the sperm itself. The immune system attacks the sperm because it is perceived as “bad”. In fact, the immune system produces antibodies that attack any type of microorganism that it perceives as “immediate threats” to its health.
Infection or prostate cancer is caused when the male reproductive system, including the prostate gland, has an autoimmune reaction.
Usually the body’s response to an infection is to fight it off with the help of white blood cells.
However, if the infection spreads to the prostate gland, it can cause a chronic inflammation, which is known as prostateitis or pyelonephritis.
The prostate gland is the part of the reproductive system that stores and produces sperm. Sometimes an infection can affect the production of sperm or the way sperm reacts to the environment.
One of the first signs of infection is swelling of the testicles. The sperm in the testicles can become inflamed and can even go missing. Sometime an infection can spread into the epididymis, which is the tube where the sperm migrates from the testicles to the epididymis. An infection in the epididymis can cause infertility.
Other symptoms of infection in the prostate include pain during sexual intercourse, urine leaking or dribbling and sometimes bleeding. A man who is experiencing these symptoms should see his doctor immediately to find out what is causing them. Sometimes the epididymis can separate from the testicles and become infected with pus. An infection in the prostate can spread rapidly if the infection travels to the urinary tract.
An infection in the prostate is usually easy to detect. It will usually cause no symptoms at all. However, there are some signs that you may have an infection prostate testicles. If you are feeling fatigue or any type of pain in the pelvic area this may be a sign of an infection in the testicles. This is common for older men.
There are several ways to test for infection prostate testicles. One of these tests is a pelvic exam. A doctor can stick a finger in the male’s rectum and check for signs of infection in the testicles. Sometimes an examination called a transvaginal ultrasound may show evidence of infection in the testicles as well.
Infection prostate testicles is almost always harmless. In most cases antibiotics can help. If you are concerned about possible infection prostate cancer treatment options are available.
Antibiotics work by eliminating bacteria and other microorganisms that are causing the infection. They also attack other parts of the immune system that can affect your health including the white blood cells. White blood cells work to fight infections by destroying any foreign organisms that enter the body. This results in reduced inflammation and swelling.
If you are worried about symptoms of an infection in the testicles set off an immune system response. These tests can also identify a condition that could be a potential precursor to cancer. The best treatment is prevention. However, if cancer is suspected an appointment with your doctor should be made to discuss further the treatment options available.
The immune system is a complicated and poorly understood system. It was once thought that the immune system was only needed for fighting off infection.
Modern research has proven that the immune system is actually needed to help sperm get to their destination. While there are various causes of infertility, some are thought to be related to the immune system and its ability to attack sperm.
One of the known causes of infertility is hypothyroidism. This occurs when the thyroid does not produce sufficient amounts of hormone. It is normal for the thyroid to produce some thyroid hormones but, if the level of thyroid hormone is not sufficient, the body will have a breakdown.
This can cause swelling of the testicles as well as problems with the reproductive organs.
Another cause of infertility is vaccination. Those who are prone to getting sick easily are more likely to contract certain vaccines. The immune system then goes after the disease instead of protecting itself. If this is happening to sperm-producing cells, it could be that the immune system is attacking the sperm instead of the disease.
When they are out of whack, they can cause hormonal imbalance that affects the sperm production.
One of the ways that a man’s immune system can get itself involved in this problem is through exposure to various germs.
For example, if you come into contact with a person with the flu or other type of illness, it can make your immune system overreact.
The response that it has is to fight it off. It does this by producing antibodies to fight it off. As those antibodies go off to fight off the germ, it can leave behind residue in the blood that can trigger the body to produce antibodies against other germs.
So it’s not just men that can get sick from having an immune system that’s out of whack. Women too can be infected with this problem.
Antisperm antibodies are proteins that a man’s body creates to attack foreign sperm . The human sperm is made up of about one hundred twenty million sperm cells and these are the very small ones that swim around in the vagina. These sperm are not as common as the more abundant sperm cells but they are more fragile and sensitive than the larger sperm cells. When a man has an allergic reaction to these sperm cells, his body produces antibodies to fight them off.
The antibodies work by attaching themselves to the sperm cells. Then, as the sperm swim along the vaginal canal, they try to escape from the body by heading off in different directions. This causes the body to create more antibodies. In most cases, these additional antibodies will attach themselves to the sperm and reduce its sperm count. Sperm can live for two to three days without eating, but after that time it will die out if it has no food to eat .
An interesting part of the story here is that the antibodies that help reduce the sperm count can also help increase a woman’s chances of getting pregnant.
The antibodies help to prevent the sperm from heading into the fallopian tubes.
If the antibodies can enter the tubes where sperm is already present, then it increases the chances of fertilization.
Of course, it helps to have as many of the antibodies as possible because each new person that you bring into this world is a good chance of passing on your immunity to that person.
It seems that there are many benefits to fighting sperm with antibodies. But there are also risks involved. There are concerns that the immune system might attack the ovum and reduce the ability of the egg to be fertilized. Some studies have even suggested that low levels of antibodies can cause cancer and other reproductive problems.
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