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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Cambodia is an origin, transit and destination country for human trafficking. The country is a destination market for victims from Vietnam, and a transit point for victims trafficked to Thailand. Women and girls are the primary victim group, trafficked for prostitution, while men are sent into forced labour. Cambodia is a key destination for the sexual exploitation of children, especially in the tourism industry. As poverty is rife, most victims of trafficking are lured by false job opportunities and tied into debt bondage. Trafficking operations are run mainly by Cambodian nationals with the help of corrupt officials. Cambodia is predominantly a source country of migrant smuggling throughout the region, most commonly into Thailand, where wages are higher and the cost of smuggling is much cheaper than using legal channels. Smuggling is run by loose and decentralized criminal groups, and facilitated by corrupt law enforcement, immigration and government officials. Smuggling groups have been successful in evolving their practices to avoid the legal frameworks that have been put in place to prevent irregular migration. Historically a significant source country for weapons, Cambodia has evolved into a transit country for arms smuggling, primarily into Myanmar. Though international intervention has diminished the national stockpile of weapons, a significant number of arms are still being recovered within the country, with government corruption putting state-held weapons at risk of being trafficked. A small domestic market also exists, with social media being used to advertise and sell illicit arms to citizens. The illegal flora trade is conducted in parallel with legal business, with the mixing of illicit and licit wood during its transportation being the most common method of concealing illegally procured timber. The illicit flora market provides lucrative income for low-paid foresters and farmers, and has a particularly close involvement with the ruling elite. The impact has been severe on Cambodian forests, which have declined significantly in the last two decades. Cambodia has a large illegal wildlife market and is a source country for many rare species. Combined with increasing consumer demand and weak law enforcement, this has created a diversified and well-consolidated market. The market is driven primarily by local demand for wild meat and wildlife ingredients used in traditional medicines. According to the UN, Cambodia has been significantly under-reporting the amount of sand it exports to Singapore, in particular. The facilitators and beneficiaries of non-renewable crimes are thought to be members of the ruling elite. Cambodia is an important transit country for synthetic drugs, which are smuggled through its north-eastern borders and then trafficked into the wider region and beyond. Due to the falling prices of methamphetamine and ecstasy, the number of synthetic drug users is increasing, and larger seizures are made by Cambodia's law enforcement agencies every year. As with most forms of organized crime in the country, corrupt officials facilitate the criminal market in Cambodia. Cannabis is widely used and culturally accepted in Cambodia, and its cultivation is widespread in rural areas, which supply the domestic and regional market. Among the arrests made in , the majority of traffickers were foreign nationals. Cambodia is both a destination and transit country for heroin trafficking, with the cities of Siem Reap and Phnom Penh acting as the largest transit points into neighbouring countries. However, Cambodia is not a significant player in the illicit heroin trade compared with its neighbours in the region, and the trade is run mainly by international criminal groups. Only a small number of seizures have been made, and most of the demand for heroin seems to have migrated to the synthetic drug market. Cambodia serves as a transit country for cocaine trafficking. While seizures are usually small, they increased in Nevertheless, the value of the market in Cambodia remains much lower than in neighbouring countries. Despite a few small gangs with hierarchical structures, there do not appear to be any significant mafia-style groups operating within Cambodia. While small, loose criminal networks exist in the country, they are not prominent and operate mainly in the human trafficking and smuggling markets. Most markets are run by international criminal groups, with varying levels of involvement from the Cambodian government and law enforcement. Organized crime is run mostly by international groups colluding with local Cambodian criminals. Taiwanese groups are also involved in drug markets, as are groups from Myanmar. Many Chinese organized crime groups use Phnom Penh as a safe haven and invest heavily in legitimate businesses in the country. These international groups are usually connected with and protected by the ruling elite in Cambodia. The ruling elite is also accused of allocating rights to oil and mineral resources without due process. Political figures at the highest levels of government, as well as law enforcement officials, appear to provide protection to criminal markets as a means to enrich themselves, with the prime minister and his allies reportedly stashing millions abroad. While the Cambodian political system has not been captured by organized crime, corruption is rampant and widespread, with little accountability or transparency, allowing many figures in the ruling elite to acquire wealth from criminal markets. Public trust in government institutions is low, while calls for more accountability in the public sector have not been met with commitments from government. Cambodia has enhanced its cooperation with its international partners by joining regional initiatives to combat drug and arms trafficking and signing UN conventions against its most prolific criminal markets. However, Cambodia diverges from the UN Model Treaty on Extradition and its penal code remains silent on a number of human rights issues. In spite of being a member of the Association of South East Asian Nations, which was established to promote intergovernmental and cross-border cooperation, Cambodia remains hostile towards Thai and Vietnamese policing agencies, and border liaison still appears to grant protection to favoured organized crime groups. While Cambodia has legislation in place to combat most forms of organized crime, sufficient enforcement is lacking. Legislative processes are slow, as can be seen with the Arms Trade Treaty being implemented years after it was signed and the fact that arms brokers and intermediaries remain unregulated. In the flora and fauna criminal markets, the penalties are considered insufficient to act as deterrents and national laws do not adequately implement the regulations set up by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. Corrupt practices in government and law enforcement also act to undermine any national legislation aimed at preventing organized crime. The criminal investigation system is ineffective and corrupt and enforcement is rudimentary, with more emphasis placed on petty crime than on high-level organized crime. Political intervention also occurs in the judicial system, with the ruling party approving appointments to judicial offices. The prison system is underfunded, and overcrowding has ballooned since the government launched an anti-drug initiative in In May , the government announced plans to reform the criminal justice system to reduce the backlog in cases and prison overcrowding, which is largely due to the number of detainees being held in pre-trial detention facilities. Enhancing border security is a top priority for the government. However, despite these increased efforts, border control forces are poorly resourced and have insufficient specialized knowledge and a limited budget. Cambodia therefore has porous borders that are vulnerable to the trafficking of several illicit commodities. Its border with Thailand is particularly vulnerable to human trafficking and smuggling. Each year, thousands of Cambodians illegally cross the border into Thailand, where they use false documentation and permits to secure work. Corruption is present at the border, with some Chinese groups appearing to have privileged access in and out of the country. There is no clear distinction of roles for Cambodia's law enforcement agencies, and in many rural areas the Cambodian national police are severely under-resourced and dependent on user-pay models. Patron-client networks are rife at the highest levels of law enforcement, and recruitment processes are also open to patronage, which has led to a widespread lack of trust in the police and a low reporting rate of criminal victimization. Improvements have been made in complying with international standards regarding the criminalizing of money laundering, as well as to due diligence processes and the reporting of suspicious transactions. Cambodia is one of the countries in South-eastern Asia most open to foreign investment, allowing foreign investment and ownership in most industries. It has also implemented notable reforms to make the trade regime more open and transparent. However, due to corruption, the perpetration of property offences and an inefficient bureaucracy, Cambodia remains a very difficult place to do business. While domestic law legislates for the protection of witnesses and whistle-blowers, the measures are insufficient and ineffective in practice. While there are sporadic community-style policing efforts in some of the rural areas, these are undermined by poorly resourced and corrupt local policing services. Civil society organizations face ongoing intimidation and threats by the government, whose cooperation with them is very limited, but some progress has been made in recent years with regard to protecting the victims of child exploitation. The media environment is hostile, with 30 radio stations and the Cambodian Daily newspaper being closed without explanation by the government before the last election; Cambodians now only have access to news from media outlets that are linked to Prime Minister Hun Sen. Critical journalists are regularly imprisoned, and labour unions are kept under surveillance as well as subjected to intimidation and violence. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Phnom Penh. Income group Lower middle income. Population 16,, Geography type Coastal. Criminal markets 6. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 7. Human smuggling 6. Arms trafficking 5. Flora crimes 8. Fauna crimes 8. Non-renewable resource crimes 8. Heroin trade 4. Cocaine trade 2. Cannabis trade 4. Synthetic drug trade 7. Criminal actors 5. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 2. Criminal networks 4. State-embedded actors 8. Foreign actors 7. Political leadership and governance 4. Government transparency and accountability 3. International cooperation 5. National policies and laws 4. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 4. Law enforcement 4. Territorial integrity 4. Anti-money laundering 4. Economic regulatory capacity 4. Victim and witness support 3. Prevention 3. Non-state actors 2. Analysis Download full profile english. People Cambodia is an origin, transit and destination country for human trafficking. Trade Historically a significant source country for weapons, Cambodia has evolved into a transit country for arms smuggling, primarily into Myanmar. Criminal Actors Despite a few small gangs with hierarchical structures, there do not appear to be any significant mafia-style groups operating within Cambodia. Leadership and governance While the Cambodian political system has not been captured by organized crime, corruption is rampant and widespread, with little accountability or transparency, allowing many figures in the ruling elite to acquire wealth from criminal markets. Civil society and social protection While domestic law legislates for the protection of witnesses and whistle-blowers, the measures are insufficient and ineffective in practice. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.

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A few weeks ago an American working for one of the Phnom Penh English-language newspapers died of what is widely believed to have been a drug overdose. Each year at least a few foreigners are found dead in Phnom Penh guesthouses of an accidental overdose. The main reason? Buying cocaine that is actually heroin. On this page What would you like to know about Cambodia? Cocaine in Cambodia is expensive — more expensive than heroin. In this tragic trend made the headlines when David Hunt and Mark Ganley , two Britons on holiday in Cambodia, died after taking heroin that they thought was cocaine. Although this case is well known, many more die each year in cases that do not make the headlines. Because both drugs can be white powders, users often unknowingly ingest heroin in quantities larger than even a seasoned heroin user would. When one has no tolerance to opiates, this is a recipe for an overdose and overdoses in Cambodia more often result in deaths than in the West due to inadequate medical care. I spoke with one man who barely survived such an incident in Cambodia. Already inebriated, he assumed a white powder in front of him was cocaine and took what most people would describe as a whole lot. He was evacuated to Bangkok. There are a lot of reasons to not take drugs in Cambodia: drug laws are growing increasingly draconian and taking drugs puts one at greater risk for muggings and assaults. Of more immediate concern is the lack of a reliable source. Suppliers of various nationalities have sold heroin disguised as cocaine. If you decide to ignore my advice and take drugs anyway, try and reduce your risk. Caitlin Padgett, a harm reduction and public health consultant who has worked extensively in Cambodia, advises users to taste the drugs that they purchase. Cocaine has a numbing effect on the gums while heroin has a more bitter taste to it. Reviewed by Lina Goldberg. Lina spends most of her time thinking about food, travel and synthpop. She's currently based in Siem Reap. Why taking drugs in Cambodia is a bad idea. Home Cambodia Beginners Why taking drugs in Cambodia is a bad idea Why taking drugs in Cambodia is a bad idea A few weeks ago an American working for one of the Phnom Penh English-language newspapers died of what is widely believed to have been a drug overdose. Dress code in Cambodia Going to a Cambodian wedding. Happy Khmer New Year! New book: Cooking the Cambodian Way Something fishy? A honeymoon in Cambodia Kampot or Kep? Why you should go to Cambodia. How to get heatstroke in Cambodia Is malaria a risk for travellers to Cambodia? Is Preah Vihear safe to visit? Stay healthy in the Phnom Penh heat Why taking drugs in Cambodia is a bad idea. The riel deal: Currency in Cambodia. How to ride a motorbike sidesaddle in Cambodia. Preparing for the worst: Traffic accidents in Cambodia. Short-term volunteering in Cambodia: some questions. Elephant riding in Cambodia: Should you? Orphanage tourism: why you should avoid it. Why giving money to street kids is a really terrible idea.

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