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The Balkans, which lie at the heart of South-Eastern Europe, have historically been an important transit route for drugs, especially for heroin coming from the East to be trafficked across Europe. In particular, after the fall of communism in , Albania also became an important country in the region for heroin trafficking. Strategically positioned at the centre of the region, with a large coastline along both the Adriatic and Ionian seas and neighbouring Italy and Greece, the country quickly turned into a key hub for heroin coming from the East before reaching the European Union. Alongside heroin trafficking, the country is also known for illicit cannabis cultivation. The village became a safe place for cultivation, though the plots of cannabis did not belong to the village citizens alone: criminals from other areas of the country could rent land in the town and cultivate their own crop. Despite a police crackdown in both places, the war against cannabis cultivation was far from over. In fact, in , the country saw an unprecedent level of spread in cannabis cultivation all over the country. This situation raised the alarm and, as result of internal and external pressures, the police and other institutions in Albania intensified their efforts against the phenomenon, bringing cultivation rates to historic lows over the past five years. This long experience with heroin trafficking — coupled with large, illegal cannabis cultivation — has granted Albanian criminal groups crucial know-how as well as financial leverage. The start was humble. Criminals from Albania were randomly contracted from the Italian mafia and other criminal networks to drive cocaine from ports throughout the continent and distributing it in the streets of European capitals. Drawing from the Italian mafia model, these criminal groups have effectively moved upstream toward the source: their brokers are in the countries where cocaine is produced — like Colombia — and in important dispatching centres — like Ecuador. Their activities were facilitated by the fact that these groups had also started to build cells and expand their activities in major cities across the United Kingdom, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany, among others. As such, they were able to create and run the whole chain , from arranging big shipments directly from Latin America to street distribution throughout Europe, empowering themselves and raising their prominence. Accounts show this business model has secured them millions of euros in revenue, money that is usually laundered in Albania as well as countries where they operate. In the overwhelming majority of cases, Albanian criminal groups have drug traffic at the centre of their criminal operations. These groups traffic the heroin that enters Albania through Turkey across Western and Central European countries, as well as cocaine that they secure in Latin America. Albanian-grown cannabis is usually transported by speedboats to Italy to be further distributed across Western Europe. In , cannabis cultivation in Albania reached an unprecedented level and was spread throughout the country as never before. In the same year, the police seized nearly two and a half million marijuana plants , a far greater figure than the average number of cannabis plants found by law enforcement in previous years — usually about a quarter — and almost four times higher than in , which had seen a then-record in cannabis confiscations.. Given the gravity of the situation, the government adopted a three-year anti-cannabis action plan in March The plan tasked not only law-enforcement agencies but also a wide range of state institutions, ministries, and local authorities to help in the fight against cannabis cultivation. Altogether, the measures have been successful, as cannabis cultivation has drastically decreased over the past four years. Nevertheless, there has also been a shift in cannabis cultivation from Albanian criminal groups abroad. Since for the past five years cultivating cannabis has not been as easy nor profitable as it once used to, groups have been cultivating it indoors abroad. Curating this image also became salient as it coincided with the time Albania was intensifying its efforts around the European Integration path. In fact, besides tackling cannabis cultivation, Albania has also recently intensified its collaboration with foreign law enforcement authorities, above all with Italy, in bringing down Albanian organized crime groups. The Albanian judicial reform, which started five years ago, is also showing its first results. A new Special Anti-Corruption and Organized Crime Structure SPAK investigating high-level cases of corruption and organized crime has been recently established and is already having a significant impact in the fight against Albanian criminal groups operating abroad, too. These new structures are expected not only to break down the wall of impunity, but also to bring to justice powerful figures who have helped these criminal organizations succeed. The vetting of judges and prosecutors as part of this judicial reform is considered an important step in this regard. Global Gateway represents the offer the EU is making to its external partners. It will help to tackle the most pressing global challenges, from fighting climate change to improving health systems, as well as boosting competitiveness and security of global supply chains. With conflicts raging across the Horn of Africa and tensions rising, the EU seems to have failed to achieve its goal to promote peace, stability, and inclusive, sustainable economic development in the region. There seems to be a curse on the Europe-Africa partnership. Every time the EU is desperately making efforts to revitalize the partnership things seem to go wrong. And what could the new European leadership do to restore a broken relationship with Africa? European Union's push for Economic Partnership Agreements faces backlash from African governments worried about the impacts on local industries and migration trends. Nearly a decade after the peak of the so-called migration crisis, how have EU-Africa relations evolved in terms of migration and border control? Recent developments mark an unexpected turning point in relations between Europe and the Sahel. Commentary Europe and Global Governance. Publications See all. Related events Events calendar. Online Kosovo-Serbia: alle radici della tensione. NULL 14 Jun. NULL 27 Apr.

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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. People who inject drugs are at risk of contracting infections through the sharing of drug use paraphernalia. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of drug-related infectious diseases in Europe, including key data on infections with HIV and hepatitis B and C viruses. European Drug Report — home. The drug situation in Europe up to Drug supply, production and precursors. Synthetic stimulants. Heroin and other opioids. New psychoactive substances. Other drugs. Injecting drug use in Europe. Drug-related infectious diseases. Drug-induced deaths. Opioid agonist treatment. Harm reduction. People who inject drugs are at risk of contracting infections such as viral hepatitis B and C HBV and HCV, respectively and the human immunodeficiency virus HIV through the sharing of drug use paraphernalia. These infections can cause chronic diseases that may result in severe health-related harms, including death. While long-term trends in new HIV infections associated with drug injection have been falling in Europe, the risk of HIV transmission among people who inject drugs remains higher than for the general population, and transmission rates attributable to injecting are also still elevated in some countries. Concern exists that the low number of new HIV infections observed in may reflect, in part at least, a delay in diagnosis due to a disruption of testing caused by the pandemic, rather than a decline in transmission see the figure New HIV notifications linked to injecting drug use in the European Union, to , below. Local HIV outbreaks associated with stimulant injecting have been a recurrent problem in Europe in the last decade, with city-level outbreaks in Luxembourg —16 , Dublin —15 , Munich , Cologne , Thessaloniki and Helsinki highlighting the need for adequate treatment and harm reduction coverage see the figure Most-recent HIV outbreaks in Europe among people who inject drugs: number of cases and the associated injected substance, to Most-recent HIV outbreaks in Europe among people who inject drugs: number of cases and the associated injected substance, to This is a concern, as those with a late HIV diagnosis are at increased risk of HIV-related morbidity and mortality and may have a poorer response to antiretroviral treatment. Harm reduction approaches, particularly the provision of sterile injecting equipment, are now regarded as an important component of reducing HIV transmission among people who inject drugs. However, coverage and access to needle and syringe provision remain insufficient in many countries, with only 5 of the 17 EU countries with available data achieving the WHO service provision targets in see the figure Number of sterile syringes distributed per person who injects drugs per year, or latest data. Obtaining secure funding for harm reduction services working with people who inject drugs can be challenging in some countries. NGOs in Bulgaria and Romania, for example, have experienced funding and procurement difficulties over the last few years that led to a reduction in provision. In Europe, people injecting substances also have a high burden of viral hepatitis, and injecting drugs remains the most common risk factor for new HCV diagnoses. There is also evidence that harm reduction services, such as needle and syringe programmes, as well as the provision of opioid agonist treatment, can reduce the risk of HCV transmission. As noted earlier, the coverage of and access to these interventions vary considerably between European countries see the figure Availability of needle and syringe programmes in Europe at the regional level, or the most recent year available , below. In addressing the harms associated with HCV infection, it is particularly important to identify individuals who remain chronically infected with the virus, as they are at risk of cirrhosis and cancer, and can transmit the virus to others through the sharing of any injecting paraphernalia that has been in contact with their blood. However, barriers to the uptake of HCV testing and treatment exist in many countries, and this can mean many HCV infections go undiagnosed and untreated. Positively, more European countries are now making efforts to gather data about HCV linked to injecting, whether through ad hoc studies or routine surveillance systems. This information, together with the establishment of effective referral pathways to specialist health services, can contribute to a more systematic approach to providing the continuum of care needed for people who inject drugs and have acquired HCV infection. Not available Available No information. Data are at NUTS levels 2 or 3. The lack of data at NUTS levels 2 or 3 does not mean that the intervention is not available within a country. European policymakers have made a commitment to the WHO global health sector strategies to end AIDS and the epidemics of viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections by Achieving these objectives, however, still requires greater investment to enhance harm reduction services, testing and linkage to treatment, as the provision in many countries remains insufficient. Greater efforts therefore are still needed to prevent future outbreaks and reduce transmission and thereby reduce the burden of disease linked to HIV, HCV and other infections among people who inject drugs. Low evidence Moderate evidence. Show source tables. Back to list of tables. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. A more recent version of this page exists: Drug-related infectious diseases — the current situation in Europe European Drug Report Table of contents Search within the book. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. List of tables Table 1 new HIV notifications linked to injecting drug use in the European Union, to Table 2 most-recent HIV outbreaks in Europe among people who inject drugs: number of cases and the associated injected substance, to Table 3 number of sterile syringes distributed per person who injects drugs per year, or latest data Table 4 availability of needle and syringe programmes in Europe at the regional level, or the most recent year available Table 5 drug-related infectious diseases Table 6 prevalence of active HCV infection among people who inject drugs, by country, or latest available data Table 1. New HIV notifications linked to injecting drug use in the European Union, to Year Notifications per million population 3. Table 2. Most-recent HIV outbreaks in Europe among people who inject drugs: number of cases and the associated injected substance, to City Country Associated drug lat,lon Dublin Ireland Synthetic cathinones Table 3. Number of sterile syringes distributed per person who injects drugs per year, or latest data Country Lower estimate Central estimate Upper estimate Belgium Table 4. Antwerpen Prov. Limburg BE Prov. Oost-Vlaanderen Prov. Vlaams-Brabant Prov. West-Vlaanderen Prov. Brabant Wallon Prov. Hainaut Prov. Luxembourg BE Prov. Namur Prov. Aisch-Bad Windsheim Neustadt a. Gallen St. Neumarkt i. Waldnaab Neustadt a. Fichtelgebirge Wunsiedel i. Ilm Pfaffenhofen a. Opf, Kreisfreie Stadt Weiden i. Brussel-Hoofdstad Arr. Antwerpen Arr. Mechelen Arr. Turnhout Arr. Hasselt Arr. Maaseik Arr. Tongeren Arr. Aalst Arr. Dendermonde Arr. Eeklo Arr. Gent Arr. Oudenaarde Arr. Sint-Niklaas Arr. Halle-Vilvoorde Arr. Leuven Arr. Brugge Arr. Diksmuide Arr. Ieper Arr. Kortrijk Arr. Oostende Arr. Roeselare Arr. Tielt Arr. Veurne Arr. Nivelles Arr. Ath Arr. Charleroi Arr. Mons Arr. Tournai-Mouscron Arr. Soignies Arr. Thuin Arr. Huy Arr. Waremme Arr. Verviers — communes francophones Arr. Arlon Arr. Bastogne Arr. Marche-en-Famenne Arr. Virton Arr. Dinant Arr. Namur Arr. Philippeville Arr. Wendel St. Donau Dillingen a. Table 5. Table 5c. Trends in drug-related HIV: EU and selected countries cases per million population Country Bulgaria 5. Table 5d. Table 6. Prevalence of active HCV infection among people who inject drugs, by country, or latest available data Country Prevalence percent Level of evidence Colour coding for chart Austria Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. European Drug Report main page. On this page.

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