Secretary Favorit Motors Ru
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Secretary Favorit Motors Ru
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American businessman and Secretary of Defense
This article is about the U.S. business executive and Secretary of Defense. For other uses, see Robert McNamara (disambiguation) .
Republican (until 1978) [2]
Democratic (from 1978) [2]
^ "Robert S. McNamara - John F. Kennedy / Lyndon Johnson Administration" . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office .
^ Jump up to: a b "Robert S. McNamara dies at 93; architect of the Vietnam War" . The Los Angeles Times . July 7, 2009. According to a 1961 entry in Contemporary Biography, McNamara was a registered Republican. He changed his party affiliation to Democrat in 1978, according to public records in the District of Columbia.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Weiner, Tim (July 6, 2009). "Robert S. McNamara, Architect of a Futile War, Dies at 93" . New York Times . Retrieved July 6, 2009 .
^ Radin, Beryl (2000), Beyond Machiavelli : Policy Analysis Comes of Age. Georgetown University Press.
^ Weiner, Tim (July 6, 2009). "Robert S. McNamara, Architect of a Futile War, Dies at 93" . The New York Times .
^ network.nationalpost.com, Vietnam-era U.S. Secretary of Defence Robert McNamara dead: report [ permanent dead link ] , 6 July 2009, retrieved 6 July 2009
^ sg.msn.com, Former US defense secretary McNamara dies [ permanent dead link ] , 6 July 2009, retrieved 6 July 2009
^ "In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (interview)" . booknotes.org . April 23, 1995. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012 . Retrieved December 31, 2011 .
^ 1933 Piedmont High Clan-O-Log
^ "Robert McNamara (California at Berkeley 1937) Passes Ad Astra" . www.phigam.org . July 6, 2009. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009 . Retrieved July 9, 2009 .
^ CalConnect: ROTC . CalTV. February 17, 2010. Event occurs at 1:00. Archived from the original on October 31, 2021.
^ Peck, David (February 2014). Voyage Without a Harbor: The History of Western Civilization in a Nutshell . iUniverse Com. p. 343.
^ Rich Frank : Downfall, Random House, 1999.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin p. 16. [ full citation needed ]
^ "The Outsider" . AmericanHeritage.com . Archived from the original on March 31, 2008.
^ "Ford Motor Co. Chronology, 1903-2003" . The Henry Ford Museum . Retrieved March 1, 2021 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Richard Reeves, President Kennedy: Profile of Power , p. 25, Simon & Schuster, 1993
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 41.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 42-43.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 41=42.
^ Sorensen, Ted. Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History .
^ McNamara, Robert S. In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam .
^ "SecDef Histories - Robert McNamara" . Defenselink.mil . Archived from the original on September 16, 2009.
^ Shafer 1988 , p. 22-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Shafer 1988 , p. 23.
^ Sayle, Timothy Andrews (2020). "A nuclear education: The origins of NATO's Nuclear Planning Group" . Journal of Strategic Studies . 43 (6–7): 920–956. doi : 10.1080/01402390.2020.1818560 . S2CID 225310096 .
^ McNamara, Robert. "McNamara's No-Cities Speech" . slantchev.ucsd.edu . Archived from the original on December 14, 2017 . Retrieved April 19, 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Enthoven, Smith, Alain, K. Wayne (2005). How Much Is Enough?: Shaping the Defense Program, 1961-1969 . Santa Monica, California: Rand Corp. pp. 48–58.
^ Samuel, Richard (2006). Encyclopedia of United States National Security . Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE. pp. 450–451.
^ Amadae, SM (2003). "Chapter 1". Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism . Chicago University Press. pp. 27–82. ISBN 0-226-01654-4 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Robert S. McNamara > Historical Office > Article View" . history.defense.gov . April 26, 2017.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 188-189.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Langguth 2000 , p. 190.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nathan, James A., ed. (1992). The Cuban missile crisis revisited . New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-06069-6 .
^ Cooper, Chester L.; foreword by Robert McNamara (2005). In the shadows of history : fifty years behind the scenes of Cold War diplomacy . Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-294-0 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Langguth 2000 , p. 191.
^ "SecDef Histories - Robert McNamara" . Archived from the original on January 12, 2013.
^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2022). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved February 12, 2022 . United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
^ General Dynamics-Grumman F-111B
^ Grantham, David S. (June 1, 1997). "The Quest for Commonality: A Comparison of the TFX and JSF Programs" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on February 21, 2017 . Retrieved October 3, 2018 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Vietnam War" . swarthmore.edu . Swarthmore College Peace Collection. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016 . Retrieved December 20, 2010 .
^ MacKenzie, Angus, Secrets:
The CIA's War at Home, University of California Press, 1997
^ "Hanyok article (page 177)" (PDF) .
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 249.
^ Jump up to: a b c Langguth 2000 , p. 123.
^ Kaplan, Landa & Drea 2006 , pp. 241–242.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kaplan, Landa & Drea 2006 , p. 242.
^ Kaplan, Landa & Drea 2006 , p. 241.
^ Jump up to: a b Kaplan, Landa & Drea 2006 , p. 233.
^ Kaplan, Landa & Drea 2006 , p. 234.
^ Kaplan, Landa & Drea 2006 , pp. 242–243.
^ Kaplan, Landa & Drea 2006 , pp. 243–244.
^ Jump up to: a b Kaplan, Landa & Drea 2006 , p. 251.
^ Jump up to: a b Karnow 1983 , p. 253.
^ Jump up to: a b c Karnow 1983 , p. 254.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 174.
^ Jump up to: a b c Langguth 2000 , p. 178-179.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 1963.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 267.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 268.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 260-261.
^ Jump up to: a b Karnow 1983 , p. 260-262.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 262-263.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 260-263.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 263 & 279-282.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 263.
^ Jump up to: a b c Karnow 1983 , p. 293.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 246-247.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 293-294.
^ Shafer p.270
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 299-301.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 301.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 304-305.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 308-311.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Karnow 1983 , p. 325.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 336.
^ Jump up to: a b Karnow 1983 , p. 340.
^ Jump up to: a b Karnow 1983 , p. 341.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Karnow 1983 , p. 342.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 281.
^ Jump up to: a b c Karnow 1983 , p. 343.
^ Jump up to: a b Langguth 2000 , p. 285.
^ Jump up to: a b Langguth 2000 , p. 286.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Karnow 1983 , p. 383.
^ Jump up to: a b c Karnow 1983 , p. 344.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 365-367.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 367-368.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 369-371.
^ Jump up to: a b Karnow 1983 , p. 371.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 371-372.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 374.
^ Porter, Gareth (August 6, 2014). "Robert S. McNamara and the Real Tonkin Gulf Deception" .
^ "Robert S. McNamara" . Biography.com . Retrieved September 19, 2017 .
^ McNamara, In Retrospect, p. 128.
^ This day in history-Tonkin Gulf resolution is passed Archived 2016-03-09 at the Wayback Machine , A&E Network , August 7, 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
^ McNamara, In Retrospect, p. 142
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 402-404.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 406.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 408.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 409.
^ Jump up to: a b c Karnow 1983 , p. 411.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Karnow 1983 , p. 498.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 412.
^ Jump up to: a b c Karnow 1983 , p. 413.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 339.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 414-415.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 415.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 415-416.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 420.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 422.
^ Jump up to: a b c Karnow 1983 , p. 424.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Karnow 1983 , p. 425.
^ Jump up to: a b c Karnow 1983 , p. 550.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 383.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 550-551.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Langguth 2000 , p. 384.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 394-395.
^ Jump up to: a b c Langguth 2000 , p. 395.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sorley 2000 , p. 42.
^ Jump up to: a b Karnow 1983 , p. 480.
^ Shafer 1988 , p. 23-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Shafer 1988 , p. 24.
^ "Foreign Affairs" . Foreign Affairs: America and the World . ISSN 0015-7120 . Retrieved February 3, 2018 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Langguth 2000 , p. 412.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 417-418.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 418.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Karnow 1983 , p. 500.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Langguth 2000 , p. 431.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 286-287.
^ Jump up to: a b Langguth 2000 , p. 287.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 499-500.
^ Jump up to: a b c Karnow 1983 , p. 457.
^ Jump up to: a b Karnow 1983 , p. 506.
^ Milne 2009 , p. 248.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Langguth 2000 , p. 446.
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 538.
^ Jump up to: a b Langguth 2000 , p. 539.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Langguth 2000 , p. 540.
^ "Errol Morris: Film" . www.errolmorris.com .
^ "The Secretary of the Army's Senior Review Panel on Sexual Harassment" (PDF) . p. 127. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 8, 2005.
^ While the directive was passed in 1963, it was not until 1967 that the first non-military establishment was declared off-limits. In 1970 the requirement that commanding officers first obtain permission from the Secretary of Defense was lifted. Heather Antecol and Deborah Cobb-Clark, Racial and Ethnic Harassment in Local Communities. October 4, 2005. p 8
^ Jump up to: a b c Vine 2009 , p. 70.
^ Vine 2009 , p. 70-71.
^ Vine 2009 , p. 59.
^ Jump up to: a b Vine 2009 , p. 122.
^ Vine 2009 , p. 73.
^ Vine 2009 , p. 82-84.
^ Vine 2009 , p. 84-85.
^ Pham 2010 , p. 76.
^ Pham 2010 , p. 76-77.
^ Pham 2010 , p. 8.
^ Pham 2010 , p. 120.
^ Vine 2009 , p. 85.
^ Vine 2009 , p. 84-86.
^ Pham 2010 , p. 230-234.
^ McNamara, Robert S. (1968), The Essence of Security: Reflections in Office, p. 64
^ McNamara, Robert S. (1968), The Essence of Security: Reflections in Office, p. 164
^ Weiner, Tim (July 6, 2009). "Robert S. McNamara, Architect of a Futile War, Dies at 93 - Obituary (Obit) - NYTimes.com" . The New York Times . Retrieved September 19, 2017 .
^ Castella, Tom de (February 15, 2012). "How did we forget about mutually assured destruction?" . BBC News . Retrieved September 19, 2017 .
^ McNamara, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam, 1995, p. 257-258.
^ Jump up to: a b c Langguth 2000 , p. 451.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 507.
^ Jump up to: a b c Karnow 1983 , p. 508.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 484 & 491.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Karnow 1983 , p. 509.
^ Jump up to: a b Langguth 2000 , p. 453.
^ Jump up to: a b Langguth 2000 , p. 454.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 509-511.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 509-510.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Karnow 1983 , p. 511.
^ Jump up to: a b c Langguth 2000 , p. 463.
^ Jump up to: a b Langguth 2000 , p. 454-455.
^ Jump up to: a b Langguth 2000 , p. 455.
^ Jump up to: a b c Langguth 2000 , p. 460.
^ Jump up to: a b Langguth 2000 , p. 461.
^ In The Fog of War he recounts saying to a friend, "Even to this day, Kay, I don't know whether I quit or was fired?" (See transcript )
^ Shafritz, Jay M.; Russell, E.W.; Borick, Christopher P. (2013). Introducing Public Administration (8 ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education . p. 196. ISBN 978-0-205-85589-6 .
^ Langguth 2000 , p. 463-464.
^ Jump up to: a b Langguth 2000 , p. 464.
^ Blight, James (2005). The fog of war: lessons from the life of Robert S. McNamara . p. 203. ISBN 0-7425-4221-1 .
^ "Robert Strange McNamara" . The Hall of Valor Project . Retrieved April 4, 2021 .
^ Milne 2009 , p. 4.
^ Milne 2009 , p. 4-5.
^ Milne 2009 , p. 5.
^ Karnow 1983 , p. 512.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pages from World Bank History - Bank Pays Tribute to Robert McNamara" . Archives . World Bank. March 21, 2003 . Retrieved May 26, 2007 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Langguth 2000 , p. 541.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Finnemore, Martha (1996). National Interests in International Society . Cornell University Press. pp. 89–97. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt1rv61rh .
^ Hotez, Peter J. (June 16, 2007). "Control of onchocerciasis—the next generation" . The Lancet . 369 (9578): 1979–1980. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60923-4 . ISSN 0140-6736 . PMID 17574078 . S2CID 36293693 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Talbot 1984 , p. 47.
^ Wells 1994 , p. 110-111.
^ Wells 1994 , p. 111.
^ "Robert S. McNamara Fellowships Program" . Scholarships . World Bank . Retrieved May 26, 2007 .
^ Matthews, Dylan (June 5, 2019). " "The time of vasectomy": how American foundations fueled a terrible atrocity in India" . Vox .
^ Mann, Charles C. "The Book That Incited a Worldwide Fear of Overpopulation" . Smithsonian Magazine .
^ "Neo-Malthusianism and Coercive Population Control in China and India: Overpopulation Concerns Often Result in Coercion" . Cato Institute . July 21, 2020.
^ American University website
^ "APS Member History" . search.amphilsoc.org . Retrieved June 13, 2022 .
^ Neu 1997 , p. 739.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Neu 1997 , p. 730.
^ Blight, James G.; Lang, Janet M. (2007). "Robert Mcnamara: Then & Now". Dædalus . 136 (1): 120–131. JSTOR 20028094 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Vine 2009 , p. 14.
^ Doug Saunders (January 25, 2004). " 'It's Just Wrong What We're Doing' " . Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on July 9, 2011.
^ Sanger, David E. (January 6, 2006). "Visited by a Host of Administrations Past, Bush Hears Some Chastening Words" . The New York Times . Retrieved May 27, 2009 .
^ Who's Who in the Kitchen, 1961 - Reprint 2013 . p. 10. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017 . Retrieved August 28, 2019 .
^ "2001 Award of Distinction Recipients — College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences" . University of California, Davis . November 19, 2007. Archived from the original on June 6, 2015 . Retrieved July 21, 2015 . Craig McNamara is owner of Sierra Orchards, a diversified farming operation producing walnuts and grape rootstock. He is a California Agricultural Leadership Program graduate, American Leadership Forum senior fellow and College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Dean's Advisory Council member. McNamara helped structure a biologically integrated orchard system that became the model for UC/SAREP ( Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program ) and created the FARMS Leadership Program, introducing rural and urban high school students to sustainable farming, science and technology. He was one of 10 U.S. representatives at the 1996 World Food Summit in Rome.
^ "Kathleen McNamara Weds J. S. Spears" . New York Times . January 1, 1987. p. 16 . Retrieved July 6, 2009 .
^ "Days of Cal - Alumni of the Year" . sunsite.berkeley.edu .
^ Hendrickson, Paul: The Living and the Dead: Robert McNamara and Five Lives of a Lost War. Vintage, 1997. ISBN 0-679-78117-X .
^ Roxanne Roberts (September 7, 2004). "Wedding Bells for Robert McNamara" . The Washington Post .
^ "Obituaries; Gladys R. Tartiere, Philanthropist, Dies" . May 3, 1993.
^ Page, Susan (July 6, 2009). "Ex-Defense secretary Robert McNamara dies at 93" . USA Today .
^ "Robert S. McNamara, Former Defense Secretary, Dies at 93" . New York Times , July 6, 2009.
^ "McNamara, Robert Strange" . ANC Explorer . Retrieved September 18, 2021 .
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Articles and topics related to Robert McNamara
None (1963–1965)
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Robert McNamara (1963–1968)
Clark Clifford (1968–1969)
Robert Strange McNamara ( / ˈ m æ k n ə m ær ə / ; June 9, 1916 – July 6, 2009) was an American business executive and the eighth United States Secretary of Defense , serving from 1961 to 1968 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson . He played a major role in escalating the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War . [3] McNamara was responsible for the institution of systems analysis in public policy , which developed into the discipline known today as policy analysis . [4]
He was born in San Francisco, California , graduated from UC Berkeley and Harvard Business School and served in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II . After the war, Henry Ford II hired McNamara and a group of other Army Air Force veterans to work for Ford Motor Company . These " Whiz Kids " helped reform Ford with modern planning, organization, and management control systems. After briefly serving as Ford's president, McNamara accepted appointment as Secretary of Defense.
McNamara became a close adviser to Kennedy and advocated the use of a blockade during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Kennedy and McNamara instituted a Cold War defense strategy of flexible response , which anticipated the need for military responses short of massive retaliation . McNamara consolidated intelligence and logistics functions of the Pentagon into two centralized agencies: the Defense Intelligence Agency and the Defense Supply Agency . During the Kennedy administration, McNamara presided over a build-up of US soldiers in South Vietnam . After the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident , the number of US soldiers in Vietnam escalated dramatically. McNamara and other US policymakers feared that the fall of South Vietnam to a Communist regime would lead to the fall of other governments in the region . In October 1966, he launched Project 100,000 , the lowering of army IQ standards which allowed 354,000 additional men to be recruited, despite criticism that they were not suited to working in high stress or dangerous environments.
McNamara grew increasingly skeptical of the efficacy of committing American troops to Vietnam . In 1968,
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