Russian Prolapse
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Russian Prolapse
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2002 storming of Dubrovka Theater by armed Chechen terrorists
Russian special forces storm the Dubrovka Theater during the 2002 Moscow hostage crisis.
Bold italics indicate incidents resulting in more than 50 deaths. Incidents are bombings, unless described otherwise.
Metrojet Flight 9268 (going to Russia)
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^ Jump up to: a b "Chechen gunmen storm Moscow theatre" . The Guardian . 24 October 2002.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Seven hostages freed in Moscow siege" . BBC News . 25 October 2002.
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^ "What was the gas?" . BBC News . 28 October 2002.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Troops bring freedom and death to theatre of blood" . The Guardian . 27 October 2002.
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^ Jump up to: a b Walsh, Nick Paton (27 October 2002). "Siege rescue carnage as gas kills hostages" . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 March 2018 .
^ "Russia Confirms Suspicions About Gas Used in Raid" . The Washington Post . 31 October 2002.
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^ "Bloody end to Moscow hostage crisis" . CBC News . 29 October 2002.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Death Toll in Moscow Hostage Situation Climbs to 118" . Voice of America . 27 October 2002. Archived from the original on 20 February 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "140 die in theatre siege climax" . CNN . 27 October 2002. Archived from the original on 25 May 2008.
^ "Family reunited after Moscow siege" . BBC News . 27 October 2002.
^ "115 Hostages in Moscow Killed by Gas" . The Washington Post . 27 October 2002. Archived from the original on 13 March 2007.
^ "Dubrovka victims association accuses the authorities of falsification" . Memorial . 22 October 2007.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Families claim death toll from gas in Moscow siege kept secret" . The Guardian . 18 October 2003.
^ "Nord-Ost Tragedy Goes On" . Moscow News . Archived from the original on 29 February 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gas 'killed Moscow hostages' " . BBC News . 27 October 2002.
^ "At a scene of tragedy in Moscow, an act of hope" . The Christian Science Monitor . 10 February 2003.
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^ "Переадресация..." feedbackgroup.narod.ru . Archived from the original on 27 November 2018 . Retrieved 3 January 2019 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Chechen warlord claims theatre attack" . BBC News . 1 November 2002.
^ Baker, Peter (2 November 2002). "Russian Lawmakers Vote to Curb News Media – Terrorism Reporting Restricted After Crisis" . The Washington Post . p. A.18. Archived from the original on 13 March 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Warlord admits Moscow theatre raid" . CNN . 1 November 2002. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008.
^ Baker, Peter (1 November 2002). "Russia Defends Actions Taken in Theater Siege – No Regrets About Use of Gas or Secrecy" . The Washington Post . p. A30. Archived from the original on 13 March 2007.
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^ "Russia: Moscow City Officials, Victims' Relatives, Hold Separate Nord-Ost Services Outside Theater" . CDI Russia Weekly . 2003. Archived from the original on 12 March 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Russian backlash against Chechens begins" . The Christian Science Monitor . 7 November 2002.
^ Kovalev, Vladimir (19 February 2003). "NTV RIP, Again" . Transitions Online .
^ "Альфред Кох: пост главы "Газпром-Медиа" заняла марионетка Кремля" . Newsru.com (in Russian). 17 January 2003.
^ "Йордана сначала проверят, а потом отставят" [Jordan's going to be checked first, and then left behind]. Newsru.com (in Russian). 20 January 2003.
^ "Putin vows to crush terrorists" . BBC News . 28 October 2002.
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^ "Duma Votes to Limit News Coverage]" . The Moscow Times . 4 November 2002. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012 – via Yabloko .
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^ "Moscow's Chechens fear siege fall-out" . BBC News . 26 October 2002.
^ Jump up to: a b "Investigation of the case of hostage taking at the Theater Center at Dubrovka in October 2002, was suspended" . echo.msk.ru (in Russian). Echo of Moscow News Service. 1 June 2007.
^ " 'Nord-Ost' demands new criminal cases" . Memorial . 19 April 2007. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007.
^ "Dubrovka Relatives Demand Inquiry" . The Moscow Times . 12 July 2007. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009.
^ Dunlop, John B. (8 January 2004). "The October 2002 Moscow Hostage-Taking Incident (Part 2)" . Radio Free Europe Reports .
^ Dunlop, John B. (15 January 2004). "The October 2002 Moscow Hostage-Taking Incident (Part 3)" . Radio Free Europe Reports .
^ Dunlop, John (29 October 2003). "The Moscow Hostage Crisis: one year later" . Radio Free Europe Reports .
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^ Politkovskaya, Anna (5 May 2003). "Russian Authorities Hedge Over Special Services Involvement In Moscow Theater Siege" . Novaya Gazeta . Archived from the original on 25 October 2007.
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^ "European Court accepts applications of Dubrovka terror act victims" . Memorial . 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007.
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^ "Was the gas legal?" . BBC News . 28 October 2002.
^ Riches, James, Robert W. Read, Robin M. Black, Nicholas J. Cooper and Christopher M. Timperley (November 2012). "Analysis of Clothing and Urine from Moscow Theatre Siege Casualties Reveals Carfentanil and Remifentanil Use" . Journal of Analytical Toxicology . 36 (9): 647–656. doi : 10.1093/jat/bks078 . PMID 23002178 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )
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The Moscow theater hostage crisis (also known as the 2002 Nord-Ost siege ) was the seizure of the crowded Dubrovka Theater by 40 to 50 armed Chechen terrorists on 23 October 2002, which involved 850 hostages and ended with the death of at least 170 people. The attackers, led by Movsar Barayev , claimed allegiance to the Islamist separatist movement in Chechnya . [1] They demanded the withdrawal of Russian forces from Chechnya and an end to the Second Chechen War .
Due to the layout of the theater, special forces would have had to fight through 30 metres (100 ft) of corridor and advance up a well-defended staircase before they could reach the hall in which the hostages were held. The attackers had numerous explosives, with the most powerful in the center of the auditorium . Spetsnaz operators from Federal Security Service (FSB) Alpha and Vympel , supported by a Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) SOBR unit, pumped an undisclosed chemical agent into the building's ventilation system and began the rescue operation. [1]
All 40 of the insurgents were killed, [2] and up to 130 hostages died during the siege, including 9 foreigners, due to the toxic substance pumped into the theater. [3] [4] [5] The identity of the gas was not disclosed at the time, although it was believed by some to have been a fentanyl derivative, such as carfentanil . [6] A study published in 2012 concluded that it had been a mixture of carfentanil and remifentanyl . The same study pointed out that in a 2011 case at the European Court of Human Rights, the Russian government stated that the aerosol used was a mixture of a fentanyl derivative and a chemical compound with a narcotic action. [7]
The hostages were seized on 23 October at the House of Culture of State Ball-Bearing Plant Number 1 in the Dubrovka area of Moscow about four kilometers south-east of the Moscow Kremlin . [8] During Act II of a sold-out performance of Nord-Ost a little after 9:00 PM, 40–50 heavily armed and masked men and women drove in a bus to the theater and entered the main hall firing assault rifles in the air. [9]
The black-and-camouflage-clad Chechens [10] took approximately 850–900 people hostage, including members of the audience and performers, among them an MVD general. The reaction of spectators inside the theater to the news that the theater was under terrorist attack was not uniform: some people remained calm, some reacted hysterically, and others fainted. Some performers who had been resting backstage escaped through an open window and called the police; in all, some 90 people managed to flee the building or hide.
The militant leader told the hostages that the attackers (who identified themselves as a suicide squad from "the 29th Division" [11] ) had no grudge against foreign nationals (about 75 in number from 14 countries, including Australia , Germany , the Netherlands , Ukraine , the United Kingdom and the United States ) and promised to release anyone who showed a foreign passport .
The gunmen were led by Movsar Barayev , nephew of slain Chechen rebel militia commander Arbi Barayev , and threatened to kill the hostages unless Russian forces were immediately and unconditionally withdrawn from Chechnya. They said the deadline was one week, after which they would start killing the hostages. [12]
A videotaped statement was acquired by the media in which the gunmen declared their willingness to die for their cause. The statement contained the following text: [13]
Every nation has the right to their fate. Russia has taken away this right from the Chechens and today we want to reclaim these rights, which Allah has given us, in the same way he has given it to other nations. Allah has given us the right of freedom and the right to choose our destiny. And the Russian occupiers have flooded our land with our children's blood. And we have longed for a just solution. People are unaware of the innocent who are dying in Chechnya: the sheikhs , the women, the children and the weak ones. And therefore, we have chosen
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