Rome and the Roman Empire . Реферат. Английский.
💣 👉🏻👉🏻👉🏻 ВСЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ ДОСТУПНА ЗДЕСЬ ЖМИТЕ 👈🏻👈🏻👈🏻
Вы можете узнать стоимость помощи в написании студенческой работы.
Помощь в написании работы, которую точно примут!
Похожие работы на - Rome and the Roman Empire
Скачать Скачать документ
Информация о работе Информация о работе
Скачать Скачать документ
Информация о работе Информация о работе
Скачать Скачать документ
Информация о работе Информация о работе
Скачать Скачать документ
Информация о работе Информация о работе
Скачать Скачать документ
Информация о работе Информация о работе
Скачать Скачать документ
Информация о работе Информация о работе
Скачать Скачать документ
Информация о работе Информация о работе
Нужна качественная работа без плагиата?
Не нашел материал для своей работы?
Поможем написать качественную работу Без плагиата!
The accounts of the regal period have come down
overlaid with such a mass of myth and legend that few statements can be
accepted as factual; the Roman historians of later times, lacking authentic
records, relied on fabrications of a patriotic records, relied on fabrications
of a patriotic fancy.
The Legendary Period of the kings(753-510 BC)
Rome was said to have been founded by Latin colonists
from Alba Longa, a nearby city in ancient Latium. The legendary date of the
founding was 753 BC; it was ascribed to Romulus and Remus, the twin sons of
Rhea Silvia, a vestal virgin and the daughter of Numitor, king of Alba Longa.
Later legend carried the ancestry of the Romans back to the Trojans and their
leader Aeneas, whose son Ascanius, or lulus, was the founder and the first king
of Alba Longa. The tales concerning Romulus’s rule, notably the rape of the
Sabine women and the war with the Sabines under the leader Titus Tatius, point
to an early infiltration of Sabine peoples or to a union of Latin and Sabine
elements at the beginning. The three tribes, the Ramnes, Titieus, and Luceres,
that appear in the legend of Romulus as the parts of the new commonwealth
suggest that Rome arose from the amalgamation of three stocks, thought to be
Latin, Sabine, and Etruscan.
The seven kings of the regal period and the dates
traditionally assigned to their regns are as follows: Romulus, from 753 to 715
BC; Numa Pompilius, from 715 to 676 or 672 BC, to whom was attributed the
introduction of many religious customs; Tullus Hostilius, from 673 to 641 BC, a
warlike king, who destroyed Alba Longa and fought against the Sabines; Ancus
Marcius, from 641 to 616 BC, said to have built the port of Astia and to have
captured many Latin towns, transferring their inhabitants to Rome; Lucius
Tarquinius Priscus, from 616 to 578 BC, celebrated both for his military
exploits against neighboring peoples and for his construction of public
buildings at Rome; Servius Tullius, from 578 to 534 BC, famed for his new
constitution and for the enlargement of the boundaries of the city; and Lucius
Tarquinius Superbus, from 534 to 510 BC, the seventh and the last king, whose
tyrannical rule was overthrow when his son ravished Lucretia, the wife of a
kinsman. Tarquinius was banished, and attempts by Etruscan or Latin cities to
reinstate him on the throne at Rome were unavailing.
Although the names, dates, and events of the regal
period are considered as belonging to the regal of fiction and myth rather than
to that of factual history, certain facts seem well attested: the existence of
an early rule by kings; the growth of the city and its struggles with
neighboring peoples; the conquest of Rome by Etruria and the establishment of a
dynasty of Etruscan princes, symbolized by the rule of the Tarquins; the
overthrow of this alien control; and the abolition of the kingship. The
existence of certain social and political conditions may also be accepted, such
as the division of the beginning into two orders: the patricians, who alone
possessed political rights and constituted the populus, or people; and their
dependents, known as clients or the plebs, who had originally no political
existence. The rex, or king, chosen by the Senate(senatus), or Council of
Elders, from the ranks of the patricians, held office for life, called out the
populus for war, and led the army in person; he was preceded by officers, known
as lictors, who bore the faces, the symbols of power and punishment, and was
the supreme judge in all civil and criminal suits. The senatus gave its advice
only when the king chose to consult it, but the elders(patres) possessed great
moral authority, inasmuch as their tenure was for life. Originally only
patricians could bear arms in defense of the state. At some stage in the regal
period an important military reform occurred, usually designated as the Servian
reform of the constitution, because it was decided that all property and
wealth, it was ascribed to Servius Tullius. As the plebs could by this time
acquire property and wealth, it was decided that all property holders, both
patrician and plebian, must serve in army, and each took a rank in accordance
with his wealth. This arrangement, although initially military, paved the way
for the great political struggle between the patricians and the plebs in the
early centuries of the Republic.
On
the overthrow of Tarquininus Superbus a republic was established.
In place of the king, two chief executives were chosen
annually by the whole body of citizens. These were known as praetors, or
leaders, but later received the title of consuls. The participation of a
colleague in the exercise of supreme power and the limitation of the tenure to
one year prevented the chief magistrate from becoming autocratic. The character
of the Senate was altered by the enrollment of plebeian members, known as
conscreipti, and hence the official designation of the senators thereafter was
patres conscripti(conscript fathers). As yet, only patricians were aligible for
the magistracies, and the discontent of the plebs led to a violent struggle
between the two orders and the gradual removal of the social and political
disabilities under which the plebs had labored.
In 494 BC a secession of plebian soldiers led to the
institution of the tribuni plebis, who were elected annually as protectors of
the plebs; they had the power to veto the acts of patrician magistrates, and
thus served as the leaders of the plebs in the struggles with the patricians.
The appointment of the decemvirate, a commission of a famous code of laws. In
445 BC, under the Canuleian law, marriages between patricians and members of
the plebs were declared legally valid. By the Licinian-Sextian laws, passed in
367 BC, it was provided that one of the two consuls should thenceforth be
plebeian. The other magistracies were gradually apened to the plebs: in 356 BC,
the dictatorship, an extraordinary magistracy, the incumbent of which was
appointed in times of great danger; in 350 BC, the censorship; in 337 BC, the
praetorship; and in 300 BC, the pontifical and augural colleges.
In 264 BC, 11 years after the victory over Pyrrhus,
Rome engaged with Carthage in a struggle for the control of the Mediterranean
Sea. Carthage at this time was the foremost maritime power in the world, ruling
as absolutely in the central and western Mediterranean as did Rome on the
Italian Peninsula.
Ceasar’s assassination by Republican nobles on March
15, 44 BC, was followed by Cicero’s attempt to restore the old Republican
constitution, but Mark Antony, who had been appointed consul with Marcus
Aemilius Lepidus and Caesar’s grandnephew, the youthful Octavian, later Rmperor
Augustus, to form the second triumvirate.
Octavian received the title of Augustus in 27 BC and
began the new regime by an apparent restoration of the Republic, with himself
as princeps, or chief citizen.
During the last 80 years of the Western Roman Empire
the provinces, drained by taxes levied for the support of the army and the
bureacracy, were visited by internal war and by barbarian invasions. At first
the policy of conciliating the invader with military commands and
administrative offices succeded. Gradually, however, the barbarians estublished
in the east began to aim at conquest in the west, and Alaric I, king of the
Visigoths, first occupied illyricum, whence he ravaged Greece. In 410 he
captured and sacked Rome, but died soon after. His successor, Ataulf(r.
410-15), drew off the Visigoths to Gaul, and in 419 a succeeding king, Wallia,
received formal permission from Honorius to settle in southwestern Gaul, where
at Toulouse he founded the Visigothic dynasty.The last Western Roman emperor,
Romulus Augustulus, was overthrown by the mercenary Herulian leader
Odoacer(c.435-93),who was proclaimed king of Italy by his troops. The history
of Rome would subsequently merge with that of the papacy, the Holy Roman
Empire, the Papal States, and Italy. For the history of the Eastern Empire from
the time of Theodosius the Great.
Похожие работы на - Rome and the Roman Empire Реферат. Английский.
Реферат На Тему Проблемы Совершенствования Качества Выпускаемого Программного Обеспечения
Реферат: Native American Code Talkers (Used In Wwi
Литературные Произведения Которого Мы Сочинение 2022
Дипломная работа: Взяточничество и его виды
Рефераты На Тему Стоматология
Реферат На Тему Сельское Хозяйство России
Курсовая работа по теме Хранение плодов и овощей
Курсовая работа: Создание и функционирование ООО Фитофантазия
Контрольная работа по теме Банковские электронные услуги
Эссе На Тему Благотворительность
Дипломная работа по теме Расчет ультразвукового аппарата для стоматологии
Принципы Создания Экспозиции В Музее Реферат
Принципы Обеспечения Устойчивости Объектов Экономики Реферат
Контрольная работа: Техника речи
Проект мероприятий по повышению качества обслуживания на примере гостиницы "Приокская"
Дипломная работа: Банковские риски и методы их регулирования
Скачать Книгу Контрольные И Самостоятельные Работы
Доклад по теме Философия вымысла
Развитие Технологии Реферат
Реферат: Экономика как наука 2
Реферат: Революційні процеси в світі 19141918 рр.
Реферат: Иррациональные уравнения
Реферат: Домашний анализ воды