Qurghonteppa buying ganja

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Qurghonteppa buying ganja

Chapter 3 examines the consequences of Soviet persecution of Islam from onward and argues that fluctuations in this persecution motivated and enabled nascent Islamic mobilization by the last quarter of the twentieth century. Militant atheism resulted in the catastrophic destruction of Islamic institutions and public practices but generated significant contention and resistance, primarily in the Uzbek Ferghana Valley and Tajik republic. Soviet policy also, paradoxically, created the possibility for Islam to revive by inconsistently repressing religion. Khrushchev renewed religious persecution but otherwise increased associational space. Under Brezhnev, Party leaders silently recognized their failure to eradicate Islam and other religions. Incomplete repression together with marginal increases in space allowed the reemergence of religious actors. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:. Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Sign in through your institution. Subject All Subject Expand Expand. Arts and Humanities. Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Archaeology. Archaeological Methodology and Techniques. Archaeology by Region. Archaeology of Religion. Archaeology of Trade and Exchange. Biblical Archaeology. Contemporary and Public Archaeology. Environmental Archaeology. Historical Archaeology. History and Theory of Archaeology. Industrial Archaeology. Landscape Archaeology. Mortuary Archaeology. Prehistoric Archaeology. Underwater Archaeology. Urban Archaeology. Architectural Structure and Design. History of Architecture. Residential and Domestic Buildings. Theory of Architecture. Art Forms. Art Styles. Art Subjects and Themes. History of Art. Industrial and Commercial Art. Theory of Art. Biographical Studies. Byzantine Studies. Classical Studies. Classical History. Classical Philosophy. Classical Mythology. Classical Numismatics. Classical Literature. Classical Reception. Classical Art and Architecture. Classical Oratory and Rhetoric. Greek and Roman Epigraphy. Greek and Roman Law. Greek and Roman Papyrology. Greek and Roman Archaeology. Late Antiquity. Religion in the Ancient World. Social History. Digital Humanities. Cold War. Colonialism and Imperialism. Diplomatic History. Environmental History. Genealogy, Heraldry, Names, and Honours. Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing. Historical Geography. History by Period. History of Emotions. History of Agriculture. History of Education. History of Gender and Sexuality. Industrial History. Intellectual History. International History. Labour History. Legal and Constitutional History. Local and Family History. Maritime History. Military History. National Liberation and Post-Colonialism. Oral History. Political History. Public History. Regional and National History. Revolutions and Rebellions. Slavery and Abolition of Slavery. Social and Cultural History. Theory, Methods, and Historiography. Urban History. World History. Language Teaching and Learning. Language Learning Specific Skills. Language Teaching Theory and Methods. Applied Linguistics. Cognitive Linguistics. Computational Linguistics. Forensic Linguistics. Grammar, Syntax and Morphology. Historical and Diachronic Linguistics. History of English. Language Acquisition. Language Evolution. Language Reference. Language Variation. Language Families. Linguistic Anthropology. Linguistic Theories. Linguistic Typology. Phonetics and Phonology. Translation and Interpretation. Writing Systems. Children's Literature Studies. Literary Studies Asian. Literary Studies European. Literary Studies Eco-criticism. Literary Studies Romanticism. Literary Studies American. Literary Studies Modernism. Literary Studies - World. Literary Studies to Literary Studies 19th Century. Literary Studies 20th Century onwards. Literary Studies African American Literature. Literary Studies British and Irish. Literary Studies Early and Medieval. Literary Studies Gender Studies. Literary Studies Graphic Novels. Literary Studies History of the Book. Literary Studies Plays and Playwrights. Literary Studies Poetry and Poets. Literary Studies Postcolonial Literature. Literary Studies Queer Studies. Literary Studies Science Fiction. Literary Studies Travel Literature. Literary Studies War Literature. Literary Studies Women's Writing. Literary Theory and Cultural Studies. Mythology and Folklore. Shakespeare Studies and Criticism. Media Studies. Applied Music. Dance and Music. Ethics in Music. Gender and Sexuality in Music. Medicine and Music. Music Cultures. Music and Religion. Music and Media. Music and Culture. Music Education and Pedagogy. Music Theory and Analysis. Musical Scores, Lyrics, and Libretti. Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques. Musicology and Music History. Performance Practice and Studies. Race and Ethnicity in Music. Sound Studies. Performing Arts. Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art. Feminist Philosophy. History of Western Philosophy. Moral Philosophy. Non-Western Philosophy. Philosophy of Science. Philosophy of Language. Philosophy of Mind. Philosophy of Perception. Philosophy of Action. Philosophy of Law. Philosophy of Religion. Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic. Practical Ethics. Social and Political Philosophy. Biblical Studies. East Asian Religions. History of Religion. Judaism and Jewish Studies. Qumran Studies. Religion and Education. Religion and Health. Religion and Politics. Religion and Science. Religion and Law. Religion and Art, Literature, and Music. Religious Studies. Society and Culture. Cookery, Food, and Drink. Cultural Studies. Customs and Traditions. Ethical Issues and Debates. Hobbies, Games, Arts and Crafts. Natural world, Country Life, and Pets. Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge. Sports and Outdoor Recreation. Technology and Society. Travel and Holiday. Visual Culture. Civil Law. Company and Commercial Law. Commercial Law. Company Law. Comparative Law. Systems of Law. Competition Law. Constitutional and Administrative Law. Government Powers. Judicial Review. Local Government Law. Military and Defence Law. Parliamentary and Legislative Practice. Social Law. Construction Law. Contract Law. Criminal Law. Criminal Procedure. Criminal Evidence Law. Sentencing and Punishment. Employment and Labour Law. Environment and Energy Law. EU Law. Family Law. Financial Law. Banking Law. Insolvency Law. Tax Law. History of Law. Human Rights and Immigration. Intellectual Property Law. International Law. Private International Law and Conflict of Laws. Public International Law. IT and Communications Law. Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law. Law and Politics. Law and Society. Legal System and Practice. Courts and Procedure. Legal Skills and Practice. Legal System - Costs and Funding. Primary Sources of Law. Regulation of Legal Profession. Media Law. Medical and Healthcare Law. Criminal Investigation and Detection. Police and Security Services. Police Procedure and Law. Police Regional Planning. Property Law. Personal Property Law. Study and Revision. Terrorism and National Security Law. Tort Law. Trusts Law. Wills and Probate or Succession. Medicine and Health. Allied Health Professions. Arts Therapies. Clinical Science. Dietetics and Nutrition. Occupational Therapy. Operating Department Practice. Speech and Language Therapy. General Anaesthesia. Clinical Medicine. Acute Medicine. Cardiovascular Medicine. Clinical Genetics. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Endocrinology and Diabetes. Genito-urinary Medicine. Geriatric Medicine. Infectious Diseases. Medical Toxicology. Medical Oncology. Pain Medicine. Palliative Medicine. Rehabilitation Medicine. Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonology. Sleep Medicine. Sports and Exercise Medicine. Clinical Neuroscience. Community Medical Services. Critical Care. Emergency Medicine. Forensic Medicine. History of Medicine. Medical Dentistry. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Paediatric Dentistry. Restorative Dentistry and Orthodontics. Surgical Dentistry. Medical Skills. Clinical Skills. Communication Skills. Nursing Skills. Surgical Skills. Medical Ethics. Medical Statistics and Methodology. Clinical Neurophysiology. Nursing Studies. Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Occupational Medicine. Otolaryngology ENT. Chemical Pathology. Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics. Medical Microbiology and Virology. Patient Education and Information. Popular Health. Caring for Others. Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Self-help and Personal Development. Preclinical Medicine. Cell Biology. Molecular Biology and Genetics. Reproduction, Growth and Development. Primary Care. Professional Development in Medicine. Addiction Medicine. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Forensic Psychiatry. Learning Disabilities. Old Age Psychiatry. Public Health and Epidemiology. Public Health. Clinical Radiology. Interventional Radiology. Nuclear Medicine. Radiation Oncology. Reproductive Medicine. Cardiothoracic Surgery. Gastro-intestinal and Colorectal Surgery. General Surgery. Paediatric Surgery. Peri-operative Care. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Surgical Oncology. Transplant Surgery. Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery. Vascular Surgery. Science and Mathematics. Biological Sciences. Aquatic Biology. Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. Developmental Biology. Ecology and Conservation. Evolutionary Biology. Genetics and Genomics. Molecular and Cell Biology. Natural History. Plant Sciences and Forestry. Research Methods in Life Sciences. Structural Biology. Systems Biology. Zoology and Animal Sciences. Analytical Chemistry. Computational Chemistry. Environmental Chemistry. Industrial Chemistry. Inorganic Chemistry. Materials Chemistry. Medicinal Chemistry. Mineralogy and Gems. Organic Chemistry. Physical Chemistry. Polymer Chemistry. Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry. Theoretical Chemistry. Computer Science. Artificial Intelligence. Computer Architecture and Logic Design. Game Studies. Human-Computer Interaction. Mathematical Theory of Computation. Programming Languages. Software Engineering. Systems Analysis and Design. Virtual Reality. Business Applications. Computer Security. Computer Games. Computer Networking and Communications. Digital Lifestyle. Graphical and Digital Media Applications. Operating Systems. Earth Sciences and Geography. Atmospheric Sciences. Environmental Geography. Geology and the Lithosphere. Maps and Map-making. Meteorology and Climatology. Oceanography and Hydrology. Physical Geography and Topography. Regional Geography. Soil Science. Urban Geography. Engineering and Technology. Agriculture and Farming. Biological Engineering. Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building. Electronics and Communications Engineering. Energy Technology. Engineering General. Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology. History of Engineering and Technology. Mechanical Engineering and Materials. Technology of Industrial Chemistry. Transport Technology and Trades. Environmental Science. Applied Ecology Environmental Science. Conservation of the Environment Environmental Science. Environmental Sustainability. Environmentalist Thought and Ideology Environmental Science. Natural Disasters Environmental Science. Nuclear Issues Environmental Science. Pollution and Threats to the Environment Environmental Science. History of Science and Technology. Materials Science. Ceramics and Glasses. Composite Materials. Metals, Alloying, and Corrosion. Applied Mathematics. Biomathematics and Statistics. History of Mathematics. Mathematical Education. Mathematical Finance. Mathematical Analysis. Numerical and Computational Mathematics. Probability and Statistics. Pure Mathematics. Cognition and Behavioural Neuroscience. Development of the Nervous System. Disorders of the Nervous System. History of Neuroscience. Invertebrate Neurobiology. Molecular and Cellular Systems. Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System. Neuroscientific Techniques. Sensory and Motor Systems. Astronomy and Astrophysics. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. Biological and Medical Physics. Classical Mechanics. Computational Physics. Condensed Matter Physics. Electromagnetism, Optics, and Acoustics. History of Physics. Mathematical and Statistical Physics. Measurement Science. Nuclear Physics. Particles and Fields. Plasma Physics. Quantum Physics. Relativity and Gravitation. Semiconductor and Mesoscopic Physics. Affective Sciences. Clinical Psychology. Cognitive Psychology. Cognitive Neuroscience. Criminal and Forensic Psychology. Developmental Psychology. Educational Psychology. Evolutionary Psychology. Health Psychology. History and Systems in Psychology. Music Psychology. Organizational Psychology. Psychological Assessment and Testing. Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction. Psychology Professional Development and Training. Research Methods in Psychology. Social Psychology. Social Sciences. Anthropology of Religion. Human Evolution. Medical Anthropology. Physical Anthropology. Regional Anthropology. Social and Cultural Anthropology. Theory and Practice of Anthropology. Business and Management. Business Strategy. Business Ethics. Business History. Business and Government. Business and Technology. Business and the Environment. Comparative Management. Corporate Governance. Corporate Social Responsibility. Health Management. Human Resource Management. Industrial and Employment Relations. Industry Studies. Information and Communication Technologies. International Business. Knowledge Management. Management and Management Techniques. Operations Management. Organizational Theory and Behaviour. Pensions and Pension Management. Public and Nonprofit Management. Social Issues in Business and Management. Strategic Management. Supply Chain Management. Criminology and Criminal Justice. Criminal Justice. Forms of Crime. International and Comparative Criminology. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. Development Studies. Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics. Asian Economics. Behavioural Finance. Behavioural Economics and Neuroeconomics. Econometrics and Mathematical Economics. Economic Systems. Economic History. Economic Methodology. Economic Development and Growth. Financial Markets. Financial Institutions and Services. General Economics and Teaching. Health, Education, and Welfare. History of Economic Thought. International Economics. Labour and Demographic Economics. Law and Economics. Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics. Public Economics. Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics. Welfare Economics. Adult Education and Continuous Learning. Care and Counselling of Students. Early Childhood and Elementary Education. Educational Equipment and Technology. Educational Strategies and Policy. Higher and Further Education. Organization and Management of Education. Philosophy and Theory of Education. Schools Studies. Secondary Education. Teaching of a Specific Subject. Teaching Skills and Techniques. Applied Ecology Social Science. Climate Change. Conservation of the Environment Social Science. Environmentalist Thought and Ideology Social Science. Natural Disasters Environment. Pollution and Threats to the Environment Social Science. Human Geography. Cultural Geography. Economic Geography. Political Geography. Interdisciplinary Studies. Communication Studies. Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences. African Politics. Asian Politics. Chinese Politics. Comparative Politics. Conflict Politics. Elections and Electoral Studies. Environmental Politics. Ethnic Politics. European Union. Foreign Policy. Gender and Politics. Human Rights and Politics. Indian Politics. International Relations. International Organization Politics. Irish Politics. Latin American Politics. Middle Eastern Politics. Political Methodology. Political Communication. Political Philosophy. Political Sociology. Political Behaviour. Political Economy. Political Institutions. Political Theory. Politics and Law. Politics of Development. Public Administration. Public Policy. Qualitative Political Methodology. Quantitative Political Methodology. Regional Political Studies. Russian Politics. Security Studies. State and Local Government. UK Politics. US Politics. Regional and Area Studies. African Studies. Asian Studies. East Asian Studies. Japanese Studies. Latin American Studies. Middle Eastern Studies. Native American Studies. Scottish Studies. Research and Information. Research Methods. Social Work. Addictions and Substance Misuse. Adoption and Fostering. Care of the Elderly. Child and Adolescent Social Work. Couple and Family Social Work. Direct Practice and Clinical Social Work. Emergency Services. Human Behaviour and the Social Environment. International and Global Issues in Social Work. Mental and Behavioural Health. Social Justice and Human Rights. Social Policy and Advocacy. Social Work and Crime and Justice. Social Work Macro Practice. Social Work Practice Settings. Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice. Welfare and Benefit Systems. Childhood Studies. Community Development. Comparative and Historical Sociology. Disability Studies. Economic Sociology. Gender and Sexuality. Gerontology and Ageing. Health, Illness, and Medicine. Marriage and the Family. Migration Studies. Occupations, Professions, and Work. Population and Demography. Race and Ethnicity. Social Theory. Social Movements and Social Change. Social Research and Statistics. Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility. Sociology of Religion. Sociology of Education. Sport and Leisure. Urban and Rural Studies. Warfare and Defence. Defence Strategy, Planning, and Research. Land Forces and Warfare. Military Administration. Military Life and Institutions. Naval Forces and Warfare. Other Warfare and Defence Issues. Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution. Weapons and Equipment. Browse all content Browse content in. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Published online:. Published in print:. Search in this book. Expand Front Matter. Copyright Page. List of Figure. List of Images. List of Tables. List of Maps. Technical Note. List of Acronyms. Expand Part I Understanding Islamism. Expand End Matter. Appendix Qualitative Research Method and Sources. Kathleen Collins Kathleen Collins. Oxford Academic. Google Scholar. Annotate Cite Icon Cite. Permissions Icon Permissions. Select Format Select format. Abstract Chapter 3 examines the consequences of Soviet persecution of Islam from onward and argues that fluctuations in this persecution motivated and enabled nascent Islamic mobilization by the last quarter of the twentieth century. Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online. Politicizing Islam in Central Asia. Kathleen Collins, Oxford University Press. DOI: You do not currently have access to this chapter. Sign in Get help with access. Institutional access Sign in through your institution Sign in through your institution. Get help with access Institutional access Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: IP based access Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Sign in through your institution Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Click Sign in through your institution. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. Sign in with a library card Enter your library card number to sign in. Society Members Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways: Sign in through society site Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Sign in using a personal account Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Personal account A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Viewing your signed in accounts Click the account icon in the top right to: View your signed in personal account and access account management features. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Signed in but can't access content Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. Institutional account management For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Purchase Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. Purchasing information. Total Views More from Oxford Academic. Authoring Open access Purchasing Institutional account management Rights and permissions. Get help with access Accessibility Contact us Advertising Media enquiries.

Cheap Flights from Tashkent to Saratov

Qurghonteppa buying ganja

Browse through the actions below to better understand what's needed to improve conditions for cyclists and grow ridership. To see a customized action plan of the top 10 measures your city can take to rapidly grow cycling, enter your city below and click Customize. There is perhaps no better way to rapidly grow bicycle ridership than to invest in a safe, connected network of bicycle infrastructure. Improving policies and building awareness does play a role; however, without safe spaces to ride, there is little hope for cycling to become a realistic transportation option. Overall, actions are weighted according to their relative impact in terms of expanding access, security, safety, and awareness of cycling, as described in our methodology. Actions were also given a score for time and cost to implement. These scores can help to compare individual actions, and to prioritize action plans according to different criteria. In some cases, actions included in a plan may already be implemented, but could be improved upon. Your action plan displays the top 10 measures your city can take to improve conditions for cyclists and grow ridership in the short term, while devising a more comprehensive, long-term approach to support cycling as a viable transportation mode. Overall, actions are weighted according to their relative impact in terms of expanding access, security, safety, and awareness of cycling as described in our methodology. Bicycle infrastructure, which includes protected and unprotected cycle lanes, neighborhood greenways, low-speed streets, and protected intersections, should be implemented as part of a connected network, designed to ensure that cyclists have various safe route options between destinations. Much the same as sidewalks, cycle lanes should be well lit, both to ensure cyclists are visible to one another and drivers, and to create an environment where people commuting by bicycle feel safe regardless of the time of day. Cycle lanes should also be maintained over time—particularly to minimize damage from potholes or other road quality issues—and should include features that reflect city conditions i. To improve the safety and visibility of cyclists on major roads, protected bicycle lanes— which use planters, parked cars, posts, or curbs to physically separate cyclists from vehicle—are preferred. Protected lanes have been linked to an increase in ridership, and can help to decrease bicycle crashes and injuries. Related street design treatments could also play a role. For example, filtered permeability allows through-access for pedestrians and cyclists but restricts through-access for vehicles. This can be achieved through a physical closure using bollards or curbs, through the creation of one-way streets for vehicles two-way for cyclists , or through signage. Similarly, completely pedestrianizing certain streets frees up space for non-car modes, and for other uses like green space. These alternatives ensure that walking, cycling, and taking public transit become the fastest, most convenient modes for the majority of trips. Protected cycle lanes are critical for cyclist safety, and the increased safety that comes from a network of protected lanes, as opposed to disconnected lanes, can seriously encourage ridership 1. Compared to moving through a full, often arduous design process, quick-build lanes implement an intermediate design using non-permanent materials. This helps build near-term public support for cycling infrastructure, allowing people to directly experience safety improvements as opposed to theorizing their benefits. Where this worked: The most well-known example of a quick-build cycle lane network is in Seville, Spain. A local cyclist advocacy group known as A Contramano contributed to proposals for the design of the cycle lane network. In just two years, Seville built a connected km network of fully separated cycle lanes, and completed 43 additional kilometers by Many of the bidirectional lanes were converted from on-street parking spaces. Intersections are typically where cyclists feel most vulnerable, and unsafe intersections that force vehicles and cyclists to merge into a shared lane or cross lanes to turn have caused cyclist deaths 1. A variety of treatments can be implemented at intersections to make cyclists more visible to drivers and reduce instances of mixing. These treatments can be relatively inexpensive, such as extending painted cycle lanes through intersections for added visibility or adding painted bicycle boxes in front of waiting traffic. Others, albeit more expensive and complex, such as installing and integrating bicycle-specific traffic signals, or fully protected intersections that allow cyclists to navigate through the intersection without having to mix with vehicle traffic, can offer additional protection. This approach, implemented most notably in a few cities in the Netherlands, can be particularly attractive if protected lanes are being planned for or already exist on intersecting roads 2. Bikeshare systems have been effective in addressing myriad barriers to cycling, notably concerns about cost, bicycle theft, storage, and maintenance, as well as in helping facilitate one-way bicycle trips. Bikeshare has also been successful at introducing people to urban cycling for commuting as well as recreational purposes, and has been combined with citywide efforts to shift mode share away from private cars for short trips. Ensuring that bikeshare is accessible to all—through requirements that operators provide alternatives for people without smartphones, strong internet access, and credit cards, as well as through equitable distribution of bicycles and stations—is a critical element of successful system design. Over the past decade, bikeshare systems have diversified to meet the needs of people making many different types of trips. Private bikeshare operator, Zagster, offers a cargo tricycle which can be integrated into any Zagster bikeshare fleet. Tandem, cargo, and other alternate bicycle types meet specific needs that traditional bikeshare may not, and these are typically more expensive to purchase for personal use. GPS-enabled dockless bikeshare systems eliminate the need for expensive station infrastructure and present opportunities for scaling bikeshare to achieve better systemwide coverage and performance. Dockless bicycles may also be preferable for trip chaining, since they do not have to be locked at a station. Cities entering into partnerships with private companies offering dockless bikeshare should carefully consider resource and staffing needs to design and manage the program, particularly if multiple operators are providing service. Where this worked: In , Mexico City launched the largest public bikeshare system in Latin America, Ecobici, with more than 1, bicycles and 85 stations. Ecobici has since undergone multiple expansions and now includes stations in 55 neighborhoods, as well as 6, bicycles. Pedal assist electric bicycles were added to the system in The strategy also included investments in infrastructure, bicycle parking, a weekly Open Streets event, and other community rides and outreach 1. Electric bikeshare has been growing in popularity since Pedal-assist electric bicycles have been integrated into existing public bikeshare systems in Paris, Barcelona, Mexico City, and other cities, and are also offered by privately-financed bikeshare operators. Some cities have implemented fully electric bikeshare systems. The battery-powered boost offered by pedal-assist bicycles can be attractive to riders in hilly cities, cities with high average temperatures, and those with destinations far from one another. Pedal-assist bikeshare can also appeal to commuters who do not want to get sweaty while traveling to work or change clothes when they arrive. Other electric micromobility modes, such as standing electric scooters, can provide similar benefits when offered as part of shared schemes. E-bikeshare may pose additional costs to public bikeshare systems because the bicycles are more expensive and stations may need to be replaced or retrofitted with charging capabilities. However, research indicates that electric bicycles and e-scooters may be attractive to people who would not consider riding a pedal bicycle, indicating a greater opportunity for mode shift and related benefits. Cities crosscut by waterways present an inherent challenge for cyclists. Bridges built for vehicles to cross such waterways are often uncomfortable and difficult to traverse on a bicycle, with cyclists often forced to share lanes with cars or dismount and walk. Adapting the built environment by retrofitting existing bridges can improve comfort and safety for cyclists. Similarly, in cities where pedestrian flyovers are common, like Guangzhou and Kuala Lumpur, or with neighborhoods connected by pedestrian stairs, like Rio de Janeiro and Beirut, installing wheel ramps on these structures can make navigating them with a bicycle easier. While bicycle riders will likely still need to dismount, wheel ramps ensure that riders do not need to carry their bicycle to use a flyover or pedestrian staircase. Wheel ramps on rail station stairs can make bicycle-train trips easier to facilitate as well. While car-free bridges may not be feasible in many locations, retrofitting existing bridges to improve comfort and safety for cyclists could encourage use and improve connectivity. Bicycle parking and storage facilities provide convenience, safety, and security for cyclists. Adequate bicycle parking—located in well-lit areas with moderate pedestrian traffic—especially at or near transportation hubs and other central destinations, can significantly reduce the risk of bicycle theft and may encourage people to consider purchasing their own bicycle. Research shows a link between areas with denser bicycle rack concentrations and higher bicycle ridership 1. Parking should accommodate non-traditional bicycles, like three-wheelers and cargo bikes, when possible. Since bicycle parking is typically in high demand around key destinations, such as schools, transit stations, and commercial or employment centers, one method of increasing the volume of bicycle parking is to incentivize developers to install bicycle parking—both traditional bicycle racks and indoor bicycle storage—as part of new and renovated developments. In Copenhagen, for example, new developments are required to include bicycle parking that meets a set of minimum requirements. Establishing a citywide standard for the design and placement of bicycle racks can help reduce the time and resources spent analyzing each installation individually. Finally, siting self-service bicycle repair stations, which typically provide a free air pump and tools for basic repairs, near bicycle parking facilities can help to ease concerns about riders experiencing unexpected maintenance issues. Premium bicycle parking, including covered parking, secured facilities, and rentable lockers improve on standard bicycle racks by offering additional protection from the weather and theft. Made almost entirely of metal, bicycles rust when left exposed to rain or snow, and rusty bicycle chains can make for an unpleasant riding experience. For this reason, covered bicycle parking made available at high-volume destinations, like schools, museums, commercial districts, and tourist attractions, can make cycling a more attractive option, especially in cities where precipitation is common. Secure parking facilities for bicycles, common in the Netherlands and Japan, operate like parking garages, providing covered storage and the security of an attendant. Alternatively, some cities, including Paris, offer rentable lockers for long-term bicycle parking. This can be particularly helpful in areas where people may not have space in their homes or apartments to store a bicycle. Rentable bicycle lockers could also be installed at rail stations, as is the case in Washington, DC, to encourage cycling as a first-last mile solution. Amending state or municipal codes to include clear penalties for vehicle violations that put cyclists at increased risk, such as not observing speed limits, parking in bicycle lanes, or close-passing, can improve interactions between cyclists and drivers by providing legal protections for cyclists should a crash occur. Unclear ordinances regarding rights-of-way and yielding lead to confusion and unsafe conditions for vulnerable road users like cyclists. Many bicycle crashes occur when cars try to pass cyclists too closely. Adopting safe passing laws for vehicles—which typically require drivers to leave one meter of space when passing a cyclist—can help to reduce this aggressive driving practice and improve safety for cyclists. Funding and support should also be designated for safe passing enforcement. In , the UK passed a law banning the practice of close-passing. In addition to the new law, the government will offer additional training to driving instructors to ensure that cyclist safety is at the forefront when conducting lessons with new drivers. Police forces have additional funding to cite drivers for not complying with the close-passing ban. Bicycle master plans describe a long-range strategy for making cycling a viable transportation option in a city, region, or country. These plans often go beyond the commitment—albeit critical—to build bicycle infrastructure. A successful bicycle master plan should include a strategy for improving bicycle access, advancing infrastructure, with an emphasis on designing, connecting, and expanding bicycle routes, as well as fostering a safe, secure environment for cycling. Bicycle master plans must also take the existing city conditions, including current land use and climate, into account. Considerations for how proposed projects within the plan will be financed, as well as draft budgets, should be included. Where this worked: Before , it had been almost 30 years since Washington, DC had updated its official bicycle plan. Before updating the plan, officials from the District Department of Transportation DDOT traveled to Amsterdam and Copenhagen to better understand how to develop a culture more friendly to cycling. The main takeaway was to treat cycling as an activity for everyone, rather than a specialized hobby for everyone else to drive around 1. The plan includes three main goals: improving and expanding facilities; adopting cycle-friendly policies; and ramping up education, awareness and enforcement. If capacity does not exist, or there is low political will in government to develop plans for growing cycling, a working group could convene public and private sector stakeholders to identify policy priorities. For example, after identifying cycling as a strategy to reduce congestion and harmful greenhouse gas emissions, Toulouse, France developed a cycle working group that consisted of the city, the public transport authority and operator, and regional representatives. The working group focused on developing a guide to promote cycling, and on introducing a bikeshare system. Similarly, bicycle advisory committees BACs are made up of city residents appointed by a local government body to advise the latter on bicycle planning and policies, and can be useful to better understand cyclist concerns. Because they are part of the government structure, BACs can improve transparency and ensure meaningful public input on emerging projects. Financial incentives can help to promote the purchase and use of bicycles. Extending these benefits to employees who cycle to work could help to encourage commuting by bicycle by offsetting costs associated with purchasing and maintaining a personal bicycle. Since late , Bari, Italy has been operating a mileage reimbursement pilot that credits participating cyclists not only for kilometers cycled to and from work, but for non-commuting bicycle trips as well, albeit at a lower rate per kilometer. Offering subsidies or rebates can help mitigate some of the financial burden of purchasing a bicycle, particularly in places without a strong bikeshare system. High bicycle prices in many countries are often due to high import taxes or value added taxes VAT. To foster a safe cycling environment, cities need to invest resources into training enforcement officers to cite driving behaviors that are dangerous to cyclists, such as close-passing, and ensure that parked vehicles and other obstacles do not block cycle lanes. Cities should develop training programs that introduce enforcement officers to common safety concerns of cyclists, and frame these concerns with specific data on bicycle crashes and injuries. Further, enforcement officers on bicycles as opposed to vehicles could lead to a better understanding of cycling conditions. Officers on bicycles may also be able to address safety issues in real time or respond more quickly to reports and incidents. Additionally, efforts already in place to keep designated bus lanes clear, such as dedicated tow-truck enforcement teams, could be expanded to cycle lanes. Traffic cameras could also help to ensure that unprotected cycle lanes remain clear of parked vehicles by photographing the license plates of and ticketing vehicles driving or parking in cycle lanes. Seoul implemented a similar program to address the issue of private vehicles using bus-only lanes. Monitoring cycle lanes and issuing tickets for parking violations will help to establish norms for drivers not to block these lanes. Lower vehicle speeds have been consistently linked to reductions in fatal crashes, particularly between vehicles and cyclists. Reduced speeds can be implemented two ways: a lowering posted speed limits and enforcing them or b self-enforcing street design. The design of self-enforcing roads encourages drivers to comply with posted speed limits because of traffic-calming elements and heightened awareness of the presence of cyclists and pedestrians. Traffic-calming measures can include roundabouts and narrowed lanes, while awareness of cyclists and pedestrians can be improved through raised or painted intersection crossings, curb extensions or bulb-outs, or more frequent intersection crossings. Self-enforcing street designs may also be useful in cities where corruption i. Zero emission zones, which ban all non-electric vehicles from entering, can help improve cycling conditions because they can lengthen trip times for the majority of cars, making driving less convenient. This could shift people away from cars for some trips. Fewer high-polluting vehicles on streets in low or zero emission zones also increases safety, air quality, and comfort for cyclists and pedestrians. Mandated parking minimums, which require developers to provide vehicle parking regardless of whether it is needed or used, result in valuable urban space wasted on parked cars—or the potential for parked cars. Parking minimums increase the cost of housing, reduce density, and limit overall mobility. In addition to freeing up space for housing and other critical uses, reducing or eliminating parking minimums, adopting parking maximums as was done in Mexico City in and increasing the price of on-street parking to reflect the true cost of that space are all reforms that could indirectly encourage mode shift to non-car alternatives. In early , Rio de Janeiro reduced parking requirements from one space per housing unit to 0. The reform also removed parking minimums for housing units within meters of a transit stop. Freed-up space that had been reserved for on-street parking can be reallocated to infrastructure that supports cycling and walking, making streetscapes more comfortable for non-car modes. Parking and the City Donald Shoup. Congestion pricing has two direct outcomes: a making drivers more aware of the true costs of driving during peak periods, and b encouraging drivers to substitute driving during peak periods with making that trip at a different time or using a different transportation mode. Congestion pricing disincentivizes single-occupancy vehicle trips and shifts travelers to non-car modes not subject to the congestion charge, like cycling, walking, and public transit. Thus, congestion pricing requires strong and competitive alternatives to driving—namely, frequent transit and safe, comfortable cycling and walking routes—that can adequately support those who choose not to or cannot afford to pay the congestion charge. Revenues generated from congestion pricing can be designated to cycling and walking infrastructure and related improvements. However, congestion pricing requires a high level of political will and stakeholder buy-in, which could be barriers to its implementation. Historically, gasoline and other fuel taxes have funded transportation infrastructure improvements like roadway maintenance. However, in many places, these taxes have not been increased in decades and do not accurately reflect the negative impacts of heavy vehicle use; the federal gas tax in the United States has not been raised since the early s, although certain states have raised state gas taxes since then 1. Increasing fuel taxes can disincentivize private vehicle use and encourage a shift to cycling, walking, or public transit where available, especially for short and non-essential trips. Revenues from fuel taxes can also support pedestrian and cycling infrastructure projects, as has been done in Colorado where local governments have the option to apply gas tax revenues to any transit project including active transportation and other states 2. However, research shows that fuel taxes can disproportionately affect lower-income groups, who may not be able to substitute a less expensive mode or trip in response to a fuel tax increase 3. Concerns also arise around the impact on fuel tax revenues of a societal shift away from gasoline-powered vehicles in favor of hybrid and electric vehicles. In many places, not knowing how to ride a bicycle is a major deterrent to choosing cycling as a transportation mode. Learn to ride programs held at community centers or other local locations that teach people how to ride a bicycle can help address this gap. Women-only classes, family classes, or classes offered in different languages can help reach residents who may be wary to learn to ride. In the Netherlands and Belgium, learn-to-ride classes offered by a local nonprofit are available for immigrants 1. Offering cycling lessons in public schools, as is done in many places, including Portland and Washington, DC, is a long-term strategy to create a constituency of confident bicycle riders. Mexico City hosts an annual Summer Bicycle School, held in community locations such as the Historical Center of Mexico City, the Chapultepec Forest, and the Aragon, which has trained over 30, people of all ages. In addition to educating students on cycling, Tamil Nadu, in southern India, provides students at government schools with free bicycles. Additionally, not knowing how to fix minor mechanical issues can prevent people from cycling regularly. Accessing bicycle maintenance shops can be difficult for many cyclists, especially those living in cities without a strong cycling culture. Encouraging bicycle maintenance workshops or stands at community events to introduce riders to basic bicycle maintenance procedures, such as rust removal or brake tightening, could help riders feel more confident knowing they can address minor mechanical issues themselves. From to , the Ministry implemented a cycling master plan that quadrupled the number of cycle tracks, but failed to attract female riders. Macleta Women on Bikes , a local NGO in Santiago, discovered that few women knew how to ride and many were afraid to use bicycles in the city. One major aspect of bicycle security is understanding where and how to properly lock up a bicycle. Public education campaigns that explain the benefits and risks of various lock types and locking techniques could decrease bicycle theft, boost revenue at local bicycle shops selling locks, and increase bicycle security overall. This method of opening car doors, which involves reaching across the body to open the door with the far hand, forces people to turn their bodies and look out the window, ensuring that no cyclists are approaching, before opening the door. Incentive programs that encourage riders to register their bicycles with local police may reduce instances of bicycle theft. Unlike bicycle licensing, which typically carries a fee and implies that cyclists should pay for their use of street space, the goal of bicycle registration incentive programs should not be to raise revenue. There should not be a penalty for cyclists who choose not to register their bicycles. Instead, riders should be encouraged to register their bicycles so that police can more easily track stolen bicycles back to their owners. Bicycle registration programs are popular on university campuses, where bicycle thefts can be common. For decades, car-free day events have encouraged people to go about their day without relying on a personal vehicle, generating awareness around the use and benefits of car alternatives like biking, walking, and public transit, particularly for short trips. Car-free days can increase both pedestrian and cycling activity and safety by restricting cars on major roads or throughout the entire city. While many cities hold an annual car-free day, like Paris, which closes an 8-km stretch from the Arc de Triomphe to the Place de la Nation once every year, some cities hold weekly or monthly events limiting car traffic. Where this worked: More than just getting people out of their cars for one day, open streets events can be useful in institutionalizing political commitment to expand cycling and pedestrian activity. These types of projects, which have been implemented in cities around the world, can be useful in building public support for cycling infrastructure by allowing people to directly experience safety improvements as opposed to theorizing their benefits. Often, easy-to-acquire materials like paint, planters, cones, or street furniture can transform a streetscape in a matter of hours. For example, at a busy roundabout intersection in Cairo, ITDP and UN-Habitat set up a live demonstration of bicycle lanes and widened pedestrian refuge islands using cones. Traffic continued to make its way through the intersection without noticeable slow-downs 1. It is important, however, to focus pilots on large enough corridors or service areas to generate observable behavior change and to have a plan to implement successful pilots and interventions permanently. Critical mass rides have taken place in cities around the world, and typically draw large groups of cyclists to respond to social movements or to support better conditions for cycling. Critical mass rides are a way for cyclists to claim space on the street and raise awareness. Similarly, group or community rides can also focus on activism, aiming to help people become more comfortable cycling in cities where they may feel otherwise unsafe on a bicycle. For example, in Johannesburg, where many streets remain unpaved and drivers are often unconcerned about the safety of cyclists, an informal group of cyclists has begun organizing group rides to improve cyclist comfort and driver awareness. Community rides can also help to connect people with others like them who also have an interest in cycling all-female group rides, elderly rides, family rides, etc. Group ride participants may go on to do further work in the community to advocate for the interests of cyclists. In response, cycling advocates joined together to show that there was, in fact, demand for a cycle-friendly city. In , Critical Mass Budapest formed to promote cycling as a healthy, fast, inexpensive and environmentally friendly mode of transport, and to encourage the local population to use their bicycles for transportation, not just for recreation or sports. Critical Mass Budapest organized ride in less than two weeks that attracted more than 4, people. The number of people cycling daily in Budapest doubled for three years in a row after , a virtually unmatched rate of growth. Since then, a Critical Mass demonstration has taken place twice each year on Earth Day and Car-Free Day , growing to an estimated , participants in Critical Mass Budapest organizers cited the turnout at critical mass rides to demand political action and increase municipal budget allocations for cycling improvements. As a result, the Hungarian parliament formed a cycling faction with representatives from all political parties. This decision was made with a unanimous vote, and the efforts of Critical Mass Budapest were a discussion topic at the parliamentary session. Bicycle parking is another area that awareness-building campaigns could highlight. It is important that cyclists are aware of bicycle parking locations throughout the city; not knowing if there is bicycle parking at a desired location can be a deterrent to making that trip by bicycle. Strengthening wayfinding signage will also help to alert cyclists to preferred bicycle routes, and ensure that drivers are aware of these routes. Directional signs can help cyclists identify bicycle-friendly routes, as well as alert cyclists to nearby transit connections or landmarks. The page you are trying to access is part of the City Assessment tool. Click on City Assessment in the left navigation menu to start at the beginning. Action Plan Browse through the actions below to better understand what's needed to improve conditions for cyclists and grow ridership. Time to implement T Cost to implement C 1 Action can be implemented quickly 6 months or less 1 Action can be implemented at low or no cost to city 2 Action can be implemented in the near term 6 months to 2 years 2 Action can be implemented at moderate upfront cost to city 3 Action can be implemented in the long term more than 2 years 3 Action carries high upfront cost to city. Cost Impact Time. Download as PDF. Design complete streets Action Type: Infrastructure Redesign vehicle-dominated streets as complete streets that prioritize safe cycling and walking. Quick-build protected cycle lanes Action Type: Infrastructure Design and implement a quick-build network of protected cycle lanes Prioritize low-cost, flexible interventions to demonstrate the benefits of safe cycling infrastructure in the near term. The case of Seville. Intersection treatments Action Type: Infrastructure Extend painted cycle lanes through intersections Paint bicycle boxes in front of stopped traffic at intersections Install bicycle traffic signals Integrate fully protected intersection designs into plans for protected cycle lanes. E-bikeshare Action Type: Infrastructure Create an e-bikeshare system or add e-bikes to existing bikeshare Consider potential to attract new users with e-bikes, and potential operating cost increases. Built environment adaptations Action Type: Infrastructure Add protected bicycle lanes to bridges during scheduled maintenance Install or retrofit wheel ramps on pedestrian stairs Build car-free bridges. Improve bicycle parking Action Type: Infrastructure Adopt a citywide standard for bicycle parking design and placement Install public bicycle parking Implement development incentives for installing bicycle parking and indoor storage. Municipal code amendments to extend legal protection to cyclists Action Type: Policy Establish clear penalties for violations that put cyclists at risk. Clarify rights of way and proper yielding of lanes. Safe passing laws for vehicles Action Type: Policy Adopt safe passing laws Designate funding and training for safe pass enforcement. Bicycle master plan and funding Action Type: Policy Develop a bicycle master plan Develop a budget to support bicycle master plan implementation. Cycling advisory committee or working group Action Type: Policy Form a multi-stakeholder cycling advisory committee. Financial incentives for cyclists Action Type: Policy Extend commuter tax benefits or rebates to employees who cycle to work Subsidize purchase of a bicycle. Review import tariffs on bicycles Action Type: Policy Eliminate or reduce import tariffs on bicycles and e-bikes. Reduce vehicle speeds Action Type: Policy Establish and enforce low speed limits for vehicles Implement traffic-calming infrastructure for self-enforcement. Vehicle parking policies Action Type: Policy Reduce or eliminate off-street vehicle parking minimums Adopt vehicle parking maximums Adopt bicycle parking minimums. Congestion pricing Action Type: Policy Implement a charge for single-occupancy vehicle trips Designate revenues to support cycling and walking infrastructure improvements. Fuel taxes Action Type: Policy Increase taxes on gasoline and other dirty motor fuels Direct fuel tax revenues to support cycling and pedestrian projects. Cycling education Action Type: Education and Awareness-building Establish public learn to ride classes Implement cycling lessons for children in public schools Partner with local mechanics to offer workshops at public events. Bicycle registration incentives Action Type: Education and Awareness-building Provide incentives to encourage bicycle registration. Car-free days Action Type: Education and Awareness-building Implement an annual, monthly, or weekly car-free day. Infrastructure pilots Action Type: Education and Awareness-building Demonstrate the benefits of cycling infrastructure using low-cost, temporary interventions. Critical mass and group rides Action Type: Education and Awareness-building Provide support for critical mass rides Organize group rides to build cycling awareness. Head's up The page you are trying to access is part of the City Assessment tool.

Qurghonteppa buying ganja