Public Private Protected

Public Private Protected

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The private protected keyword combination is a member access modifier. A private protected member is accessible by types derived from the containing class, but only within its containing assembly. For a comparison of private protected with the other access modifiers, see Accessibility Levels .
The private protected access modifier is valid in C# version 7.2 and later.
A private protected member of a base class is accessible from derived types in its containing assembly only if the static type of the variable is the derived class type. For example, consider the following code segment:
This example contains two files, Assembly1.cs and Assembly2.cs .
The first file contains a public base class, BaseClass , and a type derived from it, DerivedClass1 . BaseClass owns a private protected member, myValue , which DerivedClass1 tries to access in two ways. The first attempt to access myValue through an instance of BaseClass will produce an error. However, the attempt to use it as an inherited member in DerivedClass1 will succeed.
In the second file, an attempt to access myValue as an inherited member of DerivedClass2 will produce an error, as it is only accessible by derived types in Assembly1.
If Assembly1.cs contains an InternalsVisibleToAttribute that names Assembly2 , the derived class DerivedClass2 will have access to private protected members declared in BaseClass . InternalsVisibleTo makes private protected members visible to derived classes in other assemblies.
Struct members cannot be private protected because the struct cannot be inherited.
For more information, see the C# Language Specification . The language specification is the definitive source for C# syntax and usage.

Data hiding is one of the important features of Object Oriented Programming which allows preventing the functions of a program to access directly the internal representation of a class type. The access restriction to the class members is specified by the labeled access modifiers − public, private, and protected sections within the class body.
The default access for members and classes is private.
A public member is accessible from anywhere outside the class but within a program. You can set and get the value of public variables without any member.
A private member variable or function cannot be accessed, or even viewed from outside the class. Only the class and friend functions can access private members.
A protected member variable or function is very similar to a private member but it provided one additional benefit that they can be accessed in child classes which are called derived classes.
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In this tutorial, we will learn to use public, protected and private inheritance in C++ with the help of examples.
In C++ inheritance , we can derive a child class from the base class in different access modes. For example,
Notice the keyword public in the code
This means that we have created a derived class from the base class in public mode . Alternatively, we can also derive classes in protected or private modes.
These 3 keywords ( public , protected , and private ) are known as access specifiers in C++ inheritance.
public , protected, and private inheritance have the following features:
Note: private members of the base class are inaccessible to the derived class.
Here, we have derived PublicDerived from Base in public mode .
Since private and protected members are not accessible from main() , we need to create public functions getPVT() and getProt() to access them:
Notice that the getPVT() function has been defined inside Base . But the getProt() function has been defined inside PublicDerived .
This is because pvt , which is private in Base , is inaccessible to PublicDerived .
However, prot is accessible to PublicDerived due to public inheritance. So, getProt() can access the protected variable from within PublicDerived .
Here, we have derived ProtectedDerived from Base in protected mode .
As we know, protected members cannot be directly accessed from outside the class. As a result, we cannot use getPVT() from ProtectedDerived .
That is also why we need to create the getPub() function in ProtectedDerived in order to access the pub variable.
Here, we have derived PrivateDerived from Base in private mode .
As we know, private members cannot be directly accessed from outside the class. As a result, we cannot use getPVT() from PrivateDerived .
That is also why we need to create the getPub() function in PrivateDerived in order to access the pub variable.
C++ friend Function and friend Classes
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Yes (inherited as protected variables)
Yes (inherited as private variables)
Yes (inherited as private variables)

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Public vs Protected vs Package vs Private Access Modifier in Java
Difficulty Level :
Easy Last Updated :
02 Mar, 2022
// Java program to showcase the example
    public void m1() { System.out.println( "GFG" ); }
    public static void main(String[] args)
        // creating an object of type class A
        // accessing the method m1()
// Java program to showcase the example
    // declaring a protected method m1()
    protected void m1() { System.out.println( "GFG" ); }
// creating a child class by extending the class A
    public static void main(String[] args)
        // creating an object of parent class
        // creating an object of child class
        // creating an object of child class
// Java program to showcase the example
    private void m1() { System.out.println( "GFG" ); }
    public static void main(String[] args)
        // creating an object of type class A
        // accessing the method m1()
// Java Program to illustrate Package Level Access Modifier
    // Declaring default variables that is
    // To declare a default method
        // Concatenation of strings
    public static void main(String[] args)
        // Creating an object of main class(GFG)
        // Calling method1 using class instance
        // and printing the concatenation of strings
        System.out.println(g.fullName());
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Whenever we are writing our classes we have to provide some information about our classes to the JVM like whether this class can be accessible from anywhere or not, whether child class creation is possible or not, whether object creation is possible or not etc. we can specify this information by using an appropriate keyword in java called access modifiers. So access modifiers are used to set accessibility of classes, methods, and other members.
Modifier 1: Public Access Modifiers
If a class is declared as public then we can access that class from anywhere.
In the below example we are creating a package pack1 inside that package we declare a class A which is public and inside that class, we declare a method m1 which is also public. Now we create another package pack2 and inside that pack2 we import pack1 and declare a class B and in class B’s main method we create an object of type class A and trying to access the data of method m1.
Compiling and saving the above code by using the below command line:
If class A is not public while compiling B class we will get a compile-time error saying pack1. A is not public in pack1 and can’t be accessed from the outside package.
Similarly, a member or method, or interface is declared as public as we can access that member from anywhere.
Modifier 2: Protected Access Modifier
This modifier can be applied to the data member, method, and constructor, but this modifier can’t be applied to the top-level classes and interface.
A member is declared as protected as we can access that member only within the current package but only in the child class of the outside package.
In the above example, we create three objects using parent reference and child reference and call m1() method on it, and it successfully executed so from the above example we can say that we can access the protected method within the current package anywhere either by using parent reference or by child reference.
Modifier 3: Private Access Modifiers
This modifier is not applicable for top-level classes or interfaces. It is only applicable to constructors, methods, and fields inside the classes.
If a variable or methods or constructor is declared as private then we can access them only from within the class i.e from outside the class we can’t access them.
Modifier 4: Package(Default) Access Modifier
A class or method or variable declare without any access modifier then is considered that it has a package(default)access modifier The default modifier act as public within the same package and acts as private outside the package. If a class is declared as default then we can access that class only within the current package i.e from the outside package we can’t access it. Hence, the default access modifier is also known as the package–level access modifier. A similar rule also applies for variables and methods in java.
Finally, after getting it done with all four access modifiers let us conclude the evident differences between them
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This modifier is applicable for both top-level classes and interfaces.
This modifier is not applicable for both top-level classes and interfaces.
This modifier is not applicable for both top-level classes and interfaces.
This modifier is applicable for both top-level classes and interfaces.
Public members can be accessed from the child class of the same package.
Private members cannot be accessed from the child class of the same package.
Protected members can be accessed from the child class of the same package.
Package members can be accessed from the child class of the same package.
Public member can be accessed from non-child classes of the same package.
Private members cannot be accessed from non-child classes of the same package.
Protected member can be accessed from non-child classes of the same package.
Package member can be accessed from non-child class of the same package.
Public members can be accessed from the child class of outside package.
Private members cannot be accessed from the child class of outside package.
Protected members can be accessed from the child class of the outside package, but we should use child reference only.
Package members cannot be accessed from the child class of outside package.
Public members can be accessed from non-child class of outside package.
Private members cannot be accessed from non-child class of outside package.
Protected members cannot be accessed from the non-child class of outside package.
Package members cannot be accessed from non-child class of outside package.
Public modifier is the most accessible modifier among all modifiers.
Private modifier is the most restricted modifier among all modifiers.
Protected modifier is more accessible than the package and private modifier but less accessible than public modifier.
Package modifier is more restricted than the public and protected modifier but less restricted than the private modifier.

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