Private And Public Law
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Private And Public Law
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the area of law. For a "public law" in the United States, see Act of Congress . For the journal, see Public Law (journal) . For all other uses, see Public law (disambiguation) .
This article includes a list of general references , but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
^ Jump up to: a b Elizabeth A. Martin (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Law (7th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198607563 .
^ Jump up to: a b Forcese, Craig; Dodek, Adam; Bryant, Philip; Carver, Peter; Haigh, Richard; Liston, Mary; MacIntosh, Constance (2015). Public Law: Cases, Commentary and Analysis (Third ed.). Toronto, ON: Emond Montgomery Publishing Ltd. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-55239-664-3 .
^ Cherednychenko, Olha. Fundamental Rights, Contract Law, and Protection of the Weaker Party . Utrecht, Netherlands: Utrecht University Institute for Legal Studies. p. 21. hdl : 1874/20945 .
^ Justinian; Watson, Alan (1985). The Digest of Justinian . Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-8122-2033-9 .
^ Cherednychenko , p. 21-22. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCherednychenko ( help )
^ Cohen, Morris (1927). "Property and Sovereignty" . Cornell Law Review . 13 (1): 8 . Retrieved 7 August 2020 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Cherednychenko , p. 22. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCherednychenko ( help )
^ Kantorowicz, Ernst (May 10, 2016). The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Theology . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16923-1 .
^ Aquinas, Thomas (2000). Treatise on Law . Indianapolis, IN: Hacket Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-87220-548-2 .
^ Horwitz, Morton (1982). "The History of the Public/Private Distinction" . University of Pennsylvania Law Review . 130 (6): 1423. doi : 10.2307/3311976 . JSTOR 3311976 . Retrieved 28 June 2020 .
^ Murkens, Jo Eric Khushal (July 15, 2009). "The Quest for Constitutionalism in UK Public Law Discourse" . Oxford Journal of Legal Studies . 29 (3): 427–455. doi : 10.1093/ojls/gqp020 . Retrieved 29 June 2020 .
^ Forcese et al. . sfn error: no target: CITEREFForcese_et_al. ( help )
^ Cherednychenko , p. 22-23. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCherednychenko ( help )
^ Cherednychenko , p. 23-24. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCherednychenko ( help )
^ Casini, Lorenzo; Cassese, Sabino; Napolitano, Guilio (April 2011). "The New Italian Public Law Scholarship" . International Journal of Constitutional Law . 9 (2): 302–303. doi : 10.1093/icon/mor049 . Retrieved 29 June 2020 .
^ Bell, John; Boyron, Sophie; Whittaker, Sophie (2008). Principles of French Law . Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 141–240. ISBN 9780199541393 . Retrieved 29 June 2020 .
^ Horwitz , p. 1423-1424. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHorwitz ( help )
^ Jakab, András (2006). European Constitutional Language . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 387–400. ISBN 978-1-107-13078-4 .
^ Vértesy, László (2007). "The Place and Theory of Banking Law - Or Arising of a New Branch of Law: Law of Financial Industries". Collega . Vol 2-3. XI. SSRN 3198092 .
^ Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de (1989). The Spirit of the Laws . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 7.
Public law is the part of law that governs relationships between legal persons and a government , [1] between different institutions within a state , between different branches of governments , [2] and relationships between persons that are of direct concern to society . Public law comprises constitutional law , administrative law , tax law and criminal law , [1] as well as all procedural law . (Laws concerning relationships between individuals belong to private law .)
The relationships public law governs are asymmetric and unequal. Government bodies (central or local) can make decisions about the rights of persons. However, as a consequence of the rule-of-law doctrine, authorities may only act within the law ( secundum et intra legem ). The government must obey the law. For example, a citizen unhappy with a decision of an administrative authority can ask a court for judicial review .
Rights , too, can be divided [ by whom? ] into private rights and public rights . A paragon of a public right is the right to welfare benefits – only a natural person can claim such payments, and they are awarded through an administrative decision out of the government budget .
The distinction between public law and private law dates back to Roman law , where the Roman jurist Ulpian ( c. 170 – 228) first noted it. [3] It was later [ when? ] adopted [ by whom? ] to understand the legal systems both of countries that adhere to the civil-law tradition , and of those that adhere to common-law tradition .
The borderline between public law and private law is not always clear. Law as a whole cannot neatly be divided into "law for the State" and "law for everyone else". As such, the distinction between public and private law is largely functional rather than factual, classifying laws according to which domain the activities, participants, and principle concerns involved best fit into. [2] This has given rise to attempts to establish a theoretical understanding for the basis of public law.
The distinction between public and private law was first made by Roman jurist Ulpian , who argues in the Institutes (in a passage preserved by Justinian in the Digest ) that "[p]ublic law is that which respects the establishment of the Roman commonwealth, private that which respects individuals' interests, some matters being of public and others of private interest." Furthermore, he defines public law as the law concerning religious affairs, the priesthood , and offices of the State. [4] Roman law conceived of the law as a series of relationships between persons and persons, persons and things, and persons and the State. Public law consisted of the latter of these three relationships. [5] However, Roman lawyers devoted little attention to this area, and instead focussed largely on areas of private law. It was, however, of great importance in Teutonic society, as noted by German legal historian Otto von Gierke , who defined the Teutons as the fathers of public law. [6]
Drawing a line between public and private law largely fell out of favor in the ensuing millennium, [7] though, as Ernst Kantorowicz notes, Medieval saw a concern with the Roman conception of the res publica inherent in the legal fiction of the king's two bodies . [8] However, legal philosophers during this period consisted largely of theologians who operated within the realm of Canon Law , and were instead concerned with distinctions between divine law , natural law , and human law . [9] The "public/private" divide in law would not return until the 17th and 18th centuries. Through the emergence of the nation-state and new theories of sovereignty , notions of a distinctly public realm began to crystalize. However, the claims made by monarchs, and later parliaments , to an unrestrained power to make law spurred attempts to establish a distinctly private sphere that would be free from encroaching State power in return. [10]
Traditionally, the division between public and private law has been made in the context of the legal systems found in Continental Europe, whose laws all fall within the tradition of civil law . However, the public/private divide does not apply strictly to civil law systems. Given public law's emphasis on aspects of the State that are true of all systems of government and law, common law legal systems acknowledge, even if they do so unconsciously, that actions which must be prohibited by the State need not necessarily be prohibited for private parties as well. [7] As such, legal scholars commenting on common law systems, such as the United Kingdom [11] and Canada, [12] have made this distinction as well.
For many years, public law occupied a marginal position in continental European law. By and large, private law was considered general law . Public law, on the other hand, was considered to consist of exceptions to this general law. [13] It was not until the second half of the Twentieth-century that public law began to play a prominent role in European society through the constitutionalization of private law, as well as the development of administrative law and various functional fields of law, including labor law , medical law , and consumer law . Though this began to blur the distinction between public and private law, it did not erode the former. Instead, it elevated public law from its once marginal state, with an acknowledgment that there are few, if any, areas of the law that are free from potential State intervention. [14] In Italy, for example, the development of public law was considered a project of state-building , following the ideas of Vittorio Emanuele Orlando . Indeed, many early Italian public lawyers were also politicians , including Orlando himself. [15] Now, in countries such as France , [16] public law now refers to the areas of constitutional law , administrative law, and criminal law .
In modern states, constitutional law lays out the foundations of the state. Above all, it postulates the supremacy of law in the functioning of the state – the rule of law .
Secondly, it sets out the form of government – how its different branches work, how they are elected or appointed, and the division of powers and responsibilities between them. Traditionally, the basic elements of government are the executive , the legislature and the judiciary .
And thirdly, in describing what are the basic human rights , which must be protected for every person, and what further civil and political rights citizens have, it sets the fundamental borders to what any government must and must not do.
In most jurisdictions, constitutional law is enshrined in a written document, the Constitution , sometimes together with amendments or other constitutional laws. In some countries, however, such a supreme entrenched written document does not exist for historical and political reasons – the Constitution of the United Kingdom is an unwritten one.
Administrative law refers to the body of law that regulates bureaucratic managerial procedures and defines the powers of administrative agencies. These laws are enforced by the executive branch of a government rather than the judicial or legislative branches (if they are different in that particular jurisdiction). This body of law regulates international trade , manufacturing , pollution , taxation , and the like. This is sometimes seen as a subcategory of civil law and sometimes seen as public law as it deals with regulation and public institutions
Tax law first became an area of public law during the 17th century, as a consequence of new theories of sovereignty that began to emerge. Until this point, taxes were considered gifts under the law, given to the State by a private donor — the taxpayer. [17] It is now considered an area of public law, as it concerns a relationship between persons and the State.
The analytical and historical distinction between public and private law has emerged predominantly in the legal systems of continental Europe . [7] As a result, German-language legal literature has produced extensive discussion on the precise nature of the distinction between public law and private law. [18] Several theories have evolved, which are neither exhaustive nor mutually exclusive or separate.
The interest theory of public law emerges from the work of Roman jurist Ulpian , who stated " Publicum ius est, quod ad statum rei Romanae spectat, privatum quod ad singulorum utilitatem. (Public law is that, which concerns Roman state, private law is concerned with the interests of citizens.) Charles-Louis Montesquieu elaborates upon this theory in The Spirit of the Laws , [19] published during the 18th century, wherein Montesquieu establishes a distinction between international (right of nations), public (political right), and private (civil right) law according to various actors interests and rights. There, he writes: “Considered as inhabitants of a planet so large that different peoples are necessary, they have laws bearing on the relation that these peoples have with one another, and this is the right of nations . Considered as living in a society that must be maintained, they have laws concerning the relation between those who govern and those who are governed, and this is the political right . Further, they have laws concerning the relation that alI citizens have with one another, and this is the civil right .” [20]
Criticisms of interest theory include the difficulty in establishing a clear distinction between private and public interest, if such a distinction does exist, and categorizing laws accordingly.
The subjection theory focuses on explaining the distinction by emphasizing the subordination of private persons to the state. Public law is supposed to govern this relationship, whereas private law is considered to govern relationships where the parties involved meet on a level playing field. However, some areas commonly considered private law also imply subordination, such as employment law . Moreover, legal proceedings wherein the State is a party may undermine the totality of the State's authority, and the degree to which private persons are subordinate to the State, if a Court finds in favor of a non-State party (see Carpenter v. United States , for example).
The subject theory is concerned with the position of the subject of law in the legal relationship in question. If it finds itself in a particular situation as a public person (due to membership in some public body, such as a state or a municipality), public law applies, otherwise it is private law.
A combination of the subjection theory and the subject theory arguably provides a workable distinction. Under this approach, a field of law is considered public law where one actor is a public authority endowed with the power to act unilaterally ( imperium ) and this actor uses that imperium in the particular relationship. In other words, all depends whether the public authority is acting as a public or a private entity, say when ordering office supplies. This latest theory considers public law a special instance.
There are areas of law that do not seem to fit into either public or private law, such as employment law – parts of it look like private law (the employment contract) while other parts look like public law (the activities of an employment inspectorate when investigating workplace safety).
The distinction between public and private law might purely academic, but it also affects legal practice. It has bearing on the delineation between competences of different courts and administrative bodies. Under the Austrian constitution , for example, private law is among the exclusive competences of federal legislation, whereas public law is partly a matter of state legislation.
Private Law vs Public Law - Difference and Comparison | Diffen
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What are the distinctions between public and private law ? - Quora
What Is the Difference between Public Law and Private Law ?
(PDF) Public and Private Law
What are the distinctions between public and private law?
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What are examples of private law and public law?
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The distinction has its roots in Roman law, which has a system of law which regulates the rights between its citizens, known as Ius Civilis (Civil Law), and Ius Publicum (which regulates the organs of governmental power in the Republic). Roman law later became codified in the Eastern Empire By Justinian in the Corpus Juris Civilis (which actually contained a lot of law regulating organs of Government). As the Western World began building their legal systems from Medieval times, the Roman law distinction between Private Law (which governs private dealings between citizens) and Public Law (which regulates the organs of governmental power) took root. From the late 18th Century onwards, European countries, starting with France with its Revolutionary Constitution (regulating governmental power)
I enjoyed reading the answer given so far, and learned a lot about civil-law systems from them (those based on Roman law, in continental Europe and its former colonies).
I’m more familiar with the US system based on English common law, where the idea of “law” primarily refers to the entire corpus of published judicial opinions which, in the process of deciding actual individual cases, set forth legal principles which future judges rely upon as precedent in deciding future cases. All such decisions are both “public,” in the sense that they are published and are intended to guide future behavior for the general public, and “private” in the sense that they resolve a particular controversy between particular people. But I have never heard the terms “public law” or “private law” being used to re
Private law is a body of rules established by private organizations to stipulate the activity of individual participants. Common examples are the rules of a private club such as a sports club, the Boy Scouts or religious law. The penalties are typically limited to a sanction against the private participant, as long as the sanction does not violate public law. A very common example of private laws are the rules of behavior established by an employer. (No smoking at headquarters; no carrying of firearms on company property; no creation of a hostile work environment.) The penalties for breaking these rules can range from an oral reprimand to being ejected from the organization.
In the US, public laws are laws typically established by legislative bodies (e.g. US Congress, the State Legislature
Public law deals with issues that affect the general public or state - society as a whole.Public law affects society as a whole and includes administrative law, constitutional law, criminal law, municipal law and international law.
Private law affects the rights and obligations of individuals, families, businesses and small groups and exists to assist citizens in disputes that involve private matters. Its scope is more specific than public law and covers contract law, law of tort, property law, succession law.
Public law aims to protect the interest of public. Whereas the private law seeks to protect private interests. The main difference between public and private law boils down to whether the issue affects all of society or just a few people.
Public attorneys are employed by pubic entities - i.e. governments. Common examples include district attorneys, public defenders, attorneys general, and attorneys who work at government agencies.
Private attorneys work in the private sector. Private attorneys include solo practitioners, attorneys who work at law firms, and those who work at businesses and corporations.
There is an intellectual hybrid - public interest attorneys - who tend to work for non-profits and NGOs, in an effort to advance the interests of the public (or certain groups of it), but they are still private attorneys due to their employer.
Private law refers to legal actions been people that don't involve the government. Two private parties, neither of whom is the national government or a body with special legal powers, can become involved in a legal relationship of some sort. This is the area of private law. And so it very large. It can cover company laws, equity laws, marriage disrupts, or civil claims. Examples would be the formation of a contract, when one person owes a debt to another, or perhaps a claim for injury caused to an individual.
Basically, it is law that governs the interaction of private citizens exclusively. Public law covers the behaviour of the state, or special actors.
Generally speaking, public law tends to do with all things relating to the state - tax law, constitutional law, financial law, so forth. Private law refers to private relationships between individuals - contracts, torts, etc. The distinction isn’t really clear - family law can be either private or public law depending on your perspective, and criminal law isn’t really any of the two, but you’re generally safe assuming public law = state, private law = individuals.
"Private laws" may mean one of two things; sometimes the term is applied to contracts or internal procedures within organizations, where legal duties are not spelled out by general principles of law but some "private" arrangement.
The term is also sometimes used (you also see "private acts" or "private bills") for acts of the Legislature that confer benefits on individuals as opposed to everyone. Such bills are now unconstitutional in many states, but they used to be fairly common; in fact that was the easiest way to obtain a divorce or to incorporate a corporation up until the late nineteenth century.
Think of public law as those areas of laws where the public has an interest. Examples are constitutional and administrative law, criminal law and international law, eg treaties and conventions
Private law describes those areas of law concerned with the recognition and enforcement of rights and remedies between private individuals. Samples are contract law, tort and private international law, for example relating to international trade. Carriage by air and sea, etc.
One big distinction between Hitler and democracy was secret laws. Nazis arrested for violations of laws no one knew about. Today’s supposedly “public” laws are nearly secret as no one knows but a tiny fraction of billions of laws, and even if you know of them, you can’t understand the without an attorney, and even the attorney can’t figure them out either, after years of research and court decisions. Today’s public laws are nearly and often more secret than Nazi secret laws. We have laws for the peasants and another law for the royalty and nobility, our politicians
The designation of bodies of law as “public law” and “private law” is so blurred in American law so as to render the distinction inapposite.
But if you refer to specific areas of law as “private law” or as “public law” in consulting with an American lawyer or jurist, you can pretty much be certain that they will absolutely recognize what you mean.
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