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Active Brazilian crack cocaine users: nutritional, anthropometric, and drug use profiles

Porto Alegre where can I buy cocaine

Clinics is a gold open access electronic international journal that publishes peer-reviewed research in continuous flow of interest to clinicians and researchers in medical and biomedical sciences based on its originality, importance, conclusions and interest to readers. The journal is committed to the principles of ethics, respect for the individual, humanization, honesty, pioneering spirit and excellence. The Impact Factor measures the average number of citations received in a particular year by papers published in the journal during the two preceding years. SRJ is a prestige metric based on the idea that not all citations are the same. SJR uses a similar algorithm as the Google page rank; it provides a quantitative and qualitative measure of the journal's impact. SNIP measures contextual citation impact by wighting citations based on the total number of citations in a subject field. A cross-sectional multi-center study selected current adult substance users from outpatient and inpatient Brazilian specialized clinics. Subjects were evaluated with the sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index, and crack users were compared with cocaine snorters and alcohol and other drug users.. Cocaine users showed more family problems when compared with other drug users, with no significant difference between routes of administration. These problems included arguing crack Brazilian treatment programs should enhance family treatment strategies, and childcare services need to be included.. First introduced in Brazil in the early s, crack use had an almost twofold increase in its prevalence 0. Crack users usually have a worse prognosis, with more severe dependence, involvement with criminality, risky sexual behavior and more social impairments when compared with cocaine snorters and other substance users However, little is known about the characteristics of the family problems associated with this substance and whether it varies between different routes of administration and other substances 8 , 9. It is a women-only treatment program and provides mainly outpatient multidisciplinary services for alcohol- and drug-dependent patients. Its outpatient clinic is responsible for the psychiatric and psychosocial care of drug users and their families. A target sample of adult substance abusers from outpatient and inpatient clinics who were in evaluation or beginning treatment were interviewed. Inclusions from both settings were made to encompass a wider range of patient characteristics. The patients were enrolled in the study as they were admitted to the clinics and no specific recruitment was performed. In regard to inpatient subjects, the interviews referred to the period prior to admission and not to the day of the interview. The exclusion criteria were any neurological or severe psychiatric illness with acute symptoms noted during the interview. Regarding data collection in all centers, eight patients were excluded. The 25 interviewers were psychologists with Bachelor's degrees. The quality of the data collected was ensured to a large extent by training, field oversight supervision and support by the coordinators of the research centers. The sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index ASI6 : a semi-structured interview that gathered information about the problems and severity of many aspects of life that are related to psychoactive use. For this study, all questions about demographics G , schooling E , treatment setting H , substance use D , and family problems F in the last six months were selected. Categorical variables were described by absolute frequencies, and the percentages were compared by the Chi-squared test. Quantitative variables with a symmetric distribution were described by the mean and standard deviation and compared using ANOVA. Those with an asymmetric distribution were presented as the median and interquartile ranges and compared by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Statistically significant data were adjusted for age, gender, treatment setting, living with partner and schooling by logistic regression. All participants were informed about the study and procedures, agreed to participate and signed the informed consent form. Patients and interviewers received approximately 15 dollars for each interview to cover expenses for food and transportation. In our demographic findings, cocaine users were predominantly male and younger mean age The three groups were similar with regard to marital and economic status, ethnicity, educational level and treatment setting. The third group comprised mainly alcohol, sedative and marijuana users. This group also had a higher median for years consuming alcohol compared with crack and snorted cocaine users 15, 5 and 10 years, respectively. There were no significant differences concerning other substances, such as sedatives, stimulants and hallucinogens. As shown in Table 1 , cocaine users showed more family problems than other drug users, with no significant difference between crack and snorted cocaine users. These problems included arguing and having problems getting along with partners and the need for additional childcare services in order to attend treatment. Family problems among crack, cocaine and other drug users. The means were adjusted for age, gender, treatment setting, living with partner and schooling logistic regression. Our results show that crack cocaine users have more family problems than other substance users and describe what those problems are. To our knowledge, this is the first study in Brazil to compare crack users to cocaine snorters and other substance users. In our sample, crack and cocaine users have a mean age of greater than 30 years, which is not in agreement with the literature, as crack users are usually described as being less than 30 years of age and younger than cocaine snorters 9. Because our data were collected in , a period when crack use was starting to increase and our sample comprised mostly former cocaine snorters who were shifting to crack, this may explain the difference in demographics 2 , 3 , 9. Data regarding family problems suggest that crack users remain attached to their family members, which is in contrast with previous studies that have shown that this population has higher rates of living on the streets and coming from broken homes 9. Perhaps, this is a consequence of the recent changes in the profile of crack users in Brazil, with increasing numbers of users from higher socioeconomic groups, especially those who seek treatment 2 , 9 , 11 , However, the results also suggest that these relationships are conflicted because most of the patients complained of arguing with family members. This emphasizes that treatment programs should be prepared to assess and treat family conflicts. This is an important observation because most services in Brazil do not provide this type of service Having no one to take care of their children may be an important barrier for patients in regard to treatment attendance. The need for additional childcare services in a sample comprising mostly men was a surprising finding that indicates that these services should not be provided only by treatment programs dedicated exclusively or mostly to women. The limitations of this study include its cross-sectional design and clinical sample of mostly men. Brazilian treatment programs should enhance family treatment strategies, as they are poorly developed in most services Childcare services need to be included because their absence may be a barrier to treatment retention. Moura HF was responsible for the study conception, literature review and manuscript writing. Benzano D was responsible for the study conception and statistical analyses. Pechansky F and Kessler FH were responsible for study conception and coordination. Previous article Next article. Issue 7. Pages July Export reference. More article options. DOI: Download PDF. Helena Ferreira Moura 1 ,. Corresponding author. This item has received. Under a Creative Commons license. Article information. Subjects were evaluated with the sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index, and crack users were compared with cocaine snorters and alcohol and other drug users. RESULTS: Cocaine users showed more family problems when compared with other drug users, with no significant difference between routes of administration. Full Text. Sample selection A target sample of adult substance abusers from outpatient and inpatient clinics who were in evaluation or beginning treatment were interviewed. Interviewers The 25 interviewers were psychologists with Bachelor's degrees. Instruments The sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index ASI6 : a semi-structured interview that gathered information about the problems and severity of many aspects of life that are related to psychoactive use. Table 1. PAS: psychoactive substance. Rev Saude Publica, 42 , pp. Are the differences myth or reality? JAMA, , pp. Changing patterns of cocaine use and HIV risks in the south of Brazil. J Psychoactive Drugs, 38 , pp. Is crack cocaine use associated with greater violence than powdered cocaine use? Results from a national sample. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, 36 , pp. Family ties of crack cocaine users cared for in a psychiatric emergency department. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem, 19 , pp. Cad Saude Publica, 24 , pp. Rev Bras Psiquiatr, 34 , pp. J Psychoactive Drugs, 33 , pp. No potential conflict of interest was reported. Subscribe to our newsletter. Instructions for authors Submit an article Ethics in publishing Diversity pledge Language Editing services. Print Send to a friend Export reference Mendeley Statistics. Revistas Clinics. Article options. Download PDF Bibliography. Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs? Having trouble getting along with partner. Need for additional childcare services in order to attend treatment. Spent time with relatives in the last month.

Porto Alegre where can I buy cocaine