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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Cocaine is a natural product extracted from the leaves of Erythroxylon coca Lam coca leaves. This tropical shrub is cultivated widely on the Andean ridge in South America and is the only known natural source of cocaine. Normally produced as the hydrochloride salt , it has limited medical use as a topical anaesthetic. The free base , sometimes known as crack, is a smokable form of cocaine. Coca leaves have been used as a stimulant by some indigenous people of South America since historical times. Purified cocaine has been misused as a central nervous system CNS stimulant since the early years of the twentieth century. Cocaine is under international control. Although four pairs of enantiomers are theoretically possible, only one commonly termed l -cocaine occurs naturally. Cocaine is structurally related to atropine hyoscamine and hyoscine scopolamine , substances with quite different pharmacological properties. Cocaine has a similar psychomotor stimulant effect to that of amphetamine and related compounds. It increases transmitter concentrations in both the noradrenergic and the dopaminergic synapse and also acts as an anaesthetic agent. Like amphetamine, it produces euphoria, tachycardia , hypertension and appetite suppression. Cocaine has a strong reinforcing action, causing a rapid psychological dependence, an effect even more pronounced in those who smoke cocaine base. The main metabolites are benzoylecgonine, ecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester, all of which are inactive. When consumed with alcohol, cocaine also produces the metabolite cocaethylene. Some unchanged cocaine is found in the urine. The plasma half-life of cocaine is 0. The estimated minimal lethal dose is 1. They are processed into cocaine hydrochloride in clandestine laboratories. The leaves are moistened with lime water or other alkali and extracted with kerosene paraffin. The dissolved cocaine is extracted from the kerosene with sulfuric acid to produce an aqueous solution of cocaine sulfate. This solution is neutralised with lime, causing cocaine base coca paste to precipitate. Coca paste is redissolved in sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate is added to destroy cinnamoylcocaine and other impurities. The filtered solution is again treated with alkali to precipitate the free base, which is dissolved in acetone or other solvents. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to the solution, causing cocaine hydrochloride to settle out as a solid residue. Although various methods exist for the synthesis of cocaine, they are less economic than extraction of the natural product. Typical precursors include atropine, tropinone and carbomethoxytropinone, none of which is listed in Table 1 of the above-mentioned United Nations Convention. Crack is manufactured from cocaine hydrochloride by one of two main methods: either microwaving a wet mixture with sodium bicarbonate or by adding alkali to a hot saturated solution of cocaine and allowing the denser base to settle and solidify. In illicit use, cocaine is typically snorted insufflated , following which it is absorbed through the nasal mucosa. Ingestion leads to loss of activity through enzymic hydrolysis in the gut. Crack is a smokable form of cocaine. Injection of cocaine is less common. Street terms include coke, snow, charlie and a wide variety of others in use depending on location and setting. The Marquis field test does not form a coloured product with cocaine. A more satisfactory presumptive test is based on either cobalt thiocyanate blue coloration or p -dimethylbenzaldehyde red coloration. Cocaine also produces the characteristic odour of methyl benzoate when heated with a mixture of methanol and sodium hydroxide solution. The esters and derivatives of ecgonine, which are convertible to ecgonine and cocaine, are also controlled according to that Convention. Solutions of cocaine hydrochloride have limited medical use as a topical anaesthetic for surgical procedures involving the eye, ear, nose and throat. Cooper, D. Grabowski, J. King, L. Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons , 3rd edn, Vol. Moffat, A. The following publications have been proposed for further reading by Reitox national focal points. Pascual, F. Nordegren, T. Johansson, G. Ilse et al. The views expressed in these publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the EMCDDA. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. Breadcrumb Home Publications Drug profiles Cocaine and crack drug profile. Cocaine and crack drug profile. Chemistry Molecular structure. Cocaine market in Europe, price, purity, seizures updated June Drug seizures in the European Union — number of reported drug seizures, breakdown by drug, percent updated June

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