Nylon M

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Nylon M

All About Nylon Material: Properties, Types, Pro and Cons, Application

What Are the Properties of Nylon (Polyamide) Material?

Different Types of Nylon Material Introduction

Pros and Cons of Nylon (Polyamide) Material

Common Uses & Applications of Nylon

Choose the Right Nylon for Prototype Development

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Nylon, you’ve probably seen it on the labels of some of the daily industrial plastic products or your tights or stockings. However, do you know where does it come from, what it is, and where and what it is often used, etc…Now, let’s talk about one of the most common engineering thermoplastic materials-Nylon.
Nylon material (or Polyamide) was the first synthetic fiber to appear in the world that was produced by the distinguished American scientist Carothers and a research team under his leadership. Carothers produced the Nylon 66 at that time, which is still one of the most common variants today. During World War II, there was a greater demand for Nylon compared to the supply of natural items such as silk, rubber, and latex.
Nylon material is an engineering thermoplastic that is easy to machine and can serve as various mechanical end parts. Nowadays, it has been widely used in various applications, including apparel, the reinforcement material of rubber-like car tires, for use as a rope or thread, and for many injections molded parts for vehicles and machinery. Since it has higher impact strength, relative abrasion resistance, and long-lasting chemical features, better elasticity, it is often used to replace low strengthen metal parts in automobile engines. In addition, Nylon is also can be used as electrical insulation. It is light and provides high tensile strength and low friction. This kind of material usually melts and doesn’t easily burn.
Typical Injection Molding Temperature
Heat Deflection Temperature ( HDT )
There are many different types of Nylon materials, some of which mainly including PA6, PA66, PA610, PA11, PA12, PA1010, PA612, PA46, PA6T, PA9T, and MXD-6 aromatic amide, etc. Among them, PA6, PA66, PA610, PA11, PA12 are the most widely used. However, let’s start with those as bellows: 
Nylon 6 is a semi-crystalline polyamide developed by Paul Schlack. 
Typical Properties: Tough, possessing high tensile strength, elasticity, and luster. They are also wrinkle-proof and highly wear-resistant and chemical resistant like alkalis and acids. Its glass transition temperature is 47 °C. 
Application: Nylon 6 filaments are a kind of highly elastic fibers that are typically applied in high-strength industry and textiles, including industrial cords, ropes, and clothing. It usually produces more reliable final part dimensions.
Nylon 66 is another type of nylon or polyamide.
Typical properties: Highly fatigue-resistant and rigidity, better heat resistance, low friction coefficient, excellent abrasion-resistant, but has a greater degree of moisture-absorption and insufficient dimension stability.
Application: Bearing medium load, work temperature under <100-120 °C, without lubrication or less lubrication, as wear-resistant stressed transmission parts. Nylon 66 is also great for is injection molding. 
It is also known as PA12 with the formula [(CH2)11C(O)NH]n. It is also a good thermoplastic with broad additive applications.
Typical properties: Tough, impact strength, tensile strength, and excellent flexibility.
Application: With those excellent mechanical properties, Nylon 12 (PA 12) has been liked by injection molders. Meanwhile, it is also becoming the one of most common materials in the additive manufacturing processes for producing functional parts and prototypes.
It is a kind of engineering resin that offers properties between those of nylon 6 and nylon 12. 
Typical properties: Its toughness, rigidity, and heat- resistance are lower than nylon 66, but with lower moisture-absorption, better wear-resistant，excellent UV and chemical resistance, excellent resistance to zinc-chloride solutions. 
Application: It is similar to Nylon, the perfect material for gears requiring high precision and Parts with high humidity variations in working conditions. Nylon 610 can be used for injection molding and extruded.
It is also known as PA 10/10, an unreinforced, plasticized, and heat stabilized, renewably sourced, biobased polyamide 1010 resin developed for extrusion.
Typical properties: It’s has better abrasion resistance, low density, high resistance to chemicals and weathering, results in good dimensional stability, and easy to machine. Its toughness, rigidity is lower than Nylon 66, moisture- absorption is lower than Nylon 610, a great organic alternative to PA12. 
Application: It can be used as the workpiece when the Nylon 610 is under the condition of light load, appropriate temperature, humidity easily changes, etc. 
Nylon (PA) material has diverse advantages that can make it an ideal mechanical material for a wide range of applications. You’ll find the key pros and cons of the material listed below.
Nylon material is characterized by four main types of polyamide nylon: nylon 66, 11, 12, and 46. Generally, those names derive from the length of their polymeric chains. There some typical applications include:
Automotive Industry – oil reservoir, cylinder head, radiator, oil & water tank, water pump impeller, wheel cover, outer panel, handle, gear, bearing, shank, outer plate, binding post, etc
Electronic Industry – Housings, plug-ins, binding post, connectors
Medical Industry – Implants, catheter shafts, and balloon tubing, etc
Music Industry – Guitar strings and pics
Daily uses – various gears, toothbrushes, including fishing line & fishnet, tennis racket strings, gears, tents, carpets, etc 
Clothing – Shirts, foundation garments, lingerie, raincoats, underwear, swimwear, and cycle wear.
From the above, we understand some of the properties of nylon. Then, let’s discuss how to use Nylon materials for prototype development on CNC Machines, 3D Printers, & Injection Molding Machines. As we know, Nylon can be easily melted into sheet stock (great useful for CNC machining), filaments (great useful 3D printing), films (great useful for packaging), and fibers (useful for fabrics). It is also a perfect candidate for injection molding material.
At WayKen, we usually produce prototype nylon parts by CNC machine for the customers. In the past project experience, we once made plastic hook prototypes for use with the cords. We will help our customers to confirm the size/structure/shape/appearance/aesthetics/function from ABS FDM prototype. The hook in nylon was machined by our CNC machine to test the strength. Then, we use injection molding as the final step to produce the parts.
Natural Nylon raw materials are generally off-white, but also available in black and white. In another word, Nylon can be dyed into any color. This material is easily available in the form of filaments which can be used for 3D printing. On the 3D printers, it is heated and the melted filament is manufactured into the desire 3D shapes.
To increase its tensile strength, Nylon is sometimes filled with a percentage of glass fibers (glass usually occupies 10% and 40%) during the injection molding process. With injection molding, the hooks are over 40%. Although the glass fibers do increase strength to some degrees, they also impact the way a part fails. The Nylon usually will bend and yield before it breaks without any glass filling. With the high percentage of the glass fibers, the failure becomes an instantaneous brittle break with minimal bending. When Nylon has a glass fiberfill, it will have some special labels, for example, 30% GF Nylon (GF stands for “glass filled “). 


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On the other hand, Nylon 66 is manufactured and synthesized by polycondensation of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid.
It is widely recognized as an engineering thermoplastic and utilized as a lightweight replacement for metals.
High Moisture absorption ability and better short term heat resistance
Higher Modulus and better wear resistance
November 6, 2021 by Sagar Habib 2 Comments
Nylon is a linear thermoplastic, also known as Polyamide. It is a strong, high-performance, engineering plastic with excellent tensile strength, often seen as an alternative to silk, rubber, and latex. It is a commonly used thermoplastic material for various applications like clothing, rubber components like tires, ropes, threads, automobile parts, mechanical components, etc.
Polyamide or Nylon was first developed and tested in 1935 by an American chemist named Wallace Carothers. What Wallace produced was technically Nylon 66, which is still the most commonly used variant.
It is solid, abrasion, chemical, and moisture absorbent, elastic, and long-lasting. Nylon material is often used as an alternative to low-strength metals for its lightweight compared to metals, chemical suitability, good mechanical and barrier properties, and high-temperature resilience.
Additionally, nylon can easily be flame retarded which is quite rare to be found in thermoplastics.
Nylon is available in white, black, and off-white colors. There are multiple types of nylon in the more prominent polyamide family, and each one of them is utilized depending on the application and the budget restrictions.
It is also referred to by its chemical name – PA (e.g., PA6, PA66 )
“6” means that the material is conceived with a single monomer in combination with itself. In comparison, “66” shows that the material is developed from multiple monomers combined with itself ( also called comonomers ).
The amide chemical group present in all the nylon variants is responsible for moisture absorption. Moisture reduces nylons’ tensile modulus, increasing smack resistance and flexibility.
Moisture absorption is also a key to understanding dimensional variations. Knowing that will come in handy while designing parts.
The process is similar to other plastics; it starts with filtering hydrocarbon fuels into lighter groups called fractions.
A certain amount of fractions are removed and combined with other catalysts to produce plastics (typically via polymerization or polycondensation).
The original method for producing nylon falls under two different processes.
The first process includes blending a group of monomers amine (NH2) groups reacting with carboxylic acid (COOH).
In the second method, the same molecules will be used in the multiple of 2. That means a reaction of diamine ( 2 x NH2 groups) with dicarboxylic acid ( 2 x COOH groups).
Below are the typical properties of various grades of Nylon:
Like any other thermoplastic, some challenges are often faced while processing Nylon. Let’s discuss them in brief.
Nylon is one of the most hygroscopic materials, which means it quickly absorbs excess moisture, which can sometimes be a headache. Draining should be done promptly and adequately.
Poor drying can lead to excess gassing and other potential scrap generating defects.
Although, excess moisture is easily avoidable by cleaning the loader line and loader receptacle properly.
Nylon is a bit vulnerable to shrinkage problems during the molding process. Shinkage can cause reduced strength, discoloration, and warped edges in the final product.
Controlling the heat and molding temperature can reduce shrinkage significantly.
Excess gassing can have significant defects in nylon plastic. In addition, a poor pale appearance is common with excess gassing.
High mold temperature and poor venting is the most common reason for gassing.
Gassing prevention is quite simple; just finding the right temperature for processing and adding an extra vent in the machine can eradicate gassing completely.
Both PA6 and PA66 are extensively utilized in multiple industries for numerous products like safety and comfort gears, electronics, sports, leisure, plastic nets , etc.
Both PA 6 and PA66 grades are qualified enough to be used for electrical and electronics products. If they pass GWIT, UL94 test, their application in your products will become easier.
Both the grades can easily be flames retarded. That gives it a tremendous advantage to be used in electrical products with miniatures and thin designs are required.
Excellent puncture resistance is one of the main features of PA6 and PA66. Along with that, good barrier resistance to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases.
These properties are a must for food packaging applications. That makes PA6 and PA66 highly suitable for providing safe, secure, and most importantly, safe for compatible human-contact packaging solutions (mono and multilayer ).
Good Processability, wonderful chemical and temperature resistance makes PA6 and PA66 suitable for replacing metal in automobiles (Mostly under the hood parts where design pliability is very important).
Their major contribution is towards weight savings which helps in reducing Co2 emissions and improving the safety and comfort of automobiles.
Polyamide 66 has numerous applications for the consumer goods industry thanks to its properties like mechanical resistance, easy shaping, colorability, a decent surface aspect crucial for consumer goods.
PA66 is easy to use and inexpensive compared to a lot of thermoplastics used for the application. Even shaping the goods in complex designs is doable.
Traditionally, polypropylene was the popular thermoplastic for furniture application (and it still is). However, firms are steadily transitioning to Nylon.
It is actively being utilized for manufacturing home and office furniture, stadium seats, etc.
Brilliant surface finish quality, excellent resistance to dirt, and aging have played a huge role in bringing Pa6 and PA66 into mainstream furniture manufacturing.
According to studies conducted by fortune global insights global Nylon market size is pegged to grow about USD 30 Billion by 2026.
As the demand for sustainable polymeric products is on a high trajectory, nylon plays an important role in developing such products.
For example, Osprey, a manufacturer of outdoor products, partnered with Hyosung in August 2020 to utilize its 100% recycled fiber for manufacturing outdoor products. Similarly, a french company named Longchamp is making bags from waste nylon.
However, in the short term, the demand is hampered significantly because of the COVID-19 outbreak resulting in economic uncertainty worldwide. Things will take time to come back to normal. Still, in the longer term, Nylon’s irreplaceability in industries like textile and automobiles gives it an edge to stay relevant even in tough times.
Ans. The main fiber composition is a strong synthetic polymer that makes its bonds tight, rigid and strong.
2. Does Nylon has an extended structure?
Ans. Nylon and silk have very similar structures but have different degradation processes. H-bonds join neighboring chain segments and create an extended planar sheet such that NH groups can form strong hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) with the CO group, which causes a crystal structure of nylon. That means it doesn’t have an extended structure.
3. Why does Nylon 6 have a high melting point?
Ans . The monomer of Nylon 6 is called aminocaproic acid, but it is known as caprolactam in its ring form. When the ring is opened, the chemical will react with itself to produce the Nylon 6 polymer. The amide group of polymer is responsible for Nylon’s relatively high melting point and affinity for moisture.
4. Which is more water-resistant? Nylon or Polyester
Ans . Polyester is more water-resistant than Nylon. However, none of them is completely waterproof, Nylon has a moisture regain the level of 4%, and polyester has a moisture regain the level of 0.4%. Meaning, polyester is more hydrophobic than Nylon.
5. How do you clean Nylon Plastic?
Ans. It is quite easy to clean, but it should be done carefully because nylon resists absorbing moisture and dries easily. Handwashing is the easiest and safest way to clean Nylon products. Rinsing with cool water until the water is no longer soapy and doesn’t wring.
Thus, were my thoughts on nylon plastics. I have highly emphasized that both the common grades PA6 and PA66 are highly beneficial for any plastic manufacturing firm.
As it’s inexpensive compared to other plastics, it can play a vital role in bringing down your costs, thereby boosting profits without hurting the production quality.
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Sagar Habib, a certified Plastics Engineer, and a plastics aficionado having detailed knowledge about plastic engineering, processing, and manufacturing.
Through PlasticRanger I want to share my insights with maximum people. You can read more about him on his About Page .
I couldn’t find a better article on the internet on Nylon. Keep up the good work.
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Sagar Habib, a certified plastics engineer, and aficionado. Learns and shares consistently about plastics technologies.
He covers everything within Plastics manufacturing and processing.
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