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Rajaratnam School of International Studies. How has the illicit maritime drug trafficking threat evolved over the last 20 years? Maritime drug trafficking has transformed into a long-standing threat to maritime security in Southeast Asia, having long been facilitated by traditional maritime routes that were once used to carry drugs such as opium. However, in recent years, the rise of production sites in the Golden Triangle and Golden Crescent has encouraged the distribution of new types of drugs such as crystal methamphetamine tablets, also known regionally as yaba. Distribution routes have also evolved. The major regional distribution routes for methamphetamine have traditionally followed land transportation corridors such as the highways that stretch from the hinterlands of Myanmar south into Thailand and Malaysia. Maritime trafficking routes were only used to carry limited volumes of this drug trade. The curtailment of land and air transfers during the pandemic led syndicate networks to rely on maritime trafficking as a primary modus operandi and old traditional trafficking routes such as the Western Maritime Route were revived. The Western Maritime Route now plays a central role in transferring methamphetamine from the southern and western coastline of Myanmar along the Andaman Sea and the Strait of Malacca to reach other markets across the region. This route is also connected to tributaries such as westward transfers across the Naaf River into Bangladesh and eastward transfers across the Natuna Sea. Due to the growing appeal of maritime drug trafficking, methamphetamine from other sources such as the Golden Crescent in the Middle East is also increasingly relying on the Western Maritime route to enter the Southeast Asian market. Vessels ranging from luxury yachts, modified pump boats, and Iranian dhows are suspected to be employed in this growing drug trade. This expansion of maritime drug trafficking risks further perpetrating the harmful effects of illicit drug use while inviting the growing presence of international syndicate networks in the region. Such adaptability is a key strategy for drug traffickers. Routes are also likely to continue evolving in response to uneven legalization across the region , continually shifting supply and demand dynamics, and enforcement activities. What are the primary governance tools that are being used in response to the illicit maritime drug trafficking threat? Enforcement agencies in key transit states such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines are recognizing the need to improve coastal monitoring by enhancing patrol operations and information sharing levels amongst themselves. This is complemented by inter-agency task forces such as Operation Benteng in Malaysia and routine maritime exchanges between counter-narcotics and maritime law enforcement agencies during which key information is shared. This includes recognizing the limitations and capabilities of neighboring states in processing cross-jurisdictional trafficking cases while strengthening personal rapport with other officers. Organizations such as the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC work with governments and regional partners to address the challenges related to drugs and precursor chemicals in the region. The Global Synthetics Monitoring: Analyses, Reporting and Trends Programme, for example, addresses the capacity of member states and authorities in priority regions. It aims to do so by assisting member states to generate, manage, analyze, and report synthetic drug information, and to apply scientific evidence-based knowledge to design policies and programs. The UNODC also provides secretariat and technical support to cooperative arrangements such as the Mekong Memorandum of Understanding which brings together countries in the Mekong together to address the threat of illicit drug trafficking. Through these various governance tools, it is hoped that the information and coordination gap between agencies that operate along the land and sea border can be effectively closed. What are the primary harms the illicit maritime drug trafficking threat poses to regional stakeholders? Illicit maritime drug trafficking poses a web of threats to the social fabric and maritime safety in Southeast Asia. Growing consumption of drugs such as methamphetamine and cocaine has escalated during the pandemic years, resulting in a heavy addiction problem across drug markets such as Indonesia and Malaysia. When compounded with other socio-economic disturbances such as growing unemployment and increasingly affordable drug prices , the demand for these drugs is anticipated to continue expand. Additionally, the supply of methamphetamine into Southeast Asia is expected to escalate as innovative production methods such as hydraulic pumps can produce higher daily volumes of drugs. Furthermore, the influx of methamphetamine and cocaine from new sources such as the Golden Crescent and the Pacific Ocean risks further inundating the consumer market with a greater variety of drugs. In the meantime, maritime drug trafficking threatens the prosperity of coastal communities. Fishers that have suffered from a decline in income are known to be recruited by syndicate networks to transfer drugs across transnational borders. Fishing vessels are often rented by syndicate members to transfer the drugs under the cover of fishing. Syndicate networks have also paid fishermen to share information on enforcement patrols. Without a sustainable alternative of income, the recruitment of fishers into trafficking operations can further absorb local communities into the dangerous web of illegal activities. How has maritime awareness developed to reduce the illicit maritime drug trafficking threat? With the multitude of competing maritime security threats in Southeast Asia, there has yet to be a sharper prioritization on developing the maritime awareness needed to counter maritime drug trafficking. Currently, most efforts in developing maritime awareness remain unilateral as national counter-narcotic and maritime law enforcement agencies deploy independent assets to collect information on suspicious activities at sea. However, the rise of information fusion centers and data collection platforms such as the MTR-SEA Drug Compendium have alerted regional agencies to common patterns that take place in maritime drug trafficking across the region. Through continuous and greater dialogue at the regional level, counter-narcotics and maritime law enforcement agencies are beginning to recognize linkages in maritime drug trafficking cases across their respective jurisdictions. This has led to a call for greater coordination in areas such as increased informal connections on web platforms, joint training, and shared information databases. What additional context is necessary to understand the maritime security challenges associated with the illicit maritime drug trafficking threat? Maritime drug trafficking is a maritime crime that may be perpetrated by international syndicate networks, but it is driven by national demand and enabled by weak enforcement. Counter-narcotics and maritime law enforcement agencies are well-poised to address the symptoms of maritime drug trafficking by apprehending trafficking operations. However, other maritime security sectors such as coastal communities, shipping industries, and the media also have roles to play in curtailing the roots of maritime drug trafficking. Maritime awareness is a responsibility that expands beyond enforcement agencies and needs to be upheld by other sectors as well. Other sea users such as the shipping industry need to be encouraged to share information on suspicious activity observed at sea with counter-narcotics and enforcement agencies. Similarly, leaders of coastal communities and the media can advocate for a drug-free environment to deter coastal communities from participating in trafficking operations. By recognizing the various responsibilities of different sectors in maritime sector, a greater whole-of-society approach needs to be adopted in better countering maritime drug trafficking in Southeast Asia. This includes public health interventions addressing demand by foregrounding harm-reduction, treatment, and support that takes into account socio-structural influences on drug-taking. Such interventions are currently limited in the region, though there has been some progressive re-orientation. About Asyura Salleh. Next Post Marcos Jr. Steers Manila toward Washington and Tokyo.

An overdose of ‘white gold’

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When she was 20, Anderson became a mother herself. Soon after, she decided to move to Cedar Rapids to start a new life. This past summer, she graduated from Mount Mercy with a degree in criminal justice. MA: Growing up, I lived with my mom and three brothers. We were in the foster care system for a while because, for as long as I can remember, my mother was addicted to drugs: crack cocaine and opioids. I used to act out and was never satisfied with how life was. From a very young age, I knew I wanted to leave and pursue a better life. We also moved a lot. MA: In , I knew it was time to leave. My son was four years old. After spending months repaying loans to get them out of default, I decided to move to Cedar Rapids so I could attend Kirkwood Community College. When the time came, I left—but I brought my mother with me from Waterloo. She had developed a form of osteoporosis right before we moved to Cedar Rapids. About a year and a half after we moved here, she went to a nursing home where they gave her a tracheotomy. But she was eventually discharged and got her own apartment. Meanwhile, I was focused on my courses. I was earning a general degree, but my classes centered on social work and criminal justice. MA: I think that, in order to help my people, I have to be inside the criminal justice system. I believe that African Americans overpopulate our prisons, and I want to help in a probation or parole position. To make something better, you have to put yourself in that situation to help your own people. So I transferred from Kirkwood to Mount Mercy, enrolling in the criminal justice program. Tell us what happened. So Deb Brydon, associate professor of criminal justice, took me to get a lumpectomy. MA: As a single mother, full-time student, and caretaker for my own mother, I was under lots of stress. I went to the doctor for tests. We think it might have something to do with caffeine. Then they said they thought it was a cyst but would have the doctor check again. That same night, my mom returned to her apartment from UnityPoint Health—St. She passed away overnight at age I would do it all over again. She was my best friend. Everything that she went through, I went through right along with her. The day after her memorial, the police banged on my door for a welfare check. When I got there, they told me I had breast cancer at age MA: At first, they said I just needed a little bit of radiation and probably no chemo. Sure enough, I had to do full-blown intensive chemo treatment and intensive radiation. It was closer to my chest wall than normal, causing me to lose my breast to make sure it was all gone. I still went to all my Mount Mercy classes through chemo. People told me to quit, but I had to keep going. During that time, I had continuous emotional support from my closest cousin, Quishea Phillips. She talked me through every dark moment I went through. MMU: How did you get through such a hard time in your life—and manage to keep going to class? MA: For a while, I became detached. I felt like this was happening to someone else—not to me. The one thing that helped was my faith in God. On purpose, He took everybody away. Our family is close, and we come together for stuff like this. My whole attitude has changed because of Him. This is what He was trying to do. Everything used to be surface level. Now I love everybody. I love the ground I walk on. I love to touch the grass. This is what He needed to do for me because I would have never moved on my own. We might be going through it, but we never really know what God is doing for us along the way. Why am I doing this? Why am I going through all of this? God carried me. I am also going through breast reconstruction surgery. Anderson credits Deb Brydon, associate professor of criminal justice, with being there when not many other people were. We spoke with Brydon to learn more about how she supports Anderson. She wants to break out of that cycle and give him a better life. I was able to do that, and it began the process of support. The last time she had a big procedure, I spent the day with her son and had a delightful time getting to know him. MMU: How would you describe her faith and courage as she got through these tough times? She can translate that into helping, assisting, and challenging people. October 31, Melaka Anderson '18 used education to break out of the poverty cycle. Melaka Anderson '18 didn't let everything going on in her life stop her from attaining her degree. MMU: Why did you decide to focus on criminal justice? MMU: What are your future plans? Carrying on the Mercy tradition Anderson credits Deb Brydon, associate professor of criminal justice, with being there when not many other people were. Deb Brydon, associate professor of criminal justice, went above and beyond to support Melaka Anderson '18 through her journey. MMU: What encouraged you to serve Melaka like you have? Related Stories September 30, Nursing students recognized in White Coat Ceremony Read more. September 17, August 1, July 22, Three sister organizations continue annual tradition of spreading mercy in Cedar Rapids community Read more. June 18, June 17, June 3, May 12, May 10,

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