Makassar buying ganja

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Makassar buying ganja

You have full access to this open access chapter. Chemical Breath presents two focused ethnographies that look at the relationship between young people and the inhaling of tobacco and synthetic cannabinoids. The young people partaking in these popular practices value the social bonding they experience; they are also bombarded with social media messages encouraging the use of these products. And both face harms that may increase the precariousness of their lives: the Makassarian youth face imprisonment if discovered, and the health consequences of these synthetics are not fully understood. You have full access to this open access chapter, Download chapter PDF. James Monsees and Adam Bowen, two product design students at Stanford University, California, met each other while taking smoke breaks 15 years ago. Their failed attempts to quit inspired them to develop a vaping device that could help people stop smoking. Studying at a Silicon Valley university that encourages entrepreneurship, they soon set up their own company, Ploom, Inc. The focused ethnographies presented in this chapter show how young people inhale tobacco and new kinds of synthetic cannabinoids in the form of e-cigarettes or vape devices. Our team found that they turn to these new products in groups, exchanging experiences and trying out new tastes. Mimi Nichter , in an elaborate ethnographic study conducted at a university campus in the United States shows that many students start to smoke for social reasons, and that they usually do so at social events such as parties or get-togethers. Smoking—used often together with alcohol—acts as a social lubricant, and it helps users communicate their emotions. However, quitting often turned out to be harder than they expected. Some of her interlocutors transitioned to smoking regularly, including when they are alone, to reduce stress or overcome unpleasant life events such as relationship break ups. We begin here by examining the evolution of smoking devices and regulations, and how these were attractive to Parisian youth, who started using e-cigarettes because they wanted to avoid the stigma of smoking ordinary cigarettes. And then we turn to a group of young smokers in Indonesia, who substituted cannabis with new kinds of synthetic cannabinoids, which they mixed with ordinary tobacco, to avoid being caught by the police cannabis smoke is easily detected because of its strong, recognizable smell. Being caught smoking cannabis in Indonesia is a serious crime that leads to imprisonment—possibly even the death penalty—while tobacco smoking is promoted heavily through advertising, and is highly acceptable nearly the norm for men. Our interlocutors in both settings sought to reduce harm, but they did so in different ways, and were encouraged in their efforts by different perceptions of risk. In this chapter, we also track the rising popularity of JUUL in US high schools among boys and girls who have not yet smoked regular cigarettes, and we show how JUUL hired young social media influencers to promote their product. There has been a surge in new inhalation devices in the past 20 years, which analysts suggest is related to the increased regulation of ordinary cigarettes Russel The treaty calls on signatories to regulate advertising and labeling of tobacco, increase the price of and taxation on cigarettes, and implement cessation programs. There are many different kinds of e-cigarettes. Some come in the form of pens or pipes, while others look more like cigarettes or USB sticks. The liquids and pods may contain nicotine as well as flavorings, and other ingredients. Recently, the legalization of cannabis in Canada and parts of the United States have led to new lines of e-cigarettes. At the time of her fieldwork, a leading e-cigarette company in France was Gaiatrend, whose founder, Didier Martzel, like the JUUL inventors, declared that he had a harm reduction aim: to stop his sons from smoking tobacco. The efficacy and safety of e-cigarettes as a way to quit smoking was heavily contested in French regulatory and health circles. In late , Minister of Health Marisol Touraine declared that anything that can help smokers to stop smoking is worth taking. Even so, the government announced a ban on vaping on public transport, in offices, and in schools Bevan ; Boudet Using this strategy, they hoped to prevent the accumulation of tar in their lungs. Vendors in dedicated shops played a key role in the promotion of e-cigarettes and other substitutes for ordinary cigarettes by offering a wide range of attractive flavors Bevan Fig. The vendors advised customers to first replace cigarettes with e-cigarettes, and then to gradually lower the amount of nicotine they were consuming. The vendors calculated the nicotine consumed via ordinary cigarettes nicotine volume multiplied by the number of cigarettes smoked per day , and advised consumers how much nicotine was contained in the available e-cigarettes. In this sense, e-cigarettes were a welcome replacement device for what were perceived as risky and toxic cigarettes Bevan Bevan observes that, at least in Paris, taste was a key driver of vaping. Bevan points to the emergence of vaping support groups and social media sites for e-cigarette users, where people share their experiences and promote products. The forums share more than an intention to stop smoking: they help vapers learn how to use e-cigarette devices McQueen et al. Members of such groups regularly come together to explore new possibilities and enjoy their practice. In these vaping forums, users discuss a variety of issues, including technical issues related to the devices, such as a leaking or dead device, and laws and regulations. Health warnings are posted by members when news emerges on adverse effects of specific kinds of liquids or devices. On one side of a tartan picnic rug dappled in sunlight, a man asks quietly around him whether anyone else had changed weight when they had stopped smoking. He had put on 5 kg. What is he on? One man asks. Pausing to draw on an intricate wooden e-cigarette and exhaling a large cloud of apple and cinnamon vapor, he replies: 0 mg of nicotine. Well, he had had nicotine in it before and it made absolutely no difference, he was putting on weight anyway. Seated nearby in a circle in the shade, a larger group is leaning over a pile of small bottles of different colors, shapes and sizes. A woman in her forties is interested in how long e-liquids should be kept. The five members converge on a general aversion to Chinese liquids as lacking sufficient safety regulations. Bevan , p. E-cigarettes allowed youth to experiment with different dosages of nicotine and align their vaping tastes to specific social settings and particular foods. Jem, a year-old employee in a sports shop, explained that he had really suffered when he tried to quit smoking:. There was something missing from my life. I was sharing a flat with a friend, and strangely, when I stopped smoking, our relationship was a bit different. It was a bit tenser. For me, smoking is a kind of sharing. I felt like I had lost something we had in common. An analysis by Euromonitor notes that the higher costs of cigarettes due to higher taxes as proposed in the FCTC in France encouraged users to adopt vaping products, which were much cheaper. Rates for women have stayed the same. Indonesia is one of the countries that has not signed the FCTC. Cigarettes are extremely cheap throughout the country and advertising is omnipresent and aggressive. Not surprisingly, e-cigarettes are not popular in the country. On weekends and holidays, young girls in sexy outfits offer people in bars and restaurants free samples of cigarettes. The country is home to many tobacco companies that cater to the local market, producing cigarettes that contain a combination of tobacco and cloves kretek. The lack of tobacco control policy is reflected in increasing smoking rates among men. An analysis of advertising conducted by Mimi Nichter and colleagues shows how manufacturers present smoking as a way to relax, control emotions, and enjoy social gatherings. Marlboro and Star Mild use advertisements designed to attract young men, emphasizing masculinity and sports. Visuals during the reign of Chairman Mao showed men smoking only during political study and work; women were not portrayed with cigarettes, as it was seen to be synonymous with bourgeois decadence Benedict China, like Indonesia, has a powerful state-run tobacco industry, and while China has signed the FCTC it is not taking strong measures to implement the treaty Kohrman In Indonesia, cigarette smoking is ubiquitous among men, who often also smoke cannabis. One of the ChemicalYouth ethnographers, Akbar Alamsyah, described how a group of students from the University of Makassar often met to smoke cannabis together. Most of them started using cannabis out of curiosity, when they were still in high school. They touted its relaxing effects, while also pointing to its creative potentials. They consumed it mainly when hanging out with friends, and when they needed to, they pooled their money to buy it. Some informants, though, said that they had experienced emotional turbulence and even paranoia when smoking cannabis. These interlocutors insisted that they really did not understand why cannabis was included in the list of narcotics in Indonesia, and they complained that heavy policing had driven up the price and that smoking cannabis was now more dangerous in terms of legal repercussions than ever. But they also observed serious adverse effects of these synthetic products. Sinte is sold under various names: Hanuman, Ganesha, Temchin, Nataraja, and Cap Gorilla the last allegedly making users crazy as a gorilla, which the users found humorous Fig. Our interlocutors explained that sinte contains ordinary tobacco and sometimes other plant fibers, such as tea and synthetic cannabis that is sprayed on the plant material. Sometimes synthetic flavors such as banana, strawberry, or chocolate are added, which add to its attraction. The first time Basaka, one of our key informants, used sinte , he was 18 years old and still in high school. He was watching basketball in a local park and his friend offered him a puff of what he thought was ordinary ganja slang for marijuana. Bakasa really liked the effect: it worked faster than ordinary ganja. Our interlocutors emphasized that you can recognize a sinte user because his eyes are red and his lower eyelids are puffy. They said that the benefits of sinte are that it makes you feel relaxed and that you have fun with your friends. Another advantage is that is does not smell like ganja, so it is safer to use in public. But sinte also made some users feel nervous and they found it hard to communicate. As well, they could become thin, because it made them too lazy to prepare food and eat. Usually Basaka and his friends smoked sinte in the afternoons and evenings, when they have finished school or work, to relax and enjoy time together. It made them feel refreshed, even more so when they watched the sunset. The locations where they gathered to use sinte were relatively private spaces, such as rooms in their homes, cars, rooftops, and islands Makassar is a harbor town, with easy access to many small and isolated islands that are secure places to smoke, the breeze making it even more pleasant. He was also afraid of being arrested by the police. He did, however, confide in his niece, who he could tell by her reddish eyes, also was using sinte. She was also afraid of being arrested by the police. Our interlocutors bought sinte from dealers they contacted via text message. Unlike ordinary cigarettes, sinte was shared, making it affordable for a group of friends. Basaka also said that he had bought it in bulk, making small sachets himself to make some profit to finance his own use. Mixing sinte into cigarettes is a craft, one our interlocutors enjoyed doing. They tinkered with dosages to create the optimal effect. They each had their own preferred brands of cigarette tobacco with which they cut the sinte. Basaka preferred red of white Marlboros. Sampoerna a kretek cigarette , which others used, was too sweet, he said. Some of his friend used menthol cigarettes as a base. To remake the cigarettes, after mixing tobacco with sinte , our interlocutors used rolling paper, which also came in different brands and at different prices. Raw paper was more expensive, as it is made out of cannabis fibers. Marsbrand was cheaper, and therefore used more often. Sometimes the youth simply reused the paper of the cigarettes from which they took the tobacco. To these crafted joints they added a cigarette filter, to make inhaling easier. Or they rolled up tax-stamps found on cigarette boxes to make a filter. Others used pens or water bottles to help inhale the tobacco. Bakasi said he was tapering his use. He would smoke a joint if invited to by a friend, because smoking joints together was highly valued. But overall, he tried to avoid sinte. You could stow it easily in your pocket, or your wallet. When opened, the contents seem similarly harmless. To the naked eye it looks just like ordinary tobacco, a familiar sight in a country of 61 million smokers. He takes a pinch or two from the packet and puts it on rolling paper. The resulting cigarette looks pretty much like a joint of marijuana. Sitting cross-legged on the floor of a dim apartment in Jakarta, he lights it up and takes a drag, and then another one. The effects are almost instantaneous, within a minute. His hands tremble, his eyes redden, and his body slackens. Indonesian sinte smokers are concerned about adverse effects, which is to be expected, according to Michael White, a professor of pharmacy at the University of Connecticut, who explains:. There are several hundred synthetic cannabinoids in existence, and they all stimulate cannabinoid type 1 receptors CB1 , just like the active component in natural marijuana, THC, that provides the high. But they do so with different intensities and for differing periods of time. There is no way to know which synthetic cannabinoids are actually in the product you purchase. White White explains further that natural cannabis not only contains THC but also has cannabidiol, which actually helps to temper the negative impact of THC. Synthetic cannabinoids do not contain cannabidiol. Moreover, they are often mixed with other chemicals, ranging from opioids to rat poison, which makes their effects even more unpredictable. It is unjust that, in an era when natural cannabis is being legalized in so many places in the world, our interlocutors in Indonesia were turning to more dangerous substitutes from unknown sources. Our ethnographic research suggests that the War on Drugs in Indonesia actually fueled the use of synthetic cannabis in Jakarta. Super tobacco was easy to get and was seen as safer by the young people who used it as a form of harm reduction. But, as the above observations suggest, adverse effects can be severe. Users cannot tell from the outside how much or what kind of synthetic chemicals have been sprayed onto the tobacco. In , Indonesian drug authorities made 25 synthetic cannabis compounds illegal scheduled as Class 1 Narcotics , which means that drug enforcers are now free to crack down on the use and sale of synthetic cannabis. But our fieldwork suggests there will remain a high demand and continuous supply of new kinds of sinte , which given the informal networks through which the products are distributed, will be hard for authorities to control. While quitting smoking appears to be an important reason to start vaping in France, in the United States, concern arose about the popularity of JUUL among youth who had never smoked before. Source Photos taken from Jackler et al. The Stanford researchers describe how JUUL strategically sought out social media influencers as brand ambassadors, creating several Twitter hashtags, such as Juul and juulvapor, to promote the products. This social approach appears to be one of the key reasons for the popularity of the devices: young people like exchanging their experiences with each other. Since its inception, flavors have also played a key role in the marketing of JUUL, with mango being the most frequently tweeted flavor. Figure 3. Source Photo taken from Jackler et al. Jackler and colleagues also observe that, during its launch in and early , JUUL did not warn young people about the nicotine content of its pods. This was a glaring omission given the considerable nicotine content of JUUL pod, each of which lasts around puffs and contains 40—59 mg of nicotine, which is equal to the nicotine content of an entire pack of cigarettes. This marketing strategy is also very different from that chosen by Gaiatrend in France, where slowly reducing nicotine levels through company-provided software was one of the selling points. In November , the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that current e-cigarette use among American high school students had reached A survey among 14, teens and young adults 15—34 years old revealed that use of JUUL was three times higher in teenagers than in young adults: 9. Our interlocutors in France and Indonesia shared with their friends their lived experiences with the products that they inhaled, including adverse events. Marketing sinte is illegal in Indonesia, and manufacturers do not advertise the products much, other than sharing how and where they can be obtained and how much they cost. Users posted images of the products on their social networks, but information on how to use and craft sinte cigarettes occurred in face-to-face gatherings. The positioning of e-cigarettes as safe alternatives is fueled by the big tobacco companies, who see a new opportunity to sell nicotine Elam These days, choice is what people expect—of beer in a pub, coffee in cafes, or butter in the supermarket. And just as design is critical to the marketing of smart phones, wearables and similar technologies, the design of new nicotine devices is important. SNP design needs to fit into the modern technological zeitgeist; indeed, the look and feel of many SNP is light years away from dried leaves wrapped in bits of paper. Shapiro , p. The report reviews evidence on potential harm from SNP and concludes that public health researchers and medical professionals who warn against e-cigarettes mislead the public by adhering to the precautionary principle. While e-cigarette manufacturers and government policy makers suggest that vaping is a safer administration route, given it avoids the tar and other toxins associated with the burning of tobacco leaves, many medical specialists have raised concern about the safety of the adjuvants and flavors included in e-cigarette liquids and pods. The flavors have been mainly evaluated for their safety in food, which is ingested, and such evidence is thus not relevant to the inhaling of the substances. As of the writing of this chapter in , five years after the early warnings of harms associated with vaping chemicals were reported, JUUL is front-page news following an outbreak of severe lung illnesses which has left people sick and 33 dead. The health authorities found that the e-cigarettes that caused the illnesses contained THC Ritchel , and that the ingredient linked to the lung disease appears to be vitamin E acetate which is used as a filter in THC containing e-cigarettes. A few days later President Trump said he planned to withdraw flavored e-cigarettes from the market and in October JUUL announced that it would stop selling flavored vaping pods in the United States. In February , the FDA followed suit and banned all flavors except menthol and tobacco in pod-based e-cigarettes. The company plans to sell JUUL in two popular grocery stores, Alfamart and Minimart, which can be found on every street corner in urban areas, ensuring that this brand of e-cigarettes will be more accessible than other brands sold mainly online and at dedicated vape shops. In countries where cannabis is legal, vaping liquids are on the market and can be used in vaping devices. Faced with the uncertain content of the sinte products used by our respondents in Makassar, this would appear to be a safer alternative. Indeed, medical evidence suggests that vaporizing cannabis is safer than combustion, as the temperatures reached in vaping devices are lower, which means that fewer carcinogens and irritants are produced and inhaled Earleywine and Barnwell However, in assessing safety, it is important to also consider the thinning agents added to e-cigarettes: propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol petroleum-based liquids and vegetable glycerin also called glycerol , a sugar derived from plant oils. Like flavors, these adjuvants are considered safe for use in the food industry, but when heated to vaporizing temperatures, carcinogenic substances such as formaldehyde are produced. Formaldehyde can also cause watering and burning eyes, and burning sensations in the throat Troutt and DiDonato In July , the Philippines secretary for health, Francisco Duque III, followed the stance of the French minister of health in forbidding the use of e-cigarettes in public spaces. In the Netherlands, a country without a substantial tobacco industry, the government is similarly committed to a smoke-free generation. We have a clear goal: to raise a generation without tobacco—to ensure that children born today will never touch a cigarette… Our mission will require raising children in smoke-free environments. This means smoke-free homes, smoke-free schools, smoke-free public areas. If we want to prevent young people from taking up a smoking habit, we will need to help adults who smoke to quit. World Health Organization While global health policymakers have joined forces in the FCTC to reduce harm from nicotine addiction, our ethnographic research shows that many youth are engaging with these novel devices, which can be used as substitute for ordinary cigarettes. It is worrying that despite declaring a commitment to promoting e-cigarettes to adults, for the purpose of quitting ordinary cigarettes, companies are targeting youth through social media. It seems a ripe time to apply the precautionary principle to this new chemical market, as also suggested by Gotts and colleagues , who recently published a review of studies in the British Medical Journal. Their review found that e-cigarettes can cause increased symptoms of respiratory disease and negatively affect lung physiology and immune function. Hall We propose that tobacco control programs start discouraging the use of e-cigarettes as a means to quit smoking, as there are better methods to quit smoking with proven success. This is even more urgent now the world is confronted with COVID, a viral disease that causes serious lung disease. Similar educational efforts are needed to discourage the use of sinte as an alternative to smoking cannabis, a message that is likely to be understood in Indonesia, as our interlocutors recognized the potency and health risks of substitution products. A challenge in such health education messages is that social media are full of positive accounts of vaping and sinte , which raises the question: How should we regulate online marketing of products to prevent harm? We think one way is to engage youth who act as influencers, and hope that they are willing to share cautionary tales. This chapter provides insights into how young people seek substitutes to mitigate the risks of smoking cigarettes and cannabis. The harms that they seek to avoid differ. In the focused ethnography conducted in France, young people seek to avoid the risks of inhaling cancer-causing chemicals via cigarettes, while in Indonesia they fear being incarcerated because of being caught smoking cannabis. Harm reduction programs tend to overlook such substitution practices by youth. As we elaborate in Chapter 9 , they tend to be designed to prevent harmful practices, one chemical at a time Hardon and Hymans Young people share their experiences with substitutes both face-to-face and online. Young people value the new vaping technology because it allows for a continuation of social bonding through shared substance use Duff ; Pilkington ; van Schipstal et al. They trust that the products that they can buy at their corner store are safe and this trust is further fostered by the face-to-face interactions through which information on the benefits of vaping are exchanged Brown and Calnan Imogen Bevan is a social anthropologist at the University of Edinburgh. She has carried out ethnographic research in France on smoking and vaping, and in Scotland on sugar consumption and the social meanings of sugar. Her study used sensory and creative visual methods to explore what these technologies and substances might do for their users in social context. Akbar Alamsyah was a researcher for the ChemicalYouth project and conducted fieldwork on synthetic cannabis smoking practices amongst students in Indonesia. In Chapter 1 we explain in detail what informing chemicals entails. Abrahamian, A. Vaping for yuppies. The New Yorker. Accessed on December 20, Barrington-Trimis, J. Flavorings in electronic cigarettes: An unrecognized respiratory health hazard? Journal of the American Medical Association, 23 , — Barry, A. Pharmaceutical matters: The invention of informed materials. Bengtsson, T. Youth, risk, routine: A new perspective on risk-taking in young lives. Abingdon, OX: Routledge. Book Google Scholar. Benedict, C. Bourgeois decadence or proletarian pleasure? The visual culture of male smoking in China across the divide. Kohrman Ed. Google Scholar. Bevan, I. E-cigarettes: Smoking pleasure reinvented? The many faces of harm reduction in France. Contemporary Drug Problems, 43 3 , — Article Google Scholar. Boudet, A. Huffington Post. Accessed on December 12, Britton, J. Electronic cigarettes, smoking and population health. Clinical Medicine , 14 4 , — Brown, P. Trusting on the edge: Managing uncertainty and vulnerability in the midst of serious mental health problems. Bristol: Policy Press. Cullen, K. Notes from the field: Use of electronic cigarettes and any tobacco product among middle and high school students—United States, — Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 67 45 , — Dennis, S. Four milligrams of phenomenology: An anthro-phenomenological exploration of smoking cigarettes. Popular Culture Review, 17 1 , 41— Duff, C. International Journal of Drug Policy, 15 5—6 , — Earleywine, M. Decreased respiratory symptoms in cannabis users who vaporize. Harm Reduction Journal, 4 1 , Elam, M. Nicorette reborn? E-cigarettes in light of the history of nicotine replacement technology. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26 6 , — Euromonitor International. Smokeless tobacco, e-vapour products and heated tobacco in the Netherlands. Farsalinos, K. Evaluation of electronic cigarette liquids and aerosol for the presence of selected inhalation toxins. Gaiatrend: About. Gotts, J. What are the respiratory effects of e-cigarettes? British Medical Journal , Hall, S. How vaping became a public health crisis. New York Magazine. Accessed December 12, Hardon, A. Haute Autorite de Sante. The risks and benefits of electronic cigarettes for the general population. Jackler, R. JUUL advertising over its first three years on the market pp. Kohrman, M. Poisonous pandas: Chinese cigarette manufacturing in critical historical perspectives. Kreiss, K. Work-related spirometric restriction in flavoring manufacturing workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 57 2 , — MacKendrick, N. Better safe than sorry: How consumers navigate exposure to everyday toxics. Berkeley: University of California Press. Maharani, K. In Indonesia, getting this drug is just a text message away. Retrieved Accessed on December 12, McQueen, A. Nichter, M. Anthropological contributions to the development of culturally appropriate tobacco cessation programs: A global health priority. Inhorn Eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Chapter Google Scholar. Lighting up: The rise of social smoking on college campuses. The latest on vaping-related illness and deaths. Accessed on May 26, Observations Francaise des Drogues et des Toxicomanies. Accessed on March 10, Philip Morris International. Delivering a smoke-free future. Accessed on January 30, Philippines, C. DOH bans use of e-cigarettes, vapes in public. CNN Philippines. Pilkington, H. International Journal of Drug Policy, 18 3 , — Public Health England. Health matters: Smoking and quitting in England. Accessed on March 4, Ramamurthi, D. JUUL and other stealth vaporisers: Hiding the habit from parents and teachers. Tobacco Control, 28 6 , — Read, R. The precautionary principle under fire. Environment, 59 5 , 4— Ritchel, M. Vaping illnesses increase to probable cases, CDC says. New York Times. Accessed on January 31, Russel, A. Anthropology of tobacco: Ethnographic adventures in non-human worlds. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. Shapiro, H. No fire, no smoke: The global state of tobacco harm reduction London: Knowledge-Action Change. Sindelar, J. Regulating vaping—Policies, possibilities, and perils. New England Journal of Medicine. Electronic cigarette: Reasons why French people started Accessed on December 13, Tiku, N. Juul accepts Altria investment and embraces big tobacco. Startup behind the lambo of vaporizers just launched an intelligent e-cigarette. The Verge. Trivers, K. Prevalence of cannabis use in electronic cigarettes among US youth. Journal of American Medical Association Pediatrics, 11 , — Troutt, W. Carbonyl compounds produced by vaporizing cannabis oil thinning agents. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 23 11 , — Vaporizers, e-cigarettes, and other electronic nicotine delivery systems. US Food and Drug Administration. Accessed on December, 20 Utrecht University. Netherlands: Share of youth who have ever smoked an e-cigarette, by age Van Schipstal, I. Harm reduction from below: on sharing and caring in drug use. Well, P. Financial Times. White, M. Why synthetic marijuana is so risky. The Conversation. Accessed on January 29, World Data Bank. World Health Organization. Yang, Q. How is marijuana vaping portrayed on YouTube? Content, features, popularity and retransmission of vaping marijuana YouYube videos. Journal of Health Communication, 23 4 , — Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Anita Hardon. The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Chemical Breath. In: Chemical Youth. Critical Studies in Risk and Uncertainty. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Published : 14 October Publisher Name : Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Print ISBN : Online ISBN : Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Policies and ethics. Skip to main content. Download book EPUB. Chemical Youth. Download book PDF. Abstract Chemical Breath presents two focused ethnographies that look at the relationship between young people and the inhaling of tobacco and synthetic cannabinoids. New Ways of Inhaling Chemicals There has been a surge in new inhalation devices in the past 20 years, which analysts suggest is related to the increased regulation of ordinary cigarettes Russel Screenshot of different kinds of e-cigarettes. Full size image. Examples of dedicated vaping shops. Cigarette banner. Screenshots of different kinds of Sinte advertised through Twitter and Instagram. Meanwhile, in the USA While quitting smoking appears to be an important reason to start vaping in France, in the United States, concern arose about the popularity of JUUL among youth who had never smoked before. Youth-oriented launch parties. This advertisement was part of a JUUL promotion for mango pods. Unrecognized Harm Our interlocutors in France and Indonesia shared with their friends their lived experiences with the products that they inhaled, including adverse events. Changing Regulatory Regimes In July , the Philippines secretary for health, Francisco Duque III, followed the stance of the French minister of health in forbidding the use of e-cigarettes in public spaces. In Conclusion This chapter provides insights into how young people seek substitutes to mitigate the risks of smoking cigarettes and cannabis. Imogen Bevan. References Abrahamian, A. Book Google Scholar Benedict, C. Google Scholar Bevan, I. Article Google Scholar Boudet, A. Google Scholar Brown, P. Book Google Scholar Cullen, K. Google Scholar Duff, C. Article Google Scholar Earleywine, M. Article Google Scholar Elam, M. Article Google Scholar Euromonitor International. Article Google Scholar Gaiatrend. Book Google Scholar Kreiss, K. Book Google Scholar Maharani, K. Article Google Scholar Nichter, M. Chapter Google Scholar Nichter, M. Article Google Scholar Read, R. Article Google Scholar Ritchel, M. Google Scholar Shapiro, H. Google Scholar Sindelar, J. Article Google Scholar Statista. Article Google Scholar Troutt, W. Article Google Scholar Well, P. Article Google Scholar Download references. About this chapter. Cite this chapter Hardon, A. Copy to clipboard. Publish with us Policies and ethics. Search Search by keyword or author Search. Navigation Find a journal Publish with us Track your research.

Exploring the Status of Weed in Makassar, Indonesia

Makassar buying ganja

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When is the best time to buy airline tickets? Timing is everything when it comes to grabbing airline tickets. But the prices also depend on the travel demand, seasonality, and major events. You can always monitor the fare trends on Traveloka and set alerts to catch the best deals or promotions! What is the cheapest day to fly to Ganja? Looking for the best deals to Ganja? Historically, midweek flights particularly on Tuesdays and Wednesdays , tend to be cheaper due to lower demand. However, airfares can fluctuate so we recommend keeping an eye on flight prices and being flexible with your travel dates. Booking in advance can be one the hacks to travel to Ganja without breaking the bank! What information do I need to know when booking a flight? When booking a flight, every choice sets the tone for your trip. From the preferred flight route — be it direct or with layovers — to the in-flight experience — whether you opt for a standard economy seat or a luxurious first-class journey — and understanding baggage limits, there's a lot to weigh. Other considerations include travel insurance and the airline's booking policies. How far in advance should I book an international flight? This period often provides a balance between good fares and a reasonable choice of flight times and routes. But please note that several factors such as destination popularity, peak travel season, and regional major events can influence the timeline. Do I need a passport and visa to fly between Al-Jawf to Ganja? Traveling from Al-Jawf to Ganja typically requires specific documents. For international flights, a passport is almost always necessary. However, for domestic flights, neither a passport nor a visa is usually required, but an official ID will be needed. The necessity of a visa depends on the traveler's citizenship and Ganja's entry regulations. It's crucial to verify visa requirements, as rules can differ between countries. Discover the best deals for flight tickets on Traveloka! Flying from Al-Jawf to Ganja will be more enjoyable with our exclusive Traveloka flight promo. Not just flights, you can also find discounted hotels, airport transfers, and attraction tickets from all over the world. With our complete product offering, booking one-way, round-trip, and multi-city flights will be much easier. Book now and dive into endless adventures with Traveloka! Looking for cheap flights from Al-Jawf to Ganja? Flight Duration. Airport in Al-Jawf. Airport in Ganja. We are partnering with various airlines across the globe to get you to wherever you need to be. Payment Partners We are partnering with the most reliable payment service providers to make sure every transaction is smooth and worry-free! 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