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Evaluate the learning of visually disabled people after participating in an educational game about psychoactive drugs. Quasi-experimental research, conducted in an association of the blind and in an experimental laboratory of health teaching at a university, involving 60 blind people over the age of 18, blind or with low vision, literate in Braille or able to read texts with enlarged letters. Learning was evaluated in an individual interview, before and after the application of the game, with questions organized by levels of complexity. Comparison of the number of hits evaluated using the McNemar test. There was no statistical difference in the medium and high complexity questions. The game Drugs: playing fair, significantly contributed to the learning of people with visual disabilities, representing a strategy to include individuals with disabilities in the access to information. The abuse of psychoactive drugs is a severe public health problem, arousing concern on the international scene. Among the types of drugs, legal drugs stand out, especially tobacco and alcohol, due to the legalization of their consumption. Their use is superior to that of illicit drugs such as marijuana, cocaine and crack. Although adolescents, due to the phase of life that is characterized by risk behaviors, impulsive acts and for being more exposed to multiple risk factors for drug use, 2 2. These can experience the same complications due to drug use and abuse, with greater risk for violence in its different forms, because disabled people who use some psychoactive substance are more likely to be victims of moral, psychological and institutional violence when compared to their peers without disabilities. Estudos Pesquisas Psicol. Valuing diversity is one of the principles that should guide educational practices in health. Strategies that eliminate barriers and seek inclusion contribute to the health promotion of these clients, who in many situations have limited accessibility to services and information. Bersch R. That is, any available resources, adapted to these clients can be considered an assistive technology. In health education, accessible games are presented as a useful tool for people with visual impairments to have the same learning opportunity, that is, to apprehend. Concerning the theme of psychoactive drugs, accessible technologies in the format of games can be an excellent prevention strategy. Health and education professionals share the idea that play, which is any activity aimed at fun, is one of the possible mediators of the teaching learning process. Through play, experiences and discussion can occur, which can produce knowledge. The role of transfer in designing games and simulations for health: systematic review. Thus, play integrates criteria for effective learning, in the sense of drawing attention to a certain subject; its meaning can be discussed among the participants and the knowledge generated can be transported to the field of reality. Visually disabled people use online and physical games for entertainment, while few are intended for health promotion. The board game Drugs: playing fair uses play to promote health by proposing problem situations that require immediate solutions, which favors creativity with experience exchange and interaction. The game, submitted to content and face validation, 7 7. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the learning of visually disabled people after participating in an educational game about psychoactive drugs. The participants, being the first guests in the association of the blind, were aged 18 years or older, with blindness or low vision, literate in Braille or able to read texts with enlarged letters. People with multiple disabilities and those who had already used the game Drugs: playing fair previously in the evaluation phase were excluded. This information was elaborated based on a validated educational text on drug prevention, 8 8. Rev Tend Enferm Profissional. It consists of a board with a route formed by five types of houses, with different textures, a beginning and an end; cards with questions and answers attached and information about the use of psychoactive drugs; pieces pins and chips ; game instructions; instructions on how to play. The material is written in braille and ink, and the instructions are also available in audio. The houses on the board are arranged in House Drug, with a wavy texture; House Find Out More, with a rubberized texture; House Friends, with a velvety texture; House Enemies, with a rough texture; and House Pass the Turn, with a smooth texture. The content of these houses is related to the concept and classification of drugs, protective and risk factors and curiosities. The participant who started the game drew one of these chips and walked that number of houses, and so on, in each round. If the opponent considered the answer to be corrected, the participant earned a life; if he made a mistake, he skipped a turn. If the participant fell into the house with a smooth texture, he passed the turn to the opponent. Thus, the game continued until one of the participants reached the end, who was considered the winner. The research was disseminated after the association of the blind had granted its authorization. Dissemination happened on a large scale and visually disabled people were invited to participate. To enlarge the sample, subjects were collected through the snowball technique, in which each participant indicates another one and so forth. They were invited to visit the university and were organized in pairs, according to the structure of the game. Thus, they received the game with its components, had free time to explore the material and read the instructions. The investigator did not interfere with the dynamics of the game, which lasted about 50 min, but merely observed the pair of players. In total, 30 pairs were constituted, involving 60 subjects, a limited number due to difficulties to join the pairs of players. To evaluate background knowledge about psychoactive drugs, the researcher interviewed the participants individually and applied a pre-test. Then, the duo played and, soon after, the post-test was applied, also individually. The knowledge assessment instruments consisted of six questions, organized into low, medium and high complexity levels, that is, the higher the complexity, the more elaborate and difficult the question was. The topics covered the concept and classification of drugs, protective and risk Factors and curiosities; categorized into levels of complexity and validated in a previous study on psychoactive substances. Construction and evaluation of issues database about psychoactive substances. Hence, in the future, health promotion strategies can be elaborated focused on this knowledge. The question bank covered the topics of concept and classification, signs and symptoms, harms, protective factors and risk factors regarding drug use. Questions were categorized by level of complexity. For the Knowledge Assessment Tools on the pre and post-test, eight low, two medium and two high-complexity questions were drafted to be divided equally between the two tools, without repeating questions. Thus, each instrument contained a total of six questions, being four of low B1, B2, B3 and B4 , one of medium M1 and one of high complexity A1. These assertions should be assessed as true T or false F. The questions in the pre-test instrument were: B1 - The main reason that leads to drug use is the influence of friends F ; B2 - The population does not consider alcohol and slimming drugs as drugs T ; B3 - The only harm drugs use causes is family abandonment F ; B4 - Cocaine use by pregnant women can cause a miscarriage T ; M1 - People who live with smokers and do not smoke are at risk of developing smoking-associated diseases F ; A1 - The topic drugs should be discussed only in schools with young people, because these are the people who most use drugs F. The learning analysis was computed comparatively by the number of hits on the pre - and post-test, when the McNemar test was applied. This study met the national and international standards of ethics in research involving human beings. Next, the number of correct and wrong answers is presented according to the levels of complexity of the questions on the theme psychoactive drugs before and after the educational intervention Table 1. The increase in the number of correct answers after the intervention was greater for question B1 Table 2 shows the percentage of correct answers before and after the use of the game, according to the age group. Questions B4, M1 and A1 showed a decrease by 9. Table 3 shows the difference in the number of correct answers between the pre and post-test, according to the number of years of study. In question B4, in the range from 10 to 12 years, and A1 in the range of 13 to 16 years of study, the number of correct answers decreased after the use of the game, but this was not statistically significant. The evaluations of the game were significant in terms of learning, but the study came with some limitations, such as the reduced number of participants, difficulty to gather two visually disabled people at the same time to play, small number of cards, which made it easier to memorize the contents, which can be corrected in future studies by expanding the amount of cards and the contents. The game in this study is low-cost and handmade, favoring its replication and use by health and education professionals, and even during Braille literacy classes for visually disabled people. It can also be elaborated with other themes of interest, broadening its possible uses in health and education institutions. As health educators, nurses need to use artifacts such as educational games for the sake of health promotion. A similar educational profile was identified in a study involving participants, which was focused on the quality of life of Dutch visually disabled young adults 18 to 25 years , in which Quality of life and participation of young adults with a visual impairment aged 18—25 years: comparison with population norms. Acta Ophthalmol. It is known, however, that in Brazil, the disabled population in general has either none or unfinished basic education This can be associated with difficulties to get access to school, adapted material and effective interpersonal relationships, which remain as barriers to inclusion. BMC Res Notes. All these support axes will directly influence the health promotion of visually disabled people. Although not a characteristic of the participants in this study, low education is directly associated with drug abuse, which makes visually disabled people also a risk population for this problem. The use of psychoactive drugs is not restricted to individuals with low education though. Research with medical students showed the use of illicit drugs, marijuana and hashish being the most used both at any time in life Also, they reported on obtaining the drugs at parties Exposure to psychoactive compounds amongst students of medical University. Cent Eur J Public Health. The application of the game Drugs: playing fair as a strategy to facilitate the collection of information on psychoactive drugs presented positive results, with an index of best answers, on most questions, after the use of the game. Research with college students showed that they have the knowledge about vulnerability to drug use and the main reasons that lead them to use drugs, are: fun, escape valve, escape from reality, relieve stressful conditions and potentiate learning, attention and memory, pleasure, excitement or feeling of relaxation, emotional state, addiction, family relationship. Use of psychoactives substances among college students: epidemiological profile, settings and methodological limitations. Cad Saude Colet. Still, that knowledge about signs and symptoms of drugs is acquired through third parties, through the media, at school, with friends or in previous experiences. Perceptions of adolescent students about drugs. Rev Bras Enferm. This acquisition of information needs guidance so as to avoid errors. Protective factors such as: access to information, dialogue with parents, sports, religiosity are relevant in this context. Health professionals can appropriate these aspects to prevent the use of psychoactive drugs or to rehabilitate users. A study on drugs involving students pointed to religious practice as a protective factor for drug use. Rev Educ Humanidades. The game in this study contained information such as, for example: pregnant women who use cocaine may have a miscarriage because of the substance; individuals who use injectable drugs are at risk of contamination by hepatitis B, C and Aids. There is still ignorance regarding some injuries though, a fact reported during the games. The players were surprised by some information, evidencing gaps related to the main damage drugs use can cause. Many had some, but superficial and limited knowledge about the harms of drug abuse, but they were unaware of more severe physiological and mental changes. They acknowledge their mistaken perception about the legal drugs used in social life, a fact that may be associated with the lower level of education and with the fact that the pre - and post-test contained only one question of medium complexity, which limits a deeper assessment of learning. Despite the association between low education and knowledge about licit drugs, realities with better levels of education can show the impact of the use of socially and legally permitted drugs. A study involving Jamaican college students in the areas of Social Sciences, Humanities and Health identified alcohol use in the last twelve months Williams F, Brands B. Knowledge of consequences, academic performance and drug consumption among undergraduate students in one university in Jamaica. Texto Contexto Enferm. In the knowledge assessment instrument, there was a question that mentioned the school as the only place where the theme drugs should be discussed. The discussion on drug use should not be restricted only to schools and universities, as it permeates a wide range of social spheres. The debate at school on various topics, including drugs, as a form of prevention and early intervention, is important, school being the gateway to adult life. Caderno do gestor do PSE. In Brazil, there are drug prevention programs, but teacher training is necessary. Public policies for drug abuse prevention in Brazil and the United States. Cad Saude Publica. It is expected that, through health education and drug prevention activities with children, they will become adolescents and adults who are less vulnerable to risk behaviors, including drug abuse. The individuals were able to acquire information about drugs and the questions instigated reflections on the topic in the course of the game. This means that it allowed access to information, and can be used in the learning process and as a health education tool. It is emphasized, however, that just acquiring knowledge is not enough to prevent harmful and abusive drugs use, or even mitigate the recreational use of licit drugs. During the learning process, some factors can cause either positive or negative interference. Thus, it is relevant to evaluate, in this study, the influence of the age group and education on information acquisition through strategic play. In some questions, the age group was related to the increase in the rate of correct answers between the pre and post-tests. This statistically significant difference prevailed in the age groups of 20 to 29 years and 40 to 49 years, as both age groups showed little knowledge about the subject drugs before the game intervention. This may be related to the fact that individuals in the first age group have already passed the adolescence phase and think they no longer need to have knowledge on the subject or are not at risk of getting involved with drugs. Nevertheless, the study emphasizes that both adolescents and young adults are vulnerable, even if in the academic sphere. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. In the age group between 40 and 49 years, it was assumed that the participants would already have greater knowledge about psychoactive drugs and that the game would not stimulate them or contribute to learning, but that was not what came out. It was in this age group that the highest rate of increase in the number of correct answers was found between the pre-and post-tests. The punctual correct answers given to some questions decreased when related to the age group. Considering that the questions were different in the pre-and post-test, the reduction in the number of correct answers may have been due to misunderstanding of the assertions when the researcher read them or actually to lack of knowledge on the content of that question, which was not even present in the pre-test and may not have been drawn for reading during the dynamics of the game. This decrease was no statistically relevant though. In this age range, most already have children, nephews, godchildren and feel responsible for knowing the subject, in order to prevent them from getting involved with drugs. The family, which is considered a protective factor, cares about how to educate them, guide them, and how to lead them safely throughout life. Zapper JG, Dapper F. Rev Psicol Imed. Despite the absence of statistically significant differences at the other complexity levels of the questions assessed, there was an overall increase in the index of correct answers in all age groups after the game, which increases the chance of interest and learning at all ages, showing a valid strategy for health education and health promotion. Not only nurses, but also some other health professionals can use it, as well as educators. The development of assistive technologies for visually disabled people permeates the interdisciplinary contribution, and, when elaborating them, health professionals need to consider the specific needs of each public. In turn, this intersectoral perspective allows reflections in that that there are several usage strategies and formats to construct these technologies. It is up to the professionals to discern the most appropriate to their clientele. The game is recurrently used as a health education strategy for preventing psychoactive drug abuse. J Bras Tele. Thus, as an assistive technology, it provides the insertion of the visually disabled person in a not only playful, but also informative universe. The educational game Drugs: playing fair contributed significantly to the learning of visually disabled people on the topic of psychoactive drugs, and can be inserted in the health education process. Strategies are important that permit the inclusion of disabled people into information access, enabling them to decide on their health. Adapted educational games should be included in health education practices in any environment. Open menu Brazil. Acta Paulista de Enfermagem. Open menu. Abstract Objective Evaluate the learning of visually disabled people after participating in an educational game about psychoactive drugs. Methods Quasi-experimental research, conducted in an association of the blind and in an experimental laboratory of health teaching at a university, involving 60 blind people over the age of 18, blind or with low vision, literate in Braille or able to read texts with enlarged letters. Conclusion The game Drugs: playing fair, significantly contributed to the learning of people with visual disabilities, representing a strategy to include individuals with disabilities in the access to information. Introduction The abuse of psychoactive drugs is a severe public health problem, arousing concern on the international scene. In health education, accessible games are presented as a useful tool for people with visual impairments to have the same learning opportunity, that is, to apprehend information, being considered an assistive technology. Table 1 Distribution of the number of questions before and after the educational intervention, according to the level of complexity. Table 2 Distribution of the percentages of correct answers before and after educational intervention, according to the level of complexity and age group. Table 3 Distribution as to the percentages of correct answers on the pre-and post-test, according to the level of complexity and years of study. Publication Dates Publication in this collection 06 June Date of issue History Received 15 Oct Accepted 25 Aug This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Pagliuca LMF gave the final approval of the version for publication. Conflicts of interest: none to declare. Tables 3. B - low complexity; M - medium complexity; A - high complexity. Questions Age Group Before.. After Before.. After B1 Stay informed of issues for this journal through your RSS reader. PDF Portuguese English. Google Google Scholar. Board game about psychoactive drugs for visually disabled people.

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To determine the perception of adolescents and young adults regarding drug abuse as a result of drug dependence. The theoretical sample by saturation included adolescents and young adults treated at Portal Amarillo. Inclusion criteria: a aged between 15 and 24, b in treatment for drug use. Exclusion criteria: a non-lucid patients, b non-collaborating patients. Participants viewed oral health as having clean, white and aligned teeth; and caries, bleeding gums and communicable diseases as disease; chewing, aesthetics and taste were seen as altered functions. Before drug dependence, their oral hygiene was regular, after meals, and following the instructions received. With addiction, hygiene became irregular, only if they remembered to do it and without instruction reinforcement. Before drug consumption, participants were students or held a job; they had a good family life, with a partner, or in search of one. After consumption, they report self-marginalization, loss of contact with partners and children, isolation from the family, and social discrimination. Consumption makes it difficult for them to seek dental care, except in emergency situations. Young people in treatment for drug dependence are aware that addiction damages oral health, deteriorating aesthetics, affecting oral functions, self-esteem, and quality of life. The use of psychoactive substances PAS , commonly known as psychoactive drugs, can alter consciousness, mood, or the individual's thinking processes. Whether legal or illegal, natural or synthetic, all substance use carries risks that vary according to age, sex, forms, frequency of use, personal contexts, and circumstances. There are different consumption patterns, including experimental, occasional, and regular; there are even abuse and dependence cases. Any type of consumption can be problematic. Finally, a percentage of the population loses control, becomes compulsive, and unable to abandon drugs despite being aware of the consequences. The global outlook for drug use is unclear because many people, who consume either occasionally or regularly, tend to use more than one substance simultaneously or alternately. The Seventh National Survey on Drug Consumption among High School Students conducted in Uruguay in highlights: a the high consumption of alcohol and energy drinks with a high caffeine content, followed by tobacco and marijuana, and to a lesser extent tranquilizers without medical prescription, cocaine, hallucinogens, and amphetamine-type stimulants. The risk perception indicators included in this survey, according to student statements, identify the perception of high risk as a protection factor. In general, it was found that the substances associated with lower risk were alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, both in occasional and frequent consumption. The mean age of consumption onset varies with sex, substance, and residence Montevideo and outside the capital. Table 1 Table 1: Mean consumption starting age by substance according to sex and area of residence. High school students. The Sixth National Household Survey on Drug Consumption showed that males had a higher prevalence of consumption than women at all age ranges. However, the gap is smaller in the younger population, except for the use of tranquilizers, hypnotics, and antidepressants with or without medical prescription. The Government of Uruguay passed a law in to regulate the growth, production, sale, and recreational consumption of cannabis. Since then, the government has enacted other decrees and ordinances concerning the application of regulations on specific elements such as the medicinal use of cannabis, marketing, and sale for recreational use in pharmacies, and the inclusion of recreational consumers in a register. People who use substances are mostly young, ranging between 16 and 25 years old, with the onset and public manifestation of that behavior increasingly early, and even before the age of Problematic consumption presents risk factors and protective factors. Risk factors include the normalization of consumption among youngsters, the limited control of the educational system that leads to dropping out of formal education, the lack of personal projects aggravated by social marginalization. Young people could respond to changes in drug availability or social perceptions of consumption to a greater extent than adults. In addition, the early onset of consumption increases the risk of negative social and health consequences along with an increased risk of committing felonies or crimes under the influence of drugs or of getting money to buy them. The consumption of PAS affects all areas of health: social, biological, psychological, cognitive, emotional, and cultural. It has also been observed that illegal drug use has a negative impact on hygiene habits and the prevalence of decay, gingivitis, and periodontitis compared to the general population. The protective factors for the regular use and dependence on drugs include the subject's qualities attributes, self-esteem, life projection , which play a significant role; the family, its constitution and the role of its members; and the stability of social ties educational-work, cultural, family, partner. Health is considered a dynamic event known as health-disease-care-process HDCP. The HDCP representations in young people include the oral component as part of general health, not only for physical pain but also for its aesthetic importance. For example, tooth decay can cause poor chewing, decreased appetite, sleep problems, and reduced school and work performance. Oral health is multifaceted and includes, among other aspects, the ability to speak, smile, smell, taste, touch, chew, swallow, and show a series of emotions through facial expressions. A study conducted in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, showed a negative impact on the quality of life related to oral health in young adults due to losing teeth, by having less than 19 teeth, root debris, tartar accumulation, and absence of health care services. This study's general objective was to determine the oral health status perception of adolescents and young adults in drug dependence treatment. A qualitative research model was used. The techniques used were personal interviews and focus groups of young people who were in-patients at the Portal Amarillo Center during the three months of fieldwork. A total of 18 interviews were carried out, and three discussion groups were formed, with 32 participants. The interview was scripted based on a pilot experience in a previous stage with people treated at the Portal Amarillo Center. In this last experience, the research team members were also calibrated in their interviewer or observer roles. All the activities were recorded without disclosing the names of the participants. Their attitude and interest in the interview were also registered. When the subjects' interest turned into boredom, fatigue, or silence, it was necessary to resort to a complementary strategy, using another tool, since the interviews lasted between 15 and 20 minutes. In this sense, they were asked to draw their mouths in a state of health and illness, under the sole supervision of educators. The research team members described and classified the drawings. For the analysis of the recorded information, the data obtained was transcribed, organized, and ordered. Categories and subcategories were created from the recorded texts to analyze the statements. Individual perception of oral health status was studied before and after the drug dependence period according to each subject's memory and representations. The categories that emerged after examining the recordings' text were hygiene and relationship with the environment. Subcategories are derived from these and are listed in Chart 1. Chart 1 Categories and subcategories. Participants were informed of the aims of the research and asked to sign the consent. They were assured of the absolute privacy and anonymity of the data collected. The following findings were obtained from the qualitative data collected and analyzed and the information collected from the medical records of the 32 patients. The mean age of the subjects was 20 years old with a predominance of young men in rehabilitation at the Portal Amarillo Center, in agreement with epidemiological data found in the same care center that can probably be extrapolated to other populations of similar characteristics. The interviews conducted individually were shorter than originally planned. The answers were brief, with manifestations of boredom and difficulty in formulating the sentences. In the focus groups consisting of 4 to 5 individuals each, all participants contributed and respected each other's intervention. Some subjects' participation was longer and others were shorter, giving rise to convergent responses and comments to those expressed in the individual interviews. Considering the 'knowledge' category, the following results on health, disease, and oral functions were found Chart 2. Under the 'hygiene' category, the results on performance, frequency, and education received are listed in Chart 3. The following results were found for the category 'relationship with the environment' regarding influence in work and study, relationship with partner, family, and social relationships before and after consumption. Chart 4. The participants' knowledge of oral health-disease was related to whiteness, correct alignment, and cleaning of teeth. The best-known oral diseases were dental caries, bleeding gums, and communicable infectious diseases such as HIV and syphilis. According to their stories, the most affected oral functions were chewing, aesthetics, and taste from the usual consumption PAS. Regarding oral hygiene, it was noted that before drug dependence, they performed it regularly after the main meals and received oral and dental hygiene instructions at home, in school or medical or dental practices. After drug dependence, hygiene became irregular, only done when remembered, and their knowledge regarding the subject was not reinforced. Regarding the relationship with the environment before the onset of problematic consumption, subjects were in school or had a job; they had a partner or were searching for one. After substance abuse, they manifested self-marginalization events due to fear of rejection, low self-esteem, break-ups with their partner, or no contact with their children, if they had them, to avoid situations of violence. They also opted for isolation from their family to protect their loved ones, living in the streets or shelters, in addition to giving up medical or dental care when feeling marginalized or discriminated against, having suicide attempts and legal problems that could lead to police custody. Regarding access to dental care, differences are recognized before and after PAS addiction. Chart 5. Chart 5: Access to dental care. Before drug consumption, access to dental care was done regularly and based on preventive criteria, possibly curative, preferably in public health care services or at the School of Dentistry. Once they became dependent on PAS, health care became sporadic and only in emergency cases, with sedative or surgical therapies, often traumatic for the patient. They report a desire to improve their oral health status, although costs and lack of resources are obstacles. There follow the results of the drawings made under the supervision of educators and without research team members. For the analysis, we considered the work of Paul Ekman and Freitas-Magalhaes as a reference to interpret the smile as body language that shows 'the inner soul'. The third group also drew in black and white using some shade of red and green. Smiles with eyes, noses, hearts, elephants, legs, flowers, and tears on the face when the mouth is damaged can be observed. The drawings of mouths with alterations show missing teeth, caries represented by dark spots, yellow tooth pigmentations, chapped lips Figs 1 , 2 , 3. The analysis performed based on the grounded theory, through constant comparison, allowed researchers to reach similar results to other studies carried out in which individuals undergoing drug dependence perceive a deterioration of their oral health due to substance abuse. On the other hand, it contrasts with studies that analyze young people's perception without drug dependence. Therefore, the results of the target population undergoing drug dependence differ from research carried out in children and adolescents with no consumption reported in the region of Navarra, Spain, in That research indicated that the subjective perception of oral health was good, attendance to a dental practice in the previous year was high, with more than one daily oral brushing, and belief in the need for some dental treatment, such as orthodontics among adolescents. According to another qualitative study conducted in Australia with patients in drug consumption treatment, knowledge about access to oral health services was limited, and the search for care occurred only in emergency situations, without adequate health promotion, similar to the findings of this study. Young people in drug dependence treatment are aware that addiction damages their oral health, deteriorating aesthetics, and affecting oral functions and self-esteem. The oral health status reduces the quality of life of young drug users, making them more vulnerable and discriminated against by society. The knowledge of oral health that these young people have is limited to caries, gingivitis, and orally transmitted diseases, mainly sexually transmitted infections. Dental care was associated with emergency situations in public services and in the School of Dentistry, without complying with periodic check-ups. It would be advisable to propose strategies for dentists and their teams to pay special attention to the prevention and promotion of health among these subjects as part of the drug dependence treatment. WHO Neurociencia del consumo y dependencia de sustancias psicoactivas. Junta Nacional de Drogas. Montevideo: IMPO; Disponible en: apps. Pereira T. Rev Psiquiatr Urug. Oficina de las Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito. Salud Colec. Berruecos Villalobos L. Informe Mundial sobre las Drogas Toledo M. Salud Mental Hermilio Valdizan. Global prevalence of injecting drug use and sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV in people who inject drugs: a multistage systematic review. The Lancet Global Healt. Junta Nacional de Drogas Steffano D. Index Enferm , online. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Policy on substance abuse in adolescent patients. Reference manual. Estado de salud bucodental en consumidores de marihuana. Dental disease prevalence among methamphetamine and heroin users in an urban setting: a pilot study. J Am Dent Assoc. Oral health status of a group of illicit drug users in Delhi, India. Community Dental Health. Estudio piloto. Tesis de Doctorado. Salud buco-dental y calidad de vida. Bankok: FDI; Enero, Ekman P, Friesen WV. Manual for the Facial Action Code. Ramachandran Ed. A qualitative study of patients' knowledge and views of about oral health and acceptability of related intervention in an Australian inpatient alcohol and drug treatment facility. Health Soc Care Community. A multicenter study of oral health behavior among adult subject from three South American cities. Oral Res. J Oral Res ; 8 5 : All co-authors declare no conflict of interest with the subject matter. Authorship contribution: 1. Conception and design of study 2. Acquisition of data 3. Data analysis 4. Discussion of results 5. Drafting of the manuscript 6. Approval of the final version of the manuscript ER has contributed in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. SP has contributed in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. IS has contributed in 1, 2 y 4. MTA has contributed in 1 y 2. BF has contributed in 1 y 2. KS has contributed in 1 y 2. MCM has contributed in 1,2 y 4. Vanessa Pereira-Prado. Servicios Personalizados Revista. Translations Perception of the oral health status of drug-dependent individuals. Abstract General objective: To determine the perception of adolescents and young adults regarding drug abuse as a result of drug dependence. Materials and methods: a qualitative research model was proposed. Results: Participants viewed oral health as having clean, white and aligned teeth; and caries, bleeding gums and communicable diseases as disease; chewing, aesthetics and taste were seen as altered functions. Conclusions: Young people in treatment for drug dependence are aware that addiction damages oral health, deteriorating aesthetics, affecting oral functions, self-esteem, and quality of life. Table 1 14 Table 1: Mean consumption starting age by substance according to sex and area of residence. Materials and methods A qualitative research model was used. Inclusion criteria a were being aged between 15 and 24, b in treatment for drug abuse. Results The following findings were obtained from the qualitative data collected and analyzed and the information collected from the medical records of the 32 patients. Discussion The analysis performed based on the grounded theory, through constant comparison, allowed researchers to reach similar results to other studies carried out in which individuals undergoing drug dependence perceive a deterioration of their oral health due to substance abuse. Conclusions Young people in drug dependence treatment are aware that addiction damages their oral health, deteriorating aesthetics, and affecting oral functions and self-esteem. As for the affected oral functions, they are mainly related to chewing, taste, and aesthetics. Acknowledgments: This research was authorized by the Board of Portal Amarillo. Received: June 19, ; Accepted: June 19, Las Heras Tel: 30 48 unipubli odon.

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