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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. All the authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work. The entire online survey was explained to students to be filled in themselves by first filling out the informed consent. Approval was obtained from teacher representatives from each school and the Surabaya City Education Office. This research is voluntary and the information is collected anonymously. Background: Student groups are prone to drug abuse. The prevalence of drugs in the past year among high school students in Surabaya, Indonesia occupies the highest provincial capital 9. Results: More than half of the students have insufficient knowledge about drugs and have negative attitudes about peer education in HEY activities. The results of statistical tests showed that there was a relationship between class and student participation in peer education activities. Conclusion: Most students have less knowledge about drugs and a negative attitude about peer education. However, the intention to participate in peer education activities is more thus it is necessary to improve the quality of peer educators through activities that are performed regularly by various relevant stakeholders. Drug abuse among high school students has reached an increasingly concerning number. Findings of the research indicate that many students' knowledge remain lacking and students' attitudes about peer education remain negative. Good knowledge about drugs is very important so that students do not fall into drug abuse. One of the factors related to students' intention to participate in peer education is class; students at lower-level classes had more free time to take part in peer education. Students who have the intention to participate in more peer education so that peer educator quality improvement and support from schools and related stakeholders are needed to create conditions for peer education that can work optimally in order to prevent drug abuse. Drug abuse drugs, psychotropic, and addictive substances is a global threat that causes adverse impacts on individuals and society, especially the younger generation. Drugs can be beneficial for healing due to their calming effects, but if used in excessive doses can cause addiction. This abuse is initially because the user wants to get a hallucinatory calm. The prevalence of ever using drugs in Indonesia in was 2. The top five types of drugs consumed in the last 1 year are marijuana Meanwhile, the main reasons for using drugs for the first time were mostly trial and error Preliminary estimates suggest that globally in as many as The prevalence in Indonesia in of adolescents who consume drugs for one year who are high school students 6. The prevalence of drug users in the past year among high school students in Surabaya occupies the highest provincial capital in Indonesia 9. The most types of drugs consumed by high school students in the past year were headache drugs that were drunk excessively by Based on student and student knowledge of various types of drugs, respondents knew the most about natural types of drugs, such as marijuana gele, cimeng , marijuana, getok, linda ; Synthetic drugs, such as shabu, Yaba, SS, Tastus, Ubas Methamphetamines ; Semi- synthetic drugs, such as heroin; Psychotropic such as pil koplo, BK, mboat, mboti, roda ; Additives such as aibon glue, gasoline, markers, electric hit; Hard drugs are headache drugs that are drunk excessively. The highest knowledge of high school students about types of drugs is hard drugs and addictive substances. The lowest knowledge is the natural type of drug. Knowledge of the health impacts of drug abuse among high school students is hallucinations. Other impacts are disrupting the concentration of learning, depression, causing dependence. The importance of knowledge in students is very important so as not to fall into drug abuse. One of the efforts to prevent drug abuse from an early age is increasing knowledge through peer education contained in HEY Health Educator for Youth activities. HEY is a community service activity from the Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga in collaboration with Rumah Remaja to form high school students to become peer educators. High school students will later act as volunteers to convey the knowledge that has been obtained from peer educator training by using edutainment media education and entertainment to their friends at school. This study was an analytic observational study using a crosssectional study design. The population in this study were high school students in the city of Surabaya, Indonesia who had peer educators. The peer educators performed activities in each school to provide education with the edutainment method to their friends, accompanied by the teacher. Of the 10 schools that were the population in this study, six schools in Surabaya were selected because they have peer educators who were active in educating their friends about drugs August-September Questions about student participation, namely their intention to participate in peer education activities. The dichotomous category was used in the knowledge question for the need assessment that indicate the information that need to be included in peer education training materials. The selection of the good or poor category were used to justify the involvement of this material in the peer education training program among the various materials on adolescent health to help stakeholders focus on improving the material needed by students. The answers to the questions regarding knowledge were categorized as good and poor, so low reliability did not affect the results. Qualitative variables are expressed as numbers and percent. This research used chi-square test to examine the relationship between nominal or ordinal data on the independent variables knowledge and attitudes and the dependent variable student participation. The non-parametric statistical method test for nominal data used the Mann Whitney test and ordinal data used the Kruskal Wallis test. This research was conducted in six high schools in the city of Surabaya, Indonesia with a total of students. The median age of students is 15 years, the minimum age is 12 years and the maximum age of students is 18 years. Of the students, 81 A1 was a private school, and the rest A2 to A6 were public schools Table 1. Meanwhile, more than half of the students did not know the examples of drugs that work by triggering the workings of the central nervous system, disrupting the central nervous system, and suppressing the central nervous system The majority of students did not know the effects of drugs from consuming heroin, abused cocaine and the psychological effects that arise More than half of the students agreed that drug materials were interesting Meanwhile, students who disagreed the most about believing that peer educators could provide advice on the problem 5. Students who had poor and good level of drug knowledge were almost in the same amount, The number of students who had negative attitudes towards peer education was more There were more students who had the intention to participate in peer education activities Adolescents are the most vulnerable age to drug abuse. The high risk of drug dependence in adolescents were caused by their environment that surrounded by addicts in the family or community, offers from peers and their belief that drugs can bring benefits. Drug abuse has become one of the most important public health problems in recent years. Similar condition was found in a research in Tantan City, Egypt, showing that the majority of high school students This suggests that students need more information and health education about drug abuse from both government and non-government organizations. In this research, knowledge remains poor in examples of drugs that work by triggering the action of the central nervous system, disrupting the central nervous system, and suppressing the central nervous system; the effects of drugs from consuming heroin, abused cocaine and the psychological effects that arise. Lack of the knowledge level shows there are many students who do not know and not understand well about the examples and impacts of drug abuse. In the knowledge of students in the Dhaka City study about the types of drug abuse, most More than half of the students Moreover, in this research, good knowledge refers to the availability of knowledge about the types of drugs that work by triggering the action of the central nervous system and suppressing the central nervous system as well as drug regulation. In line with a research among public secondary school students in Lagos, it was found that almost three quarters of students knew the legal status of drug abuse. The majority of students The reason why adolescents experience drug addiction is that the majority of students This study showed half of the students had good knowledge of drug addiction. The attitudes of high school students in this research showed that more than half of the students had negative attitudes towards HEY peer education activities which merely In contrast to research in Tanta City, Egypt, the majority of high school students More than half of the secondary school students in Surabaya, Indonesia A research in Tanta City, Egypt showed that more than half of students However, Therefore, the involvement of youth in program planning was only 8. Whereas based on the national standard of health service implementation, youth need to be involved from planning to program evaluation. Peer educators need to be involved from program planning, some of the youth outside school setting had not even been exposed to the program. Youth health programs should involve youth from a variety of settings and be tailored to the capacity needs of young people. Youth wished they were involved starting from the planning stage to program evaluation because they were the prime movers in the success of youth health programs. There were also private stakeholders and NGOs. All programs from various stakeholders had the same goal, namely the promotion of youth health. All of these programs had similar activities as developing Education Counseling media, training youth to become peer educators. The information obtained by students about drugs is still lacking, since respondents have not received drug education at school. Moreover, there are those who remain think that drugs can be used freely, and drug users are considered as cool and have no bad effects by inhaling glue The research at Iranian public high schools showed similar result between the groups of students who were given the peer education method and the groups of students who were not given peer education according to gender. Moreover, the result of this research indicates that there is correlation between class and the intention to participate in peer education. This condition emerges since twelfth grade students do not have much time to take part in peer education activities due to their focus on studying for graduation exams, while tenth and eleventh graders have more time to take part in peer education activities. A research compared the peer education program methods in prevention of addiction as an experimental group and traditional methods as a control group. It was discovered that in the forty-five days after peer education, the scores on substance addiction information in the experimental group were significantly higher than the control group. The substance addiction information score in the experimental group increased after participating in peer education compared to their score before the program. This showed that peer education is superior to other methods in its ability to distribute information. This program also makes a positive contribution to self-confidence, motivation, and peer relationships. The success of peer education is influenced by the selection of the right peer educator based on criteria and the provision of effective training. Therefore, regular monitoring and evaluation is needed to improve program quality. Students were interested and agree that meeting and regularly for sharing with peer counselors can help them prevent substance abuse. A school serves as an appropriate venue for drug prevention programs for three reasons. First, four out of five drug users start as adolescents or before adulthood. Second, schools offer the most systematic and efficient way to reach large numbers of young people each year. Third, schools are able to adopt and enforce a broad spectrum of education policies. Schools must also involve peer educators with activities outside of school that were collaborated with stakeholders to provide training for peer educators. The activity can take the form of counseling from the National Narcotics Agency or the police regarding the prevention of drug abuse. In this research, high school students were more likely to have less drug knowledge and negative attitudes towards peer education in HEY activities to prevent drug abuse from an early age, whereas more than half of the students had the intention to participate in peer education activities. Students from the schools selected in this study were heterogeneous from multiple ethnicity and religion as they were the resident of Surabaya. Surabaya is second big cities in Indonesia with various ethnicity, religion and culture. Thus, this study should be possible to be replicated in other regions in Indonesia. In addition, the language of instruction uses Bahasa Indonesia and the materials given in the program were free from elements of ethnicity, race, religion, and between groups. There were several limitations associated with the study. Based on the methodology, it was difficult to see the behavior change on drug abuse prevention for some time after the training. Another limitation was the location of this study which was only conducted in the city of Surabaya. Although the participation of this study represents each region in Surabaya and Surabaya has high heterogeneity, it did not guarantee that the program can be directly implemented in other regions. Therefore, implementing a program like this in other areas still required FGD with related stakeholders to grasp the suitability of the program. High school students in Surabaya, Indonesia in this research have insufficient knowledge about drugs drugs, psychotropic substances, addictive substances , thus an effort to increase knowledge about drugs in each school are needed, both through in-class and outside-class activities. In addition to knowledge, strengthening attitudes to communicate the benefits of peer educators also needs to be undertaken. Therefore, students have the intention to participate in peer educator activities in their schools. The peer education program requires support from schools and related stakeholders in order to provide benefits to students by increasing their knowledge and attitudes so that the intention to participate also increases. We gratefully acknowledge the senior high school students in Surabaya, East Java Province, Indonesia for cooperating during survey. In addition, we would like to address special thanks to Universitas Airlangga, which has provided funding, and the Education Office that has granted the clearance for the research. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. J Public Health Res. Find articles by Ira Nurmala. Find articles by Muthmainnah. Find articles by Iswari Hariastuti. Find articles by Yuli Puspita Devi. Find articles by Nurvita Ruwandasari. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. According to me, information about drugs is important. According to me, information about drugs is interesting. I want to apply information from peer educator. I believe that peer educator can listen to my problem well. I believe that peer educator can give advise toward my problem. I believe that peer educator can help solve your problem.

EXAMINING THE GATEWAY HYPOTHESIS OF DRUG USE IN INDONESIA

How can I buy cocaine online in Surabaya

Background: Drug misuse is a global threat, including in Indonesia. Solving issues of drug use is by understanding the drug patterns. One of the important concepts related to public policy in drug addiction is the gateway hypothesis. However, not all researchers support this theory as the initation of drug use is debatable in terms of how a person starts to consume tobacco and alcohol, marijuana, and then other drugs. Aim: This study identified a initiation sequence of drug use, particularly the gateway from soft to hard drugs and its reverse from hard to soft drug patterns. Methods: This study employed a dataset of drug user patients aged 14—67 years from the Rehabilitation Center of National Narcotics Board in Purposive sampling was utilized in the sample selection. The dataset was divided into three subsamples to identify the pattern. The subsamples included regular soft-drug users, regular intermediate-drug users, and regular hard-drug users. This study used a quantitative method and cross-tabulation approach along with descriptive statistics. Results: Most of the drug users began consuming intermediate drugs and then soft drugs. Only early users followed the gateway pattern, while those in the intermediate and hard drug pattern mostly did not have the gateway pattern. Conclusion: A policy about prevention of soft drug use marijuana in early use may be effective to reduce harder drug use in the future. Badan Narkotika Nasional. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Cohen, K. Crost, B. The effect of alcohol availability on marijuana use: Evidence from the minimum legal drinking age. Journal of Health Economics, 31 1 , — Degenhardt, Chiu, W. Associations between the order of drug use initiation and the development of drug dependence in the National Comorbidity Study Replication. NIH Public Access, 39 1 , — Degenhardt, Dierker, L. De, Graaf, R. De, Gureje, O. Drug Alcohol Dependency, 2 , 84— Dewit, D. Deza, M. Is there a stepping stone effect in drug use? Separating state dependence from unobserved heterogeneity within and between illicit drugs. Journal of Econometrics, 1 , — Differences in patterns of drug use between women and men Differences in patterns of drug use between women and men. Fergusson, D. Cannabis use and other illicit drug use: Testing the cannabis gateway hypothesis. Addiction, 4 , — Gfroerer, J. Health San Francisco. Heinz, A. Marriage and relationship closeness as predictors of cocaine and heroin use. Addictive Behaviors, 34 3 , — Johnson, T. Kaestner, R. The effects of cocaine and marijuana use on marriage and marital stability. Journal of Family Issues, 18, — Kanato, M. ASEAN drug monitoring report Lipari, R. Marsiglia, F. God Forbid! The Educational Publishing Foundation. Mclellan, T. Moselhy, H. Gateway Hypothesis. Principles of Addiction, 87— The Science of Addiction Food Manufacturing. National Institute on Drug Abuse Website. July 20, Nkansah-Amankra, S. Preventive Medicine Reports, 4, — Is Cannabis a gateway drug? Nutt, D. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lancet, , — Sarkar, S. From one substance dependence to another: Are gateway violations common? Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry, 32 2 , The levels of use of opioids, amphetamines and cocaine, and associated levels of harm: summary of scientific evidence. Curr Protoc Microbiol, March , 1— Stoops, W. Methamphetamine use in nonurban and urban drug court clients. World Drug Report In United Nations. Vanyukov, M. Wells, J. Violations of the usual sequence of drug initiation: Prevalence and associations with the development of dependence in the New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 69 6 , — Progression to regular heroin use: Examination of patterns, predictors, and consequences. 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How can I buy cocaine online in Surabaya