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Molly, ecstasy, MDMA: whatever you call it, this drug is blowing up. But others reckon it's a dangerous drug that can fry your brain, and even kill you — from just one bad pill. Who's right? That's what we're snorting up today. We talk to psychiatrist George Greer, public health researcher Prof. Harriet de Witt. Edited by Blythe Terrell. Thanks to all the researchers we reached out to for this episode, including Prof. Jerrold S. Meyer, Prof. Carl Roberts and Dr. Matthew Baggott. Science Vs is a Spotify Studios Original. Listen for free on Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts. Follow us and tap the bell for episode notifications. To listen to explicit episodes, sign in. Stay up to date with this show. Sign in or sign up to follow shows, save episodes, and get the latest updates. Home Browse Top Charts Search. Science Vs. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit podcastchoices. Wendy Zukerman. George Greer. Joseph Palamar. James Hunt. Hariet de Wit. Spotify Podcasts. Sign In. Select a country or region. Asia Pacific See All. Europe See All. Latin America and the Caribbean See All.

Signal: UK online pharmacies selling prescription drugs without proper checks

Liberia buying MDMA pills

Michael Cole receives funding and 'in kind' support from the European Union and a number police forces and forensic science organisations around the world to carry out research. A new drug called kush is wreaking havoc in west Africa , particularly in Sierra Leone where it is estimated to kill around a dozen people each week and hospitalise thousands. The drug, taken mostly by men aged 18 to 25 , causes people to fall asleep while walking, to fall over, to bang their heads against hard surfaces and to walk into moving traffic. Kush in Sierra Leone is quite different; it is a mixture of cannabis, fentanyl, tramadol, formaldehyde and — according to some — ground down humans bones. It is mixed by local criminal gangs, but the constituent drugs have international sources, facilitated no doubt by the internet and digital communications. While cannabis is widely grown in Sierra Leone, the fentanyl is thought to originate in clandestine laboratories in China where the drug is manufactured illegally and shipped to west Africa. Tramadol has a similar source, namely illegal laboratories across Asia. Formaldehyde, which can cause hallucinations , is also reported in this mixture. As for ground human bones, there is no definitive answer about whether or not they occur in the drug, where such bones would come from, or why they might be incorporated into the drug. Some people say that grave robbers provide the bones, but there is no direct evidence of this. But why would bones be incorporated into the drug? Some suggest that the sulphur content of the bones causes a high. Another reason might be the drug content of the bones themselves, if the deceased was a fentanyl or tramadol user. However, both are unlikely. Sulphur levels in bones are not high. Smoking sulphur would result in highly toxic sulphur dioxide being produced and inhaled. Any drug content in bones is orders of magnitude less than that required to cause a physiological effect. The drug is reported in both Guinea and Liberia , which share porous land borders with Sierra Leone, making drug trafficking easy. Kush costs around five leones 20 UK pence per joint, which may be used by two or three people, with up to 40 joints being consumed in a day. The effects of the drug vary and depend on the user and the drug content. Cannabis causes a wide variety of effects, which include euphoria, relaxation and an altered state of consciousness. Fentanyl, an extremely potent opioid, produces euphoria and confusion and causes sleepiness among a wide range of other side-effects. The danger of the drug is twofold: the risk of self-injury to the drug taker and the highly addictive nature of the drug itself. A further problem is the need to finance the next dose, often achieved through prostitution or criminal activity. Kush is another example of polydrug mixtures of which forensic scientists are becoming increasingly aware. Another tobacco and cannabis-based drug, nyaope , otherwise known as whoonga, is found in South Africa. This time the tobacco and cannabis are mixed with heroin and antiretroviral drugs used to treat Aids, some of which are hallucinogenic. These drugs are inexpensive and provide an escape from unemployment, the drudgery of poverty, sexual and physical abuse, and the effect, in some cases, especially in west Africa, from having been a child soldier. So what can be done about these drugs? The effectiveness of legislation alone is questionable, and many of those who attend the very limited rehabilitation centres return to drug use. Perhaps what is required is an integrated forensic healthcare system where legislative control is backed up by properly resourced rehabilitation centres coupled with a public health and employment programme. What changes are made in response to this epidemic remains to be seen. Edition: Available editions Europe. Become an author Sign up as a reader Sign in. Michael Cole , Anglia Ruskin University. Events More events.

Liberia buying MDMA pills