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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Correspondence: drwajid21 gmail. Background and objective : The purpose of this study is to compare the attitudes, views, and factors that influence drug abuse among pharmacy and nursing students at a Saudi Arabian university. Materials and Methods : A cross-sectional study, was conducted among pharmacy and nursing students who are currently enrolled in the respective courses at the study site. The data were collected over 4 months from August to November using structured self-administered paper-based questionnaires. Results : Among the participants, pharmacy students accounted for More than a third of the students , The majority of pharmacy Among the participants, Transient euphoria Conclusion : In this study, joy-seeking, access to drugs, and family issues were found to be the major factors listed as reasons for drug abuse, with some of them being controllable or reversible. Educating about the adverse outcomes of abused drugs is warranted. The use of abusive or prohibited substances remains a growing problem among young individuals and students, which contributes to socioeconomic and humanistic burden worldwide \[ 1 , 2 \]. The global prevalence of prohibited substances in was 5. The global statistics report in stated, over 11 million populations, are estimated to use injectable drugs, most of them were suffering from hepatitis \[ 3 , 4 \]. Additionally, a recent study among adolescents in reported alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine were the most commonly abused drugs. The prevalence of alcohol was Earlier studies report that the use of natural stimulants and other prohibited substances is on the rise in middle eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia \[ 8 , 9 , 10 \]. Another survey conducted in the US reported the most common motivations for using illicit drugs in adults were social, recreational purposes, followed by overcoming difficulties and physical requirements \[ 14 , 15 \]. Although previous studies showed that amphetamine 4— Previous reports found that amphetamine was the most widely used prohibited drug among Saudi adults \[ 10 , 11 , 18 \]. Another report stated that in Saudi Arabia, the use of cannabis and amphetamines was on the rise whereas the use of heroin and volatile substances were found to be decreasing \[ 16 \]. Drugs injections abuse was linked to anxiety, depression, and hepatitis as co-morbid conditions in Saudi Arabia \[ 10 , 11 , 16 \]. Several studies have found that medical and other healthcare students were found to have the highest frequency of using abusive substances \[ 9 , 12 , 16 , 19 \]. Other studies have also linked the use of alcohol, cannabis, and other stimulants to a lack of knowledge about prohibited substance use \[ 9 , 20 , 21 , 22 \]. The higher the education, the lower the abuse to prohibited substances \[ 9 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 \]. Illicit drugs are substances that are highly addictive and unlawful \[ 16 \]. Their use was found to cause undesirable and chronic physiological and psychological disorders, which resulted in disability-adjusted life years, and premature mortality \[ 6 , 16 \]. In addition, studies also found that chronic use of illicit drugs was associated with an increased risk of multiple types of cancers, and the development of non-malignant respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, as well as a wide array of other chronic health conditions \[ 18 \]. Nevertheless, attitudes and factors affecting the use of abusive, illegal, and prohibited substances among students and other individuals are an important topic and deserve to be examined. Knowledge and awareness of health in students is linked with the use of abusive drugs \[ 24 , 25 \]. Understanding the views will determine the extent of their involvement in the management programs for this serious problem, detrimental to the community health. The study was designed as a cross-sectional comparative survey, where pharmacy and nursing students who were currently pursuing their graduate programs at King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia from August to November , were invited to participate in this study. Students below the age of 18 and students from other disciplines were excluded from the study. The data were collected using a self-administered paper-based questionnaire. Participation in the study was voluntary. The calculated sample size was , but we decided to survey at least students in an attempt to ensure higher reliability. The development of the questionnaire for this study was done by modifying a validated survey instrument by Geramian et al. The questionnaire was initially developed in the English language and the final version was translated into Arabic language. The translation of the questionnaires was done by using forward and backward translation protocols \[ 27 \]. The translated survey instrument was subjected to face and content validity by a group of experts. Two academics native Arabic speakers with extensive experience in preparing and validating survey instruments and one researcher pharmacist-field expert from the clinical pharmacy department college of pharmacy validated the data collection instrument. The content was modified in light of the feedback received from the experts. The final version of the survey instrument consisted of 16 questions divided into four sections. The last section consisted of two questions; the first, was about what physical or psychological changes were experienced after the use of drugs six items whereas the second question was about opinions around abusive, illegal, and prohibited substances, three items on a three-point scale agree, no comment, disagree. A two-step sampling approach was used for data collection for this study to ensure generalizability and minimize selection bias. First, the college of pharmacy, followed by nursing was selected to collect the data. At the time of the study, the students were in the first, second, and third years of the course. The students of different years, across both disciplines, were randomly invited to participate in the study by a researcher who had experience in conducting research involving human participants. The researcher approached the class leader of each year, in pharmacy and nursing respectively, explained the purpose of this study, and handed over the questionnaires, to be distributed to students. Some of the students completed the questionnaire on the spot, while others asked the time to collect the questionnaire at a mutually agreed time. The completion of the questionnaire was considered as the consent of the participant. Data extraction is the crucial step in the research process and involves careful examination of completely and incompletely answered questionnaires \[ 28 \]. Descriptive statistics, frequencies, and percentages were used to summarize the data. The mean attitudes scores were calculated for the attitudes questionnaires. A p -value of less than 0. More than half were pharmacy students One hundred forty-eight Furthermore, demographic details are presented in Table 1. In regards to participants perception regarding factors contributing toward abusive drug use among students, approximately Further factors and student attitudes toward the use of abusive substances and drugs can be found in Table 2 below. Attitudes of students towards factors contributing to the use of illicit drugs and substances among participants. More than half of the students Approximately one-third of participants Out of the total, students Furthermore, However, To the best of our knowledge to date, this is the first study that has evaluated the attitudes of health care students toward the factors associated with the use of illicit drugs or prohibited substances among students in Saudi Arabia. Rahimian Boogar et al. This study significantly contributes to identifying factors that could contribute to the use of illicit drugs and prohibited substances among the young population and university students in Saudi Arabia and will serve as a baseline study for further studies looking at developing targeted interventions and services to reducing the risk of predisposing factors or helping in the management and withdrawal of addictive substances. Despite that most illicit drugs are classified as prescription-only medications, most people take them without a prescription in Saudi Arabia \[ 17 \]. These results are consistent with the findings of Terry-McEllrath et al. However, the use of abusive, illicit, or prohibited substances differ in different populations, and Di Luigi L reported people abusing them to obtain therapeutic relief e. According to a recent report, genetics, family history, mental health, and environmental stressors can increase substance abuse susceptibility, and the overall risk of using abusive, illicit, or prohibited substances can double \[ 33 , 34 \]. However, earlier studies documented that the use of prohibited substances among students was higher particularly smoking marijuana \[ 35 , 36 , 37 \]. Although according to previous evidence, more particular reasons to using illicit drugs were to cope with a negative effect, to be free from worries, to get relax, to be away from problems, to control anger, to increase drug effects, and to cope with physical needs \[ 14 \]. While the current findings reported that the presence of an addicted person or friend, easy access to drugs, as predisposing factors to abuse drugs and use illicit substances. Similarly, other previous studies reported people with a positive family history of drug use as well as access to controlled drugs were more likely to have substance use-related behavioral problems \[ 30 , 38 , 39 \]. In this study, most of the health care students practice tobacco smoking, which was similar to previous studies published in developed and developing countries \[ 30 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 \]. However previous studies found the use of illicit drugs such as marijuana, prescription stimulants, opioids, cocaine, ecstasy by pharmacy students \[ 30 , 40 , 42 , 43 \]. Other drug use, such as sedatives, hallucinogens, anxiolytics, heroin, and cocaine, was also present in students, as documented in prior investigations. Similarly, previous studies evidenced that attitude scores were significantly different among nicotine and alcohol users \[ 42 , 43 \]. We encourage the implementation of preventive and treatment interventions and public health strategies. Developing and establishing training for students in the health professions about abusive, illicit drugs, and prohibited substances might offer additional skills to these professionals, which could help identify drug-seeking behavior and identify high-risk people in society \[ 44 , 45 \]. There are certain limitations to the current study. First, the findings were based on a self-administered questionnaire, which could have increased the risk of biases such as social desirability bias or recall bias. Second, the findings came from a single Saudi Arabian university, making them unrepresentative of others and ungeneralizable globally. Third, due to the better access to male students while disseminating the questionnaire, the study did not include female students. Fourth, due to differences in populations, study design, and techniques used to measure attitude, the parameters mentioned in this study may differ from those mentioned in other studies. Lastly, this study did not involve participants from a normal population of similar ages to compare attitudes and consequences, which might be different. Our study highlights the attitudes and perceptions of students toward factors contributing to drug abuse. According to findings joy-seeking, access to drugs, and family issues were found to be the major factors listed as reasons for drug abuse, with some of them being controllable or reversible. More importantly, the prevalence of abused drugs is on the rise compared to both national and international studies, which may potentially associate with negative consequences on public health. The factors identified in this study present an avenue of opportunities, services, or interventions to be designed and implemented to target reducing and overcoming this issue. Therefore, we advocate the implementation of educational programs that teach students about the harmful outcomes of abusive drugs and avoid their complications. Additionally, the current findings could serve as support for faculties of pharmacy and nursing to improve their curriculum to create awareness and to encourage to prevent the use of prohibited substances, also support the development of messages aimed at safely using drugs. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in the study. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Medicina Kaunas. Find articles by Wajid Syed. Find articles by Ayesha Iqbal. Find articles by Nasir A Siddiqui. Find articles by Ramzi A Mothana. Find articles by Omer Noman. Open in a new tab. Participants Characteristics Mean Std. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Course of study. University-level education. Presence of an addicted person in the family? Better acceptability by friends. University education.
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