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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Key findings and threat assessment. Global context. Production in Europe. Trafficking and supply. Criminal networks. Prices and purities. Retail markets. Effects, risks and harms of use. Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. Estimates of the amounts used suggest that about 90 tonnes of amphetamine and methamphetamine combined likely range: 70 to tonnes was consumed in the EU in Although amphetamine is much more commonly used than methamphetamine in most countries, it is difficult to estimate the size of the EU amphetamine retail market because in some countries it is not possible to separate amphetamine from methamphetamine in the relevant datasets. Of particular importance for these market size estimates is the fact that most general population surveys do not distinguish between these two substances, in part because many users are unaware if the consume amphetamine or methamphetamine. It is assumed that this is generally amphetamine, except in the case of Czechia and Cyprus where other data indicate that methamphetamine use is more common. Surveys that group amphetamine and methamphetamine together, conducted by 25 EU countries between and suggest that 1. Using the methodology established by the EMCDDA b , it is possible to estimate the size of the retail amphetamine market, based on the number of users and their use patterns, the amount they consume per year and the average price paid at the retail level. Such estimates are, however, prone to underestimation due to misreporting or under-reporting of use Udrisard et al. The estimated number of users comes from two standard data sources on drug use: the number of problematic users in the EU and the prevalence of amphetamines use, based on general population surveys. Data are available about high-risk opioid users who also use amphetamines and these are assumed to be frequent users. Since the problematic use of amphetamines is a significant issue in some countries, estimates of the numbers of such users have been produced. Because prevalence rates for amphetamines use are low, overall, general population surveys carried out in most countries do not capture sufficient numbers of last-month users to provide robust data on frequency of use in the last month. Hence, it is only possible to distinguish two broad groups of users based on frequency: infrequent users, who used less than once a month or less than 11 times a year, and frequent users, who used on 11 or more days a year or at least once a month. By combining these data, the minimum annual value of the retail market for amphetamines in the EU is estimated to be EUR 1. Estimates of amounts used suggest that about 90 tonnes of amphetamine and methamphetamine combined likely range: 70 to tonnes were consumed in the EU in The main market for methamphetamine use in the EU is in Czechia, so an approximation of the EU amphetamine market can be made by subtracting the national Czech estimate from the overall EU amphetamines estimate. The value of the retail market size for Czechia has been calculated at EUR Using these data, it is estimated that the overall minimum value of the EU amphetamine retail market is EUR 1. Drug residue measurements in wastewater show some promise as a method for estimating city-level drug consumption Van Nuijs et al. In a study commissioned for this analysis Udrisard et al. There are some unique factors that complicate the use of wastewater data to estimate amphetamine markets. First, a portion of the amphetamine detected may be the result of methamphetamine use, since the former is a metabolite of the latter. Compound-specific metabolites for amphetamine are not routinely measured within wastewater monitoring campaigns. Second, a small proportion of the amphetamine detected could be the result of prescribed medication for the treatment of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. However, since amphetamine is only given to a limited number of patients, the contribution from this source is probably negligible. However, the impact of licit use is expected to vary across countries and should be investigated further Quireyns et al. It is possible, however, to calculate an estimate of city-level market size using wastewater data combined with average retail purity and average retail price albeit with the latter two figures based on country-level reporting. In a study commissioned for this report, the likely size of the retail amphetamine market for three cities in Belgium and five cities in Sweden was calculated see Table Estimated value of amphetamine consumed in selected European cities, This reflects not only the higher levels of amphetamine use in Stockholm, but also the relatively higher-price and high-purity market, contrasting with the lower-price and high-purity market in Belgium. Data analysis such as this, while affected by a number of limitations and uncertainties, shows great potential as a complementary information source for monitoring drug markets Quireyns et al. Drug law offence statistics mainly provide insights on the implementation of drug laws. They are driven primarily by law enforcement activities, and are therefore influenced by factors that affect these activities and by registration and reporting practices. Data from wastewater analyses conducted in European cities are useful for visualising the pattern of amphetamine consumption across the continent. However, an important limitation is that the coverage is not uniform across the EU see Figure Relative geographical distribution of amphetamine as detected in wastewater in European cities, daily mean. According to the latest data available , the mass loads of amphetamine detected in wastewater varied considerably across study locations. As in previous years, the highest levels were reported in cities in the north and east of Europe, with much lower levels in cities in the south of Europe. Of the 55 cities with data for both and , 20 reported an increase, 9 a stable situation and 26 noted a decrease. The highest mass loads were found in cities in Belgium, Finland, the Netherlands and Sweden. In and , amphetamine loads detected in wastewater were found to be distributed more evenly over the whole week than in previous years, possibly reflecting the use of these drugs being associated with more regular consumption by a cohort of high-risk users. Underlying data is available in source data. Web-based surveys can be a quick and inexpensive tool for collecting information from relatively large numbers of people who use drugs. While their results cannot be generalised to the population as a whole, or indeed to all people who use drugs, they can paint a detailed and timely picture of drug consumption and purchasing patterns, as well as providing a useful complement to conventional data-collection methods. While their results cannot be generalised to the population as a whole, or indeed to all people who use drugs, they can paint a detailed and timely picture of drug consumption and purchasing patterns, as well as providing a useful complement to traditional data-collection methods. Among this group, the proportion who reported mostly buying the drug or obtaining it for free varied widely between countries. This indicates that practices of sharing amphetamine among peer groups may differ between countries in Europe. The use of these methods differed between countries, possibly indicating that some purchasing practices are more common in some countries than in others. It should be noted, however, that the sample sizes were small in several countries. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Similarly, these findings indicate differences between European countries. However, it is again important to note the small sample sizes in a number of countries. Consult the list of references used in this resource. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Table of contents Search within the book. Introduction Introduction Key findings and threat assessment Key findings and threat assessment Global context Global context Production in Europe Production in Europe Trafficking and supply Trafficking and supply Criminal networks Criminal networks Prices and purities Prices and purities Retail markets Retail markets Effects, risks and harms of use Effects, risks and harms of use Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. In the last 12 months, how did you usually buy amphetamine? In the last 12 months, how was the amphetamine usually delivered to you? Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. EU Drug Market: Amphetamine — main page. On this page.

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