Jahan Ace
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Jahan Ace
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
5th Mughal emperor from 1628 to 1658
Not to be confused with Jahan Shah .
For other people named Shah Jahan, see Shah Jahan (disambiguation) .
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Shah Jahan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( January 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
^ Shujauddin, Mohammad; Shujauddin, Razia (1967). The Life and Times of Noor Jahan . Lahore: Caravan Book House. p. 121. OCLC 638031657 .
^ Necipoğlu, Gülru , ed. (1994). Muqarnas : an annual on Islamic art and architecture . Vol. 11. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill. p. 143. ISBN 978-90-04-10070-1 .
^ Fenech, Louis E. (2014). "The Evolution of the Sikh Community". In Singh, Pashaura ; Fenech, Louis E. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies . Oxford University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8 . Jahangir’s son, Khurram, better known as the emperor Shah Jahan
^ Singh, Pashaura ; Fenech, Louis E., eds. (2014). "Index". The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies . Oxford University Press. p. 649. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8 . Shah Jahan, Emperor Shahabuddin Muhammad Khurram
^ Flood, Finbarr Barry; Necipoglu, Gulru (2017). A Companion to Islamic Art and Architecture . John Wiley & Sons. p. 897. ISBN 978-1-119-06857-0 .
^ Illustrated dictionary of the Muslim world . Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Reference. 2011. p. 136 . ISBN 978-0-7614-7929-1 .
^ Richards 1993 , Shah Jahan , pp. 121–122 .
^ "Shah Jahan" . Encyclopædia Britannica .
^ Jump up to: a b Findly 1993 , p. 125
^ Jahangir (1999). The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India . Translated by Thackston, W. M. Oxford University Press. p. 30. ISBN 0-19-512718-8 .
^ Eraly 2000 , p. 299
^ Jahangir (1999). The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India . Translated by Thackston, W. M. Oxford University Press. p. 46. ISBN 0-19-512718-8 .
^ Kamboh, Muhammad Saleh. Amal I Salih . During her stay at Fatehpur, the mother of Shah Jahan, Hazrat Bilqis Makani, a resident of Agra became ill. The treatment did not work. Finally, on 4th Jamadi-ul-Awal, she passed away and according to her will, she was buried at Dehra Bagh, near Noor Manzil.
^ Perston, Diana; Perston, Micheal. A Teardrop on the Cheek of Time: The Story of the Taj Mahal . Although removed from his mother at birth, Shah Jahan had become devoted to her.
^ Lal, Muni (1986). Shah Jahan . Vikas Publishing House. p. 52.
^ Banarsi Prasad Saksena (1932). History Of Shahjahan Of Dihli 1932 . Indian Press Limited.
^ Jump up to: a b Qazvini, Asad Beg; Mughal-era historian
^ Prasad 1930 , p. 189 "During his grandfather's last illness, he [Khurram] refused to leave the bedside surrounded by his enemies. Neither the advice of his father nor the entreaties of his mother could prevail on him to prefer the safety of his life to his last duty to the old man."
^ Nicoll 2009 , p. 49
^ Faruqui, Munis D. (2012). The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719 . Cambridge University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-107-02217-1 .
^ Nicoll 2009 , p. 56
^ Prasad 1930 , p. 190 "Khusrau conspired, rebelled, and lost the favor of his father ... Of all the sons of Jahangir, Khurram was marked out to be the heir-apparent and successor ... In 1608 the assignment of the sarkar of Hissar Firoz to him proclaimed to the world that he was intended for the throne.
^ Nicoll 2009 , p. 66
^ Eraly 2000 , p. 300
^ Jump up to: a b Eraly 2000 , p. 379
^ Kumar, Anant (January–June 2014). "Monument of Love or Symbol of Maternal Death: The Story Behind the Taj Mahal" . Case Reports in Women's Health . 1 : 4–7. doi : 10.1016/j.crwh.2014.07.001 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 .
^ Nicoll 2009 , p. 177
^ The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan . Vol. II. p. 45.
^ Constable, Archibald (ed.), "Begum Saheb" , Travels in Mogul India , Oxford University Press, p. 11
^ Saksena, ed. (1932), "The Charge of Incest" , History of Shahjahan of Dihli , The Indian press ltd, Allahabad, p. 339
^ Irvine, William, ed. (1907), "Begum Saheb" , Storia Do Mogor Vol 1 , Oxford University press, pp. 216–217 .
^ Lal, Kishori Saran, ed. (1988), "The Charge of Incest" , The Mughal Harem , Adithya Prakashan, pp. 93–94
^ Prasad 1930 , p. 239 "Constant skirmishes were thinning the Rajput ranks ... [Amar Singh] offered to recognize Mughal supremacy ... Jahangir gladly and unreservedly accepted the terms."
^ Middleton, John (2015). World Monarchies and Dynasties . Routledge. p. 451. ISBN 978-1-317-45158-7 .
^ Holden, Edward S. (2004) [First published 1895]. Mughal Emperors of Hindustan (1398–1707) . New Delhi, India: Asian Educational Service. p. 257. ISBN 978-81-206-1883-1 .
^ Jump up to: a b Satish Chandra (2007). History of Medieval India: 800-1700 . Orient BlackSwan. ISBN 978-8125032267 . Retrieved 24 September 2020 .
^ Richards 1993 , p. 117
^ Nicoll 2009 , p. 157
^ Elliot, H. M. (1867–1877). The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians . Vol. VI. London.
^ Findly 1993 , pp. 275–282, 284
^ Sufism and Society: Arrangements of the Mystical in the Muslim World, 1200–1800 edited by John Curry, Erik Ohlander, Page 141
^ Maddison, Angus (2006). The World Economy Volumes 1–2 . Development Center of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. p. 639. doi : 10.1787/456125276116 . ISBN 92-64-02261-9 .
^ Matthews, Chris (5 October 2014). "The 5 most dominant economic empires of all time" . Fortune . Retrieved 18 August 2016 .
^ Titus, Murray T; Dewick, E.C. (1979). Indian Islam . Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 24. ISBN 978-8170690962 .
^ Ó Gráda, Cormac (March 2007). "Making Famine History". Journal of Economic Literature . 45 (1): 5–38. doi : 10.1257/jel.45.1.5 . hdl : 10197/492 . JSTOR 27646746 . Well-known famines associated with back-to-back harvest failures include ... the Deccan famine of 1630–32
^ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1971) [First published in 1961]. Mughal Rule in India (10th ed.). Delhi: S. Chand. pp. 148–149. OCLC 182638309 .
^ Sen 2013 , pp. 170–171
^ Sen 2013 , pp. 169–170
^ M. P. Srivastava (1978). Policies of the Great Mughals . the University of Michigan. p. 168.
^ Farooqi, N. R. (1989). Mughal-Ottoman Relations: A Study of Political & Diplomatic Relations Between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748 . Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. OCLC 20894584 .
^ Ikram, S. M. (1964). Muslim Civilization in India . Columbia University Press. pp. 175–188. ISBN 978-0-231-02580-5 – via Frances W. Pritchett.
^ Duiker, William J.; Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2006). World History: From 1500 . Cengage Learning. pp. 431, 475. ISBN 978-0-495-05054-4 .
^ Sharma, Ram, ed. (1962), "Shah Jahan" , The Religious policy of the Mughal Emperors , Asian publishing house, pp. 104–105
^ "Farman of Shah Jahan" .
^ Gonzalez, Valerie (2016). Aesthetic Hybridity in Mughal Painting, 1526–1658 . Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-317-18487-4 .
^ Richards 1993 , p. 158
^ ASI, India. "Taj Mahal" . asi.nic.in . Archeological Survey of India . Retrieved 8 December 2018 .
^ Asher 2003 , p. 169
^ Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1984) [First published 1981]. Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India . Vol. II (2nd ed.). Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 59. ISBN 978-81-207-1015-3 . OCLC 1008395679 .
^ "A Qutub Minar that not many knew even existed" . The Times of India . Retrieved 21 September 2018 .
^ Shah Jahan Mosque UNESCO World Heritage Centre Retrieved 10 February 2011
^ Dani, A. H. (2003). "The Architecture of the Mughal Empire (North-Western Regions)" (PDF) . In Adle, Chahryar; Habib, Irfan (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia . Vol. V. UNESCO. p. 524. ISBN 978-92-3-103876-1 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Moosvi, Shireen (2008). People, Taxation, and Trade in Mughal India . Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-19-569315-7 .
^ Jahangir (1999). The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India . Translated by Thackston, W. M. Oxford University Press. p. 362. ISBN 0-19-512718-8 . [March 1621 - March 1622] Shah-Shuja escaped the brink of death, and another son born of Shahnawaz Khan's daughter [Izz un-Nisa Begum] in Burhanpur died.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Sarker, Kobita (2007). Shah Jahan and his paradise on earth : the story of Shah Jahan's creations in Agra and Shahjahanabad in the golden days of the Mughals . Kolkata: K.P. Bagchi & Co. p. 40. ISBN 978-8170743002 .
^ Begley, W. E.; Desai, Z.A., eds. (1989). Taj Mahal: The Illumined Tomb: An Anthology of Seventeenth-Century Mughal and European Documentary Sources . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-295-96944-2 .
Shihab al-Din Muhammad Khurram ( Persian : شهاب الدين محمد خرم , romanized : Shihāb al-Dīn Muḥammad Khurram ; 5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666), better known by his regnal name Shah Jahan ( Persian : شاه جهان ; lit. 'King of the World'), was the fifth emperor of the Mughal Empire , reigning from January 1628 until July 1658. Under his emperorship, the Mughals reached the peak of their architectural achievements and cultural glory.
The third son of Jahangir ( r. 1605–1627 ), Shah Jahan participated in the military campaigns against the Rajputs of Mewar and the Lodis of Deccan . After Jahangir's death in October 1627, Shah Jahan defeated his youngest brother Shahryar Mirza and crowned himself emperor in the Agra Fort . In addition to Shahryar, Shah Jahan executed most of his rival claimants to the throne. He commissioned many monuments, including the Red Fort , Shah Jahan Mosque and the Taj Mahal , where his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal is entombed. In foreign affairs, Shah Jahan presided over the aggressive campaigns against the Deccan Sultanates , the conflicts with the Portuguese , and the wars with Safavids , while maintaining positive relations with the Ottoman Empire . He also suppressed several local rebellions, and dealt with the devastating Deccan famine of 1630–32 .
In September 1657, Shah Jahan was ailing from an illness and he appointed his eldest son Dara Shikoh as his successor. This nomination led to a succession crisis among his three sons, after which Shah Jahan's third son Aurangzeb ( r. 1658–1707 ) emerged victorious and became the sixth emperor. After Shah Jahan returned from illness in July 1658, Aurangzeb imprisoned his father in the Agra Fort from July 1658 until his death in January 1666. [6] He was laid to rest next to his wife in the Taj Mahal. His reign is known for doing away with the liberal policies initiated by Akbar . During Shah Jahan's time, Islamic revivalist movements like the Naqsbandi began to shape Mughal policies. [7]
He was born on 5 January 1592 in Lahore , in modern-day Pakistan , as the ninth child and third son of Prince Salim (later known as ' Jahangir ' upon his accession) by his wife, Jagat Gosain . [8] [9] The name Khurram ( Persian : خرم , lit. 'joyous') was chosen for the young prince by his grandfather, Emperor Akbar , with whom the young prince shared a close relationship. [9] Jahangir stated that Akbar was very fond of Khurram and had often told him "There is no comparison between him and your other sons. I consider him my true son." [10]
When Khurram was born, Akbar considering him to be auspicious insisted the prince be raised in his household rather than Salim's and was thus entrusted to care of Ruqaiya Sultan Begum . Ruqaiya assumed the primary responsibility for raising Khurram [11] and is noted to have raised Khurram affectionately. Jahangir noted in his memoirs that Ruqaiya had loved his son, Khurram, "a thousand times better than if he had been her own [son]." [12] Jahangir also entrusted her with the upbringing of Shah Jahan's eldest daughter.
However, after the death of his grandfather Akbar in 1605, he returned to the care of his mother, Jagat Gosain whom he cared for and loved immensely. Although separated from her at birth, he had become devoted to her and had her addressed as Hazrat in court chronicles. [13] [14] On the death of Jagat Gosain in Akbarabad on 8 April 1619, he is recorded to be inconsolable by Jahangir and mourned for 21 days. For these three weeks of the mourning period, he attended no public meetings and subsisted on simple vegetarian meals. His consort Mumtaz Mahal personally supervised the distribution of food to the poor during this period. She led the recitation of the Quran every morning and gave her husband many lessons on the substance of life and death and begged him not to grieve. [15]
As a child, Khurram received a broad education befitting his status as a Mughal prince, which included martial training and exposure to a wide variety of cultural arts, such as poetry and music , most of which was inculcated, according to court chroniclers, by Akbar. According to Qazvini, prince Khurram was only familiar with a few Turki words and showed little interest in the study of the language as a child. [16] In 1605, as Akbar lay on his deathbed, Khurram, who at this point of time was 13, [17] [ full citation needed ] remained by his bedside and refused to move even after his mother tried to retrieve him. Given the politically uncertain times immediately preceding Akbar's death, Khurram was in a fair amount of physical danger from political opponents of his father, [18] He was at last ordered to return to his quarters by the senior women of his grandfather's household namely Salima Sultan Begum and his grandmother Mariam-uz-Zamani as the health of Akbar deteriorated. [19]
In 1605, his father succeeded to the throne, after crushing a rebellion by Prince Khusrau – Khurram remained distant from court politics and intrigues in the immediate aftermath of that event. [ citation needed ] Khurram left Ruqaiya's care and returned to his mother's care. [20] As the third son, Khurram did not challenge the two major power blocs of the time, his father's and his half-brother's; thus, he enjoyed the benefits of imperial protection and luxury while being allowed to continue with his education and training. This relatively quiet and stable period of his life allowed Khurram to build his own support base in the Mughal court, which would be useful later on in his life. [21]
Due to the long period of tensions between his father and half-brother, Khurram began to drift closer to his father, and over time, started to be considered the de facto heir-apparent by court chroniclers. This status was given official sanction when Jahangir granted the sarkar of Hissar-Feroza , which had traditionally been the fief of the heir-apparent, to Khurram in 1608. [22] Nur Jahan was an intelligent and beautiful lady with an excellent educational background. She was an active participant in the decisions made by Jahangir. Slowly and gradually, while she became the actual power behind the throne, Jahangir became more indulgent in wine and opium. Coins began to be struck containing her name along with Jahangir's name. Her near and dear relatives acquired important positions in the Mughal court, termed as the Nur Jahan junta by historians. After the death of Jahangir in 1627, Nur Jahan was put under house arrest and led a quiet life till her death.
In 1607, Khurram became engaged to Arjumand Banu Begum (1593–1631), who is also known as Mumtaz Mahal ( Persian for "the chosen one of the Palace"). They met in their youth. They were about 14 and 15 when they were engaged, and five years later, got married. The young girl belonged to an illustrious Persian noble family that had been serving Mughal emperors since the reign of Akbar . The family's patriarch was Mirza Ghiyas Beg , who was also known by his title I'timād-ud-Daulah or "Pillar of the State". He had been Jahangir's finance minister and his son, Asaf Khan – Arjumand Banu's father – played an important role in the Mughal court, eventually serving as Chief Minister. Her aunt Mehr-un-Nissa later became the Empress Nur Jahan , chief wife of Emperor Jahangir. [23]
The prince would have to wait five years before he was married in 1612 (1021 AH), on a date selected by the court astrologers as most conducive to ensuring a happy marriage. This was an unusually long engagement for the time. However, Shah Jahan first married Princess Kandahari Begum , the daughter of a great-grandson of Shah Ismail I of Persia , with whom he had a daughter, his first child. [24]
In 1612, aged 20, Khurram married Arjumand Banu Begum, who became known by the title Mumtaz Mahal, on the auspicious date chosen by court astrologers. The marriage was a happy one and Khurram remained devoted to her. She bore him fourteen children, out of whom seven survived into adulthood.
Though there was genuine love between the two, Arjumand Banu Begum was a politically astute woman and served as a crucial advisor and confidante to her husband. [25] Later on, as empress, Mumtaz Mahal wielded immense power, such as being consulted by her husband in state matters and being responsible for the imperial seal , which allowed her to review official documents in their final draft. [ citation needed ]
Mumtaz Mahal died at age 38 (7 June 1631) while giving birth to Gauhar Ara Begum in Burhanpur . She died of a postpartum haemorrhage , which caused considerable blood-loss after painful labor of thirty hours. [26] Contemporary historians note that Princess Jahanara, aged 17, was so distressed by her mother's pain that she started distributing gems to the poor, hoping for divine intervention, and Shah Jahan was noted as being "paralysed by grief" and weeping fits. [27] Her body was temporarily buried in a walled pleasure garden known as Zainabad, originally constructed by Shah Jahan's uncle Prince Daniyal along the Tapti River . Her death had a profound impact on Shah Jahan's personality and inspired the construction of the Taj Mahal , where she was later reburied. [ citation needed ]
In the intervening years Khurram had taken other wives, among which are Kandahari Begum (m. 28 October 1610) and Izz un-Nisa Begum (m. 2 September 1617), the daughters of Muzaffar Husain Mirza Safawi and Shahnawaz Khan, son of Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana , respectively. But according to court chroniclers, his relationship with his other wives was more out of political consideration, and they enjoyed only the status of being royal wives. [17]
Khurram is also recorded to have married his maternal half-cousin, Lilavati Bai, daughter of Sakat Singh Rathore of Kharwa. The marriage took place when Khurram was in rebellion against his father, Jahangir. [28]
Francois Bernier , a French physician who visited India from 1659 to 1668, records the relationship of Shah Jahan with Jahanara Begum exceeded basic decency that i
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