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Metrics details. It is a worldwide public health problem, especially in countries with limited resources. Although self-medication can reduce waiting time and save money, it may carry some potential risks, e. A limited number of self-medication studies have been conducted in Egypt. To determine the prevalence of self-medication practices and to identify the factors associated with self-medication. A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients. The sample was randomly selected from those who attended the El-Mahsama family practice center, Ismailia, Egypt, from November to February The center is affiliated to the Suez Canal University and provides preventive and curative services to a rural community. The participants were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire including sociodemographic scale and self-medication knowledge and behavior. Data was analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistical methods. More than half of the participants The most frequent self-administered drugs were analgesics Prevalence of self-medication is high among all socioeconomic levels of patients attending the El-Mahsama family practice center, which serves a rural community in Ismailia governorate, Egypt. Self-medication is defined as the use of medicines to treat self-diagnosed disorders without any medical consultation Sarahroodi et al. It may involve over-the-counter OTC medications, prescription-only medicines POM , or the use of complementary and alternative medicine Torres et al. Methods of self-medication may include buying drugs by reutilizing a previous prescription, taking medicines on advice of relative or others, or consuming leftover medicines already available at home Helal and Abou-ElWafa Self-medication is a global phenomenon and potential contributor to human pathogen resistance to antibiotics Bennadi However, its patterns vary between countries depending on various features, e. Although self-medication can reduce the load on medical services and save cost, it is far from being a completely safe practice WHO Potential risks may include incorrect self-diagnosis, delays in seeking medical advice when needed, severe adverse reactions, dangerous drug interactions especially for older people with multi-morbidity, incorrect manner of administration, incorrect dosage, incorrect choice of therapy, masking of a severe disease, and development of microbial resistance Ruiz Antibiotics resistance, one of the biggest threats to global health, may result from self-medication of antibiotics Rather et al. The acceleration of antibiotic resistance and the decline in the development of new antibiotics to combat the problem have created significant public health challenges to health policymakers, health care workers, and the population around the world Gebeyehu et al. In many developing countries including Egypt, antibiotics are unregulated and available over the counter without a prescription Ventola Despite the potential risks of self-medication, and to the best of our knowledge, few epidemiological data is available about the prevalence of self-medication among patients in our community. A cross-sectional study was conducted on participants, who were selected by simple random sample from the daily registry of patients who attended the El-Mahsama family practice center, Ismailia, Egypt, from November to February The El-Mahsama family practice center was selected as a study setting, because it is a primary health care center providing preventive and curative services to a rural community with different socioeconomic levels and different cultural backgrounds. Participants were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, which contains two sections: 1 socioeconomic status and 2 self-medication assessment. The total socioeconomic level was classified into very low, low, middle, and high levels depending on the quartiles of the score calculated El-Gilany et al. Pilot testing of tools was carried out on 20 persons out of the study sample to assess the understandability and feasibility of the questionnaire. The validity of the self-medication assessment tool was pre-determined by three experienced professors of family and community medicine. Descriptive data was presented as numbers and percentages. For all tests, a probability value of less than 0. About half of the families Less than half of them About Families who can just meet their routine expenses represent The majority As shown in Table 1 , about half of them owed that to save money; however, two thirds of them Furthermore, information sources include recommendation by community pharmacists A recent systematic review included some Egyptian studies conducted in different cities from to Kasim and Hassan The review demonstrated that the prevalence of medication abuse among the Egyptian population before twenty-first century ranged from However, according to the more recent studies conducted in Egypt, the reported prevalence has significantly increased to range from As for other countries, the reported prevalence varied widely from The variations in the reported prevalence can be explained by the difference in populations, sample size, and study design. But more importantly, the recall period in these studies was only a few weeks or months, whereas in our study, self-medication use was assessed during the past whole year. This long recall period could explain the very high prevalence reported in our study. In the present study, the most commonly used drugs were analgesics and antibiotics. This is consistent with the findings of previous studies which reported that analgesics and anti-inflammatories were highly used in self-medication Jerez-Roig et al. In fact, Domingues et al. Similarly, El-Nimr et al. They also reported that over half of the participants used antibiotics without a prescription. The same findings were reported in the systematic review by Kasim and Hassan However, and contrary to our findings, Chang and Trivedi suggested that economic factors such as family size, income, and availability of health insurance may influence the self-medication practice. Also, a large Mexican study found that those who practiced self-medication usually had lower income Pagan et al. Meanwhile, medical insurance has been proposed as a key determinant for self-medication Hoai and Dang Some even suggested that broadening health insurance to cover over-the-counter drugs may lead to a significant reduction in self-medication practice Lei et al. With medical insurance come some obstacles that hinder the full utilization of such insurance and therefore direct some insured patients towards self-medication. For example, patients have to wait for quite long times to see a doctor. Also, some drugs might be unavailable sometimes, and thus, patients quite often end up buying the medications themselves. The present study had some limitations. First, the recall bias may have affected our analysis, and although the long recall period may add strength to our study, yet, it might also have caused confusion to the participants. Second, the study was a regional study conducted at a single health unit. Therefore, our results cannot be generalized and are not representing self-medication practice in Egypt. Third, since this was a cross-sectional study, each variable was measured only once and exposure and outcome are simultaneously assessed, so evidence of any associations should be closely interpreted before a causal relationship could be established. There was no statistically significant association between the socioeconomic status of the participants and usage of self-medications. The datasets generated during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Journal of Young Pharmacists. Article Google Scholar. Bennadi D Self-medication: a current challenge. Journal of basic and clinical pharmacy. Journal of adolescent health. Health economics. Charan J, Biswas T Apr How to calculate sample size for different study designs in medical research? Indian journal of psychological medicine. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. Google Scholar. PloS one 10 9. Journal of environmental and public health. Social work in health care. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Int J Cur Res Rev. Collegium antropologicum. PubMed Google Scholar. International journal of environmental research and public health 15 1 PloS one 9 Health policy. Saudi journal of biological sciences. Ruiz ME Risks of self-medication practices. Current drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiological study of self-medication in adults attending pharmacies in Alexandria, Egypt. Public health. Ventola CL The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. Pharmacy and therapeutics. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the regulatory assessment of medicinal products for use in self-medication. Geneva: World Health Organization; Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. MH was responsible for choosing the tool of the study. RD and WZ designed the study, wrote the manuscript, and were involved in the subject selections and data collection. NM was responsible for the statistical analysis and revised the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Rokaya Diab. All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Reprints and permissions. Zeid, W. Prevalence and associated risk factors of self-medication among patients attending El-Mahsama family practice center, Ismailia, Egypt. Bull Natl Res Cent 44 , 92 Download citation. Received : 30 April Accepted : 03 June Published : 12 June Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all SpringerOpen articles Search. Download PDF. Objectives To determine the prevalence of self-medication practices and to identify the factors associated with self-medication Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients. Conclusion Prevalence of self-medication is high among all socioeconomic levels of patients attending the El-Mahsama family practice center, which serves a rural community in Ismailia governorate, Egypt. Introduction Self-medication is defined as the use of medicines to treat self-diagnosed disorders without any medical consultation Sarahroodi et al. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on participants, who were selected by simple random sample from the daily registry of patients who attended the El-Mahsama family practice center, Ismailia, Egypt, from November to February Full size image. Limitations of the present study The present study had some limitations. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge all the participants for their cooperation. Informed consent Informed consent was obtained from the participants included in the study. Funding No fund received. View author publications. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors announce that there is no conflict of interest. About this article. Cite this article Zeid, W. Copy to clipboard.

El Chapo in Egypt: A deadly mix of murder and meth

Ismailia buying Ecstasy

A series of violent murders shocked Egyptian society in In March , the Qena governorate woke up to a horrifying mass murder when a year-old man killed his two elder brothers and injured his younger brother after taking El Chapo and fought with them. In March , in a village in the Sohag governorate, an eight-year-old girl was stabbed brutally by her addicted cousin who wanted to steal her golden earrings to buy El Chapo. In late April , in a village in the Ismailia governorate, a father killed his own year-old son by electrocution, allegedly when the boy refused to listen to his orders. According to the neighbors, the father — an El Chapo addict — had become extremely violent to the level that his wife left him. Then in May, during the Holy Month of Ramadan, a baker killed his wife and six children in a Fayoum village after verbal fight during the Suhor meal. The graphic bloody details in the murder shocked society. The murderer, who attempted suicide after his crime, did not only turn to have mental issues but he also was addicted to both Strux and El Chapo drugs. Strux is another, but unrelated, synthetic drug available on Egyptian streets. In June, a man in his 30s killed his girlfriend in Ismailia governorate after beating her to death. The man admitted in front of the authorities that they both were addicted to El Chapo. One month later, also in Ismailia, a university student killed own his father who worked as a mechanic after a fight between them over his addiction to El Chapo. The man, who turned to be addicted to El-Chapo , was sentenced to death in January. The murders with the traces of El-chapo continue in till the early weeks of March with the same similarities that the preparator is close personally to the victim or victims and the murder is itself extremely brutal. According to Abdel-Maksoud, those murders are the result of excessive physical force brought about by the poor decision making capabilities under the influence of meth, which is a very highly addictive drug. Methamphetamine is a synthetic stimulant that appeared for the first time in in Japan, but won its infamous reputation as a Nazi drug during World War II. Even for the Nazi government, the violence produced by the constant use of Pervitin was too much that it ordered the reduction of doses for its soldiers. Fast forward to the s, the use of meth as a drug exploded in the United States, followed by a proliferation to the rest of the world. Egypt began to witness a spread of synthetic drugs , with nearly types having been recorded so far. He explained that most drug traffickers now have changed their methods, using routes through the Red Sea, Sudan or Libya. Working in Kuwait as contractors and labourers, they began to use the drug as a stimulant to give them more energy, bringing it back into the country in small batches, according according to the retired police general. It is noteworthy that many of ANGA meth busts have been in Sohag, according to statements by the Ministry of Interior over the past year. It has become a hot zone. But the deadly drug is not only smuggled into the country, it is also manufactured locally in underground labs which increases the challenge for the ANGA to stop its spread despite its initial expensive price. Amr Osman, the director of the fund and assistant to the minister of social solidarity, told Ahram Online. According to Osman, the reason behind the noticeable rise in use of meth in Egypt is related to fact that the synthetic drugs in general have spread during the coronavirus lockdown, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes UNODC. Nevertheless, the direct reason behind its recent increase in Egypt according to Former Police General Sameh El-Kilany may not be the pandemic, but rather the simple market rule of supply and demand. Dr Nabil Abdel-Maksoud has a different view on how meth began to spread after it began to be was locally produced, despite its high price. One gram of meth can be enough for 10 people with each can paying EGP and distributing it among themselves, he elaborated. Dr Amr Osman believes the nature of the synthetic drugs make it more complicated and already many of those addicts have other psychological problems that can be treated and help the patients to overcome their need for drugs. Drugs are like a fashion, some of them rise and fade for newer drugs, he said, expressing hope that El Chapo may fade soon. FR AR. Books Home Reviews News. El Chapo in Egypt: A deadly mix of murder and meth. Ahram Online has compiled this timeline through a cursory survey of Egyptian media. Warning: Extreme graphic and violent details, reader discretion is advised In March , the Qena governorate woke up to a horrifying mass murder when a year-old man killed his two elder brothers and injured his younger brother after taking El Chapo and fought with them. A crystal-clear dangerous history Methamphetamine is a synthetic stimulant that appeared for the first time in in Japan, but won its infamous reputation as a Nazi drug during World War II. Icy new route: A short history of meth in Egypt Egypt began to witness a spread of synthetic drugs , with nearly types having been recorded so far. The story of how it came to Egypt is quite different than that of other drugs. Nevertheless, it was expensive, but a little less expensive. Is there a way to treat a highly addictive drug like meth? Short link:. Neymar returns for Al Hilal in Al Ain thriller. White House: Biden 'deeply concerned' about release of documents on Trump tours storm damage, Harris woos moderates as US vote looms. Most Viewed. Rising demand for practical learning. New discoveries at Luxor's Esna Temple uncover Ptolemaic era secrets in Ahly forward Kahraba omitted, fined ahead of Super Cup final with Zamalek. WHO to evacuate 1, Gazan women, children for urgent medical care. Egypt condemns Israeli targeting of Lebanese infrastructure, army. Also In Society. Egypt braces for cooler temperatures, light showers starting Tuesday. Egypt braces for mild days and cold nights starting Sunday. Enjoy it while it lasts! Egypt expects slight respite from heat starting Tuesday. PM Madbouly stresses need for offering affordable Hajj with quality services. Pleasant fall weather to stick around across Egypt all week.

Ismailia buying Ecstasy