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English operator of adult book shops and strip clubs in London in the 1960s and 1970s

^ An approved school was a reformatory school in which children who had committed crimes were one of the classes of inmates. [3]

^ £8,260 in 1957 equates to approximately £212,000 in 2021, according to calculations based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation. [8]

^ One of the striptease artistes who worked at the D'Arblay Street premises was Norma Russell, later Norma Levy. In 1973 she was one of the two prostitutes photographed with Lord Lambton , the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Defence ( RAF ), as they smoked marijuana in bed. He resigned from the government as a result. [19] [20]

^ Silver owned several properties in the area and was known to the police as a flat farmer, an exploitative process of letting out flats to prostitutes for high rents. [11]

^ In 1966 and 1967 strip clubs owned by Silver and Frank Mifsud—a Maltese criminal active in the sex industry—were also targets for arson, as was a gambling club they jointly owned. [25]

^ £450 in 1966 equates to approximately £9,000 in 2022, according to calculations based on the CPI measure of inflation. [8]

^ Goldstein stated that Humphreys alerted police to a possible cache of guns that had been found in Paris which could be connected to Goldstein. He was able to show police that he had not been in Paris during the period in question. [27]

^ The Obscene Publications Branch was commonly known as the Obscene Publications Squad, and often colloquially called the "porn squad" or "dirty squad". The OPB were tasked with enforcing the Obscene Publications Act 1959 (as amended by the 1964 Act ). [11] [29] [30] The unit comprised 14 to 18 officers and covered all of London; Soho was the area on which they focused most. [31]

^ £4,000 in 1969 equates to approximately £70,000, £100 the same year equates to approximately £2,000 in 2022 and £6,000 in 1970 equates to approximately £99,000, according to calculations based on the CPI measure of inflation. [8]

^ Any sex shop opened in London by any pornographer had to pay an opening bribe of between £500 to several thousand and a weekly bribe to the OPB, depending on the takings of the outlet. Some outlets, like one sex shop on Wardour Street , cost £150 a day in bribes. The payments ensured that the shops could operate without undue interference and that no-one else was able to open other sex shops in the vicinity. [37] The bribes were affordable because of the profit margins on pornography and the size of the market, which was estimated at £10 million a year in the UK in 1971. While the front room of the sex shops sold legal softcore pornography , the back room would sell the illegal hardcore version. [11] [29] While the softcore material sold with a high profit margin, this paled when compared with hardcore output. [38] Explicit magazines sold in Denmark or Amsterdam for 50p to 60p each would retail for £5 in London; 200-foot (61 m) black and white films (known in the trade as rollers) were purchased in Denmark for £3 and sold for £15, while colour films cost £5 to £9 and retailed at £30. The 400-foot (120 m) colour rollers were sold for as much as a purchaser was willing to pay. [35] [39]

^ £216,000 in 1972 equates to approximately £3,030,000 in 2022, according to calculations based on the CPI measure of inflation. [8]

^ £5 in 1970 equates to approximately £80 in 2022, £10 in 1970 equates to approximately £160 and £2,000 in 1970 equates to approximately £33,000 in the same year, according to calculations based on the CPI measure of inflation. [8]

^ The future Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police Robert Mark thought the report "perhaps the most spectacularly worthwhile piece of journalism I can recall". [57]

^ According to the journalists Barry Cox, John Shirley and Martin Short , in their 1977 study The Fall of Scotland Yard , the exposé in The Sunday People was a key "element in a combination of forces that came together in the spring and summer of 1972 ... [that] turned into a collective onslaught on pornography, vice and police corruption". [66] In addition to Mark's appointment, the Longford Report on pornography was published on 20 September 1972, following a sixteen-month committee of inquiry chaired by Lord Longford , [31] a leading member of the anti-pornography organisation the Festival of Light. [67] The historians Roger Davidson and Gayle Davis observe that in the early 1970s there was a backlash against the permissiveness of the 1960s that included organisations such as the Festival of Light, the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association and the Responsible Society. [68]

^ The SCS had been set up two years previously to investigate the Richardson and Kray gangs. [70] Wickstead and the SCS were based in Limehouse , out of the influence of the OPB in Scotland Yard. [71]

^ Mason's full name was Ronald Mason, but he went by the name Eric. [73]

^ The SCS repeated the raids in early January 1974, including those of Humphreys; twenty people were arrested. [79] [80]

^ In August 1973, while Humphreys was abroad, Rusty was charged with keeping a brothel in Soho. She was given a three-month suspended sentence . [81] [84]

^ Garfath committed suicide in November 1975. [87]

^ A10 was the branch of the Metropolitan Police set up by Mark to investigate all complaints about the police, particularly allegations of criminal activity. [95]

^ Virgo appealed and, in March 1978, the Court of Appeal overturned his conviction and set aside his sentence. [108]

^ Section 30 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 , which was in force when the Humphreys were running the brothels, states that it is an offence "knowingly to live wholly or in part on the earnings of prostitution". [121]



Books [ edit ]
Ascoli, David (1979). The Queen's Peace: The Origins and Development of the Metropolitan Police, 1829–1979 . London: Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0-241-10296-1 .
Campbell, Duncan (2019). Underworld: The Definitive History of Britain's Organised Crime (Kindle ed.). London: Ebury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4735-6609-5 .
Cox, Barry; Shirley, John; Short, Martin (1977). The Fall of Scotland Yard . London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-1405-2318-8 .
Cox, Pamela (2016). Gender, Justice and Welfare in Britain, 1900-1950 . Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-1984-7 .
Davidson, Roger; Davis, Gayle (2012). Sexual State . Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-4945-7 .
Edwards, Robert (1988). Goodbye Fleet Street . London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-02457-0 .
Greenslade, Roy (2008). "Subterfuge, set-ups, stings and stunts: how red-tops go about their investigations". In de Burgh, Hugo (ed.). Investigative Journalism . Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. pp. 319–339. ISBN 978-1-134-06870-8 .
Kelland, Gilbert (1989). Crime in London . London: Grafton. ISBN 978-0-586-07300-1 .
Keren-Paz, Tsachi (2013). Sex Trafficking: A Private Law Response . Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-05122-8 .
Manchester, Colin (1986). Sex Shops and the Law . Aldershot, Hampshire: Gower. ISBN 978-0-566-05232-3 .
Mark, Robert (1978). In the Office of Constable . London: Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-216032-2 .
Morton, James (2008). Gangland Soho . London: Hachette. ISBN 978-1-4055-1559-7 .
Punch, Maurice (2013). Police Corruption: Exploring Police Deviance and Crime . Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-02814-6 .
Root, Neil (2019). Crossing the Line of Duty: How Corruption, Greed and Sleaze Brought Down the Flying Squad . Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press. ISBN 978-0-7509-9098-1 .
Scambler, Graham ; Scambler, Annette (1997). Rethinking Prostitution: Purchasing Sex in the 1990s . London: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-10207-0 .
Sutherland, John (1983). Offensive Literature: Decensorship in Britain, 1960-1982 . London: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-389-20354-4 .
Journals and magazines [ edit ]
Carter, Oliver (26 July 2018). "Original Climax Films: historicizing the British hardcore pornography film business" (PDF) . Porn Studies . 5 (4): 411–425. doi : 10.1080/23268743.2018.1489301 . S2CID 158221013 .
Coulmont, B.; Hubbard, P. (2010). "Consuming Sex: Socio-legal Shifts in the Space and Place of Sex Shops" . Journal of Law and Society . 37 (1): 189–209. doi : 10.1111/j.1467-6478.2010.00501.x . S2CID 55135275 .
Cockerell, Michael (6 February 1975). "How Good is Scotland Yard Now?". The Listener . Vol. 93, no. 2392. pp. 163–165.
Garnett, Mark (2011). "Lambton, Antony Claud Frederick, styled Lord Lambton (1922–2006)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/ref:odnb/97561 . (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Newspapers [ edit ]
"3 gaoled for club attack". The Guardian . 25 July 1973. p. 8.
"12 Yard men on bribe charges". The Guardian . 29 February 1976. p. 1.
Adamson, Colin (1 July 1994). "Ex-porn king jailed for new vice racket". The Evening Standard . p. 21.
Borrell, Clive (9 November 1976). "Scotland Yard men on bribery plot charges". The Times . p. 4.
Borrell, Clive (25 August 1977). "Man who helped to jail police is freed". The Times . p. 3.
Campbell, Duncan (14 June 1994a). "Old school family keeps pace with changing vice game". The Guardian . p. 7.
Campbell, Duncan (6 July 1994b). "Red Light, Blue Lamp". The Guardian . p. T2.
Campbell, Duncan (16 January 1999). "She was Soho's top stripper in the Sixties. Now Rusty will expose its low life on film". The Guardian . p. 3.
Cashinella, Brian (2 May 1972). "Resignation by head of Flying Squad". The Times . p. 1.
Cashinella, Brian (16 June 1973). "Yard men arrest Soho strip club owner in Holland". The Times . p. 1.
"Cdr Bert Wickstead" . The Daily Telegraph . 24 March 2001.
Chippindale, Peter (28 December 1973). "Strip-club owner to be extradited from Holland". The Guardian . p. 20.
Chippindale, Peter; Leigh, David (25 August 1977). "Soho's 'porn king' freed". The Guardian . pp. 1, 22.
"Ex-stripper gaoled on pistol charge". Birmingham Daily Post . 26 September 1972. p. 9.
"Former club owner says Yard man framed him". The Times . 17 June 1977. p. 3.
"Former porn king and wife jailed for running 'extortionate' call girl ring". The Herald . 2 July 1994. p. 5.
Hartley, Alec (7 July 1977a). "Ex-Flying Squad chief guilty of corruption". The Guardian . p. 1.
Hartley, Alec (8 July 1977b). "Why the porn king grassed on the Sweeney". The Guardian . p. 13.
Hartley, Alec (8 July 1977c). "Judge attacks 'light sentences' as Drury gets eight years". The Guardian . p. 22.
Harvey, Peter (2 May 1972). "Squad chief resigns". The Guardian . p. 24.
Harvey, Peter (31 January 1973). "£170,000 bail for seven in porn conspiracy case". The Guardian . p. 8.
Jordan, Philip (14 November 1975). "Death linked to Humphreys". The Guardian . p. 9.
"Judge acquits detective in corruption case". The Guardian . 21 June 1977. p. 3.
Leigh, David (22 June 1973). "Soho strip club owner 'was tipped off' ". The Times . p. 3.
Mackie, Lindsay (1 March 1977a). "Police 'took huge bribes' ". The Guardian . pp. 1, 24.
Mackie, Lindsay (12 May 1977b). "Scotland Yard chiefs guilty of taking bribes". The Guardian . pp. 1, 22.
Mackie, Lindsay (14 May 1977c). "The squad which gave obscenity a meaning of own". The Guardian . p. 15.
Manifold, Laurie (27 February 1972a). "Police Chief and the 'Porn' King". The Sunday People . p. 1.
Manifold, Laurie (27 February 1972b). "Corruption: The Charges Against the Police". The Sunday People . p. 3.
McHardy, Anne (23 December 1976). "Porn squad men pay for conspiracy". The Guardian . p. 1.
Paddick, Brian (9 February 2010). "A bad day for race relations in the police". The Independent . p. 6.
Palmer, Raymond (15 August 1971). "Filthy Rich". The Observer . p. 9.
"Police question 20 after West End vice raids". The Times . 5 January 1974. p. 3.
"Porn King and Wife Jailed over Vice Ring". The Guardian . 2 July 1994. p. 10.
"Pornographer's 'deal' in police bribes case". The Guardian . 3 March 1977. p. 4.
"Pornography trial witness 'named 42 policemen' ". The Times . 3 March 1977. p. 4.
"Sir Robert Mark". The Times . 2 October 2010. p. 90.
"Soho club owner gets 8 years". The Guardian . 26 April 1974. p. 8.
"Soho club owner charged". The Times . 10 January 1974. p. 4.
"Strip-club owner jailed for eight years". The Times . 26 April 1974. p. 2.
"Suspended term for woman". The Guardian . 31 August 1973. p. 6.
"Suspension for Flying Squad head". The Guardian . 7 March 1972. p. 1.
Sweeney, Christopher (15 June 1977). "Yard chief 'on pornography payroll' ". The Guardian . p. 2.
"Vice raids". The Guardian . 5 January 1974. p. 1.
Weir, Andrew (4 July 1994). "Jimmy and Rusty". The Independent . p. 2.
Windsor, John (29 January 1973). "Police launch 50 anti-porn raids at dawn". The Guardian . p. 5.
"Woman and 10 men are remanded after raids by crime squad". The Times . 31 January 1973. p. 3.
Websites [ edit ]
Clark, Gregory (2019). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 31 January 2020 .
"Productions – Film4" . Film4 Productions . Retrieved 14 October 2019 .
"Sexual Offences Act 1956" . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2020 .
Other [ edit ]
"James W Humphreys" , England & Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index , General Register Office, vol. 5d, p. 1413, 1976 , retrieved 4 October 2019
"James William Humphreys" , England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1916-2007 , General Register Office, vol. B85A, p. 251, 2003 , retrieved 27 January 2020
The Porn King, the Stripper and the Bent Coppers (Television production). Secret History. Channel 4. 18 May 1998.

James William Humphreys (7 January 1930 – September 2003) was an English businessman and criminal who owned a chain of adult book shops and strip clubs in London in the 1960s and 1970s. He was able to run his business through the payment of large bribes to serving police officers, particularly those from the Obscene Publications Branch (OPB) of the Metropolitan Police . His diaries—which detailed meetings he had held with police officers, the venues of the meetings and the amounts of bribes paid—provided evidence for the investigation by anti-corruption officers of the Metropolitan Police.

Humphreys became involved in petty crime early in life, and was first arrested at the age of 15. The severity of his crimes increased over time and, in March 1958, he was sentenced to six years' imprisonment after using explosives to open a safe and steal £8,260 in money and postal orders . On his release he opened a strip club in Soho , the centre of London's sex industry . As Humphreys expanded his business and moved into other areas of the sex industry— sex shops and book shops selling obscene material—he had to bribe an increasing number of officers to be able to operate.

In January 1972 Humphreys and his wife, Rusty, took Ken Drury—the head of the Flying Squad —and his wife on holiday to Cyprus and Beirut. Journalists from The Sunday People found out about the trip, and published details on its front page, along with allegations about the bribery from Humphreys and other pornographers . Drury was suspended from duty, and soon afterwards the new Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police , Sir Robert Mark , began an anti-corruption purge in the force. Humphreys was arrested for assaulting his wife's former lover and sentenced to eight years' imprisonment. In an attempt to have his conviction overturned or the sentence reduced, he gave a copy of his diaries to the anti-corruption police and was interviewed about the payments to the OPB. Thirteen members of the OPB were imprisoned for corruption.

Humphreys was released from prison early after assisting the police. He left the UK and set up an illegal amphetamine factory in Ireland, fleeing the country shortly before the premises were raided by the Gardaí . He travelled to the US and invested in a drugs-smuggling operation, but was cheated of his investment. In the 1990s he and his wife were living in London and were arrested for running at least three brothels in Marylebone and Marble Arch . He was sentenced to twelve months in prison; his wife was gaoled for eight months. The character Benny Barrett, played by Malcolm McDowell in the 1996 BBC television series Our Friends in the North , was based on Humphreys.

James William Humphreys was born in Bermondsey , South London , on 7 January 1930. [1] [2] He left school at age 14 and began a career of criminality; while still a teenager he became friends with Frankie Fraser , the London gangland enforcer . When he was 15 Humphreys was arrested for housebreaking and theft, and was fined £5. Seven months later he was sent to an approved school for stealing a car . [a] He was released the following year, but was sent back in October 1947 for a series of offences. In 1948 Humphreys was sentenced to three years in Rochester Borstal for theft; he was released in February 1950. Nine months later he was sent to prison for a year for aiding and abetting other criminals, and released in June 1951. [4] [5]

In July 1951 Humphreys married June Driscoll. [6] [7] His crimes became more serious and the sentences increased as he got older. In 1952 he was arrested for handling stolen goods and resisted — assaulting the police in the process. That October he was sentenced at the Old Bailey to 21 months in Wormwood Scrubs ; he was released in December 1953. After being arrested for loitering with intent to steal cars, he was given a conditional discharge of a year in November 1954. He broke the discharge the following July when he was caught stealing clothes. He was sent to prison for two years and three months and was released in February 1957. Soon afterwards he broke into a sub-post office and blew open a safe to steal £8,260 of money and postal orders ; [b] in March 1958 he was sentenced to six years imprisonment. After serving four and a half years in Dartmoor Prison , he was released in October 1962. [5] [9]

On his release from Dartmoor Humphreys changed direction professionally and opened a strip club in Old Compton Street , Soho , which was frequented by fellow criminals. [10] Soho was the area of London that, with a proliferation of sex shops and sex workers , was the centre of the city's sexual economy. [11] Humphreys rekindled a relationship with a former girlfriend, June Packard, who had renamed herself Rusty Gaynor: Rusty after the colour of her hair, Gaynor after the actress Mitzi Gaynor . She had previously worked as a barmaid and model, but was employed as a stripper by the time she and Humphreys resumed their relationship. The couple married in May 1963. [12] [13]

To keep the club free of harassment from the police, Humphreys had to pay protection money to Detective Sergeant Harold "Tanky" Challenor . When the demands for payments continued after Humphreys moved his club to nearby Macclesfield Street, he made a complaint to Scotland Yard ; after a short investigation, Challenor was cleared. [10] [14] The club proved financially successful, so he and Rusty took a lease on 5 Walker's Court , Soho, and opened the Queen's Club, a strip bar opposite the Raymond Revuebar . For
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