How can I buy cocaine online in Zootermeer

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How can I buy cocaine online in Zootermeer

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How can I buy cocaine online in Zootermeer

These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Key findings and threat assessment. Global context. Trafficking and supply. Criminal networks. Prices, purities and offences. Retail markets. Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. Heroin is obtained from morphine, an alkaloid that occurs naturally in opium. The process by which morphine and heroin are produced from opium harvested from poppies comprises six main steps see Figure Overview of heroin production :. Morphine, and therefore heroin, may also be produced by a synthetic route without the use of opium. Although these approaches have garnered much academic interest over the years, they are unlikely to be used for illicit heroin production, given the comparatively low yields and the large number of steps required Zerell, This was the sixth consecutive year in which production in the country exceeded 6 tonnes UNODC, , a. These figures represent opium cultivation in Afghanistan in the first cultivation season following the Taliban takeover in August 1 and the announced ban shortly before the opium harvest began on poppy cultivation and other drugs in April see Section Key developments in the opiate trade in Afghanistan. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. The European heroin market is closely bound to the fate of the Afghan opium market as it is almost exclusively supplied with heroin from Afghanistan, via Turkish, Iranian and Pakistani organised crime networks see Section Criminal networks operating in the heroin market. With widespread socioeconomic insecurity, it has become apparent that the production of opiates, a major illicit economic activity in Afghanistan, could be subject to significant change. In April , the Taliban announced a ban on opium poppy cultivation, raising the question of the implications this will have for Europe. Data for shows that the prices of opium have continued to rise to an average of USD per kilogram, nearly five times greater than the average price two years prior to the Taliban takeover UNODC, c. The reduction in the area under opium cultivation includes an estimated reduction of cultivation in Helmand, the main poppy cultivating province in Afghanistan, from more than hectares in to less than 1 hectares in Mansfield, The significant drop in , if sustained beyond , would have major implications for the European drug market, highlighting the importance of intensifying monitoring of opium cultivation in Afghanistan see Box Challenges and opportunities in estimating opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan. The long-term impact of the ban on opium cultivation is difficult to predict for a number of reasons. Importantly, the Taliban is deeply fragmented, likened to a loose conglomerate of members chasing frequently conflicting agendas and positions for power Sharifi, As such, it is unclear whether and how they will continue to enforce the ban, particularly in the context of frozen international aid programmes and the economic hardship faced by farmers in the country, which may make sustaining the ban politically difficult domestically. How the European heroin market will be affected by the new political situation in Afghanistan is uncertain. The existence of stocks held by individuals along the opiate production chain in Afghanistan and the trafficking chain to Europe, and that it takes at least 12 months before the opium harvest appears on the European retail market as heroin, makes it too early to predict the impact on drug availability in Europe. At the moment there are no signals of heroin shortages on the European market. If opiate production continues at the present low level, the market may take time to adapt and alternative supply sources may not be immediately accessible. It should be noted, however, that criminal networks are highly flexible. Experience with previous periods of reduced supply suggests that this can lead to changes in patterns of drug trafficking and use. For instance, there are historical examples of shortages in heroin supply to the European market where the use of fentanyl increased to fill the gap Caulkins et al. In this context, the potential consequences of sustained disruption of the supply of heroin to Europe would be increased rates of polysubstance use among heroin users or an increase in the European market for synthetic opioids, including fentanyl and its derivatives, new synthetic opioids and prescription opioid medicines. While it is possible to estimate the global production of heroin, a number of limitations and data gaps mean that it is difficult to provide accurate estimates. It is also difficult to determine the exact locations where the drug is produced. Opium production can be more accurately quantified and located because poppies are grown in specific geographic regions and can be identified through satellite imagery coupled with knowledge of average opium yield per hectare. The average opium yield can, in turn, be used to estimate potential heroin production. While the estimates show the potential amount of heroin that could have been manufactured from the opium produced each year, a number of factors and information gaps may have a significant impact on these estimates. Historically, Afghanistan is the country that has reported the largest numbers of dismantled heroin production facilities, indicating that large quantities of opium are processed into heroin in the country UNODC, a. It should be noted that Afghanistan ceased reporting on the dismantling of heroin production facilities in , when 41 facilities were seized. Following a period of declining morphine seizures starting in , Afghanistan seized 47 tonnes in , the largest quantity in the world, and seizures increased further to 63 tonnes in Large opium consumer markets exist in Iran and to some extent in Pakistan. However, the very large seizures of opium and morphine in these countries indicate that some of these products may be further processed into heroin there or further along the trafficking chain see Box Seizures of opium, morphine and heroin in Iran and Pakistan. Notably, in , Europol reported that both processing and production of heroin take place in Pakistan and Iran, in addition to Afghanistan Europol, a. However, the scale of production in these countries remains unknown, and neither country has reported dismantling heroin production facilities. Acetic anhydride is the main drug precursor used in the processing of morphine into heroin and is subject to international control in accordance with the UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Acetic anhydride is, however, also used in a broad range of legitimate industries, and these have grown considerably since the precursor was placed under international control. This includes use for both industrial purposes and consumer goods such as plastics, dyes and medicines. Coupled with the fact that relatively small amounts of acetic anhydride are required for illicit heroin production, these issues make preventing its diversion for illicit heroin production a challenging task. Globally, almost 1. To put these global figures into context, according to UNODC estimates, the opium harvested in in Afghanistan would potentially require between and litres of acetic anhydride for conversion into between and tonnes of heroin. This represents roughly 0. Seizures of acetic anhydride reported to the International Narcotics Control Board INCB have been declining substantially since , a trend that continued in According to the INCB, possible reasons for this significant decrease might include a decline in the number of diversion attempts and in the subsequent trafficking of the substance, compared with the peak period of to ; the emergence of trafficking in acetyl chloride, a potential substitute for acetic anhydride that is not yet under international control see Box Acetyl chloride seizures ; and a shift to alternative trafficking routes INCB, a, Global seizures of acetic anhydride between and averaged litres per year or approximately tonnes whereas the amount seized globally in the years to averaged litres per year, or approximately tonnes. In , 58 litres or approximately 62 tonnes was seized worldwide. At European level, this was a slight increase from the previous year, when 5 litres was seized, but a significant drop from , when five European countries reported a total of over 20 litres seized, in addition to 7 litres from stopped shipments in three countries see Figures Acetic anhydride: quantity seized and quantity in stopped shipments, EU, and Acetic anhydride: number of seizures and number of stopped shipments, EU, In the Netherlands, the 5 litres seized across two incidents in represented a sixfold increase from the litres seized in In one of these cases, 2 litres of acetic anhydride was seized in a warehouse together with litres of glacial acetic acid, 60 kilograms of sodium carbonate and a large quantity of heroin. The circumstances of this case pointed to the illicit manufacture of heroin in the country. Overall in , 10 sites believed to be associated with illicit heroin manufacture were identified and dismantled in the Netherlands. In recent years, illicit heroin laboratories have also been identified in other EU Member States see Section Opiate production in Europe: a relativtely rare occurence. Source: EU drug precursors database. Information available to Europol suggests that criminal networks active in the Netherlands orchestrate the acquisition and smuggling of acetic anhydride from the EU to heroin producing countries. Criminal networks take advantage of the lack of strict controls on consignments leaving the EU to smuggle acetic anhydride. In addition, limited resources and capabilities to thoroughly check cargo in transit and receiving countries may encourage criminals to smuggle the precursor along particular routes. Despite the continued cultivation of opium poppies in Afghanistan, seizures of acetic anhydride in the country have significantly declined since their peak in , when 37 litres was seized. However, these decreasing amounts do not reflect a diminished need for the precursor in the illicit manufacture of heroin. This is further corroborated by seizures of large amounts of acetic anhydride elsewhere, including in Europe and West Asia, believed to be destined for Afghanistan. Seizures of acetic anhydride have also continued to be made in countries neighbouring Afghanistan, such as Iran and Pakistan, and in the UAE. In , Iran reported seizing a shipment of 13 litres of acetic anhydride, misdeclared as paint, in the seaport of Bandar Abbas. In , Pakistan reported three seizures of acetic anhydride amounting to 5 litres. The largest of these took place in the port of Karachi and involved 2 litres, allegedly originating from China INCB, b. Production of heroin is uncommon in Europe, although the final step of the production process — the acetylation of morphine into heroin — has been reported in Germany, the Netherlands and France. Most of the facilities associated with illicit heroin production reported in the EU between and were sites for processing, i. At cutting and packaging facilities, heroin is adulterated to increase the volume of the drug and packaged for onward distribution. For example, Dutch criminal groups appear to specialise in the preparation of heroin cutting mixtures for these types of facilities typically using caffeine and paracetamol see Section Heroin adulteration and Box Dutch criminal networks specialise in heroin cutting mixtures. Importantly, a facility associated with heroin production may be involved in several of these activities simultaneously see Table Facilities associated with heroin production in Europe. At least 15 sites associated with illicit heroin production were dismantled in the EU between and Ten of those sites were dismantled in the Netherlands in , clustered around Alkmaar, The Hague and Rotterdam, with confirmed heroin production at three of the sites. Preliminary data related to two laboratories dismantled in The Hague region indicate that heroin production or processing continued in the Netherlands in Politie, While there is limited information about the heroin production facilities identified in the EU, including their production capacities and the source of the morphine used in the process, the evidence indicates that heroin production in the EU persists, albeit at a low level, and is made possible by the ease with which acetic anhydride can be diverted from legitimate suppliers in Europe. Heroin production or processing has also been noted in countries bordering the EU. In , Kosovo 2 reported dismantling two facilities set up for the processing and packaging of heroin. Seizures of morphine, possibly intended for processing into heroin, have also been noted in several EU countries. In , Spain reported the seizure of 3. In addition, seizures of opium have been noted in several EU countries. In , Bulgaria reported seizing 27 kilograms of opium, while Spain and Sweden reported seizing The opium available in Europe could be used for heroin production or by individual consumers where demand exists. In addition to the production of heroin from imported morphine or opium, since Czechia has reported dismantling three small-scale heroin production facilities that were using poppy straw or morphine extracted from medicines. The illicit production of all plant-based and synthetic drugs entails a range of environmental harms. With regard to heroin, most of the environmental impacts and harms relate to the cultivation of opium poppies that takes place outside the EU. Field preparation requires agricultural inputs, including pesticides and irrigation, leading to energy and land use, to water, soil and air pollution, and to emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds UNODC, a. The dumping of waste materials from production threatens fragile ecosystems, and the extensive cultivation of these crops leads to a range of environmental harms, including soil erosion. Specifically, in Afghanistan, the use of pesticides and of solar- or fuel-powered irrigation methods has led to soil depletion and reduced groundwater levels Mansfield, In the EU, the identification of laboratories associated with heroin production, albeit in small numbers, indicates more direct damage pathways in terms of the dumping of toxic waste. From to , at least 15 sites associated with the production of heroin were identified and dismantled see Section Opiate production in Europe: a relatively rare occurrence. While the number of reported dumping sites related to heroin production is low compared to the number of dumping sites related to synthetic drug production, the use of precursors, water and electricity may cause direct harms to the environment in the EU. The market for synthetic opioids has been growing in Europe, and it appears that most illegally produced synthetic opioids distributed in the EU originate from non-EU countries. Depending on the destination country and the mode of distribution, the three main source countries for synthetic opioids available on the European drug market are believed to be China, India and, to a lesser extent, Russia. Some production of synthetic opioids, including new synthetic opioids, may occasionally occur in the EU, although currently this would appear to be marginal compared with the manufacturing of other illicit drugs. Laboratories carrying out the full production cycle of synthetic opioids are rarely found, and there does not appear to be any widespread or sustained illicit production of these substances. However, because these substances are very potent often orders of magnitude greater than morphine , even a small illicit laboratory could produce sufficient material to satisfy national or even EU demand. France and Estonia each reported dismantling a small-scale laboratory for the production of fentanyl in and , respectively UNODC, c. In May , the Latvian police seized a large quantity of fentanyl approximately 5 kilograms together with fentanyl precursors, which suggests that fentanyl production might have taken place in the country Valsts policija, Overall, with a few possible exceptions in the Baltic countries and in countries bordering the EU, there is no strong evidence of significant fentanyl production currently occurring elsewhere in the EU. Nonetheless, this situation may change rapidly should market conditions become favourable in the future see Box Factors that could increase the threat of synthetic opioid production in Europe. While no fentanyl production sites have been identified in the Netherlands, seizures of fentanyl have been reported there Openbaar Ministerie, , a. Furthermore, in , the National Police of the Netherlands reported the seizure of chemicals used in the production of fentanyl, along with the final product, indicating that fentanyl production may take place in the country see Box Signals of possible fentanyl production in the Netherlands. Cutting and packaging facilities for synthetic opioids are more commonly detected in the EU than laboratories producing these substances. However, reporting rarely differentiates between the two. In , Latvia reported detecting and dismantling one small-scale site for the manufacture or packaging of the benzimidazole isotonitazene UNODC, c. The illicit production of methadone is also known to take place in the northeast of Europe. For example, a small-scale illicit laboratory producing methadone using precursors diverted from the legal market was dismantled in Latvia in Ukraine reported dismantling three medium-scale methadone production laboratories in and two medium- and one small-scale laboratories in UNODC, c. This estimate considers only the main season, as the second harvest is marginal in comparison, based on the evidence available UNODC, b. Consult the list of references used in this module. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. 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Introduction Introduction Key findings and threat assessment Key findings and threat assessment Global context Global context Production Production Trafficking and supply Trafficking and supply Criminal networks Criminal networks Prices, purities and offences Prices, purities and offences Retail markets Retail markets Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. EU Drug Market: Heroin and other opioids — main page. On this page.

How can I buy cocaine online in Zootermeer