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By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. In Cameroon samples of three antimalarial drugs from different sources in 16 villages and cities throughout the country were collected. Drug quality was assessed by a simple color reaction test and semi-quantitative thin-layer chromatography. In the Congo Fake antiretrovirals were found in Lubumbashi in December Preliminary investigations showed that fake labels were put on bottles containing non-ARV pharmaceutical products. Some tablets have been identified to contain fluvoxamine anti The presence of counterfeits and sub-standards in African medicines market is a dramatic problem that causes many deaths each year. The increase of the phenomenon of pharmaceutical counterfeiting is due to the rise of the illegal market and to the impossibility to purchase branded high cost medicines. In this paper the results of a quality control on antimalarial tablet samples purchased in the informal market in Congo, Burundi and Angola are reported. The quality control consisted in the assay of active substance by means of validated liquid chromatographic methods, uniformity of mass determination, disintegration and dissolution tests. Moreover, a general evaluation on label and packaging characteristics was performed. The results obtained on thirty antimalarial tablet samples containing chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine showed the presence of different kinds of problems: a general problem concerning the packaging loose tablets, packaging without Pr Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by the bite of female Anopheles mosquito and particularly affects the tropical areas of the world. According to national statistics it is the leading cause of consultations and hospitalizations. Nowadays, despite the surveillance systems for efficient malaria control and access to generic drugs, Benin is witnessing an increased development of illicit drug markets with a large part of the population going towards such markets. However, this is not without adverse impact on the health of individuals, as well as, the economic status of the country. Therefore, the situation needs to be seriously considered by policy makers at various levels, health professionals but also the entire international community in order to thwart this scourge. Baba-Moussa et al. Therefore, 40 antimalarial batches were randomly collected in the illicit drug market and submitted to analytical tests such as: macroscopic examination a visual and critical examination ; mass uniformity test; disintegration test; identification test and active ingredients' content measurement. At the end of the study, the percentages of non-compliance is Overall , The findings of this study prove that street vended drugs offer no guarantee of good quality and pose a threat to the health of populations. Also, the rate of non-compliance denotes a flaw in the security of the drug distribution system. Background: Malaria is a tropical parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium species, mainly falciparum, transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito, strongly affecting sub-Saharan Africa and Indian areas. Generic antimalarial drugs sold in these regions require tighter quality control as counterfeiting has grown more and more out of control. Quality scores were expressed as a percentage of compliance with each or the whole set of 13 tests. The samples were collected from community pharmacies and ambulatory street vendors. For comparison, available literature data related to the subject was retri Retail pharmaceutical products are commonly used to treat fever and malaria in sub-Saharan African countries. Small scale studies have suggested that poor quality antimalarials are widespread throughout the region, but nationwide data are not available that could lead to generalizable conclusions about the extent to which poor quality drugs are available in African communities. This study aimed to assess the quality of antimalarials available from retail outlets across mainland Tanzania. We systematically purchased samples of oral antimalarial tablets from retail outlets across 21 districts in mainland Tanzania in A systematic subsample of products was assessed for quality by laboratory based analysis to determine the First, it looks at the role of the Japanese media during the scandal development. Largely owing to this, Kitagawa was able to sidestep allegations of abuse for decades. Importantly, this power-network becomes decisive in soft-pedaling the scandal, or fueling the hype. One section is dedicated to the issue of sexual abuse in Japan and the West. This thesis encompasses South Asia as an area of interest mainly focusing on the Indo-Pak conflict and its impact on the regional as well as global arena. Furthermore, a non-experimental research design is used while using neo-realism and power transition theory as a theoretical framework. The thesis focuses mainly on China's policies and the United States' abrupt inward turn which are both the consequence of factors represented in the variables. The critical independent variable is patriotism, which, in combination with China's and the United States' power trajectories, defines how their relationship will unfold in the next years. Hence, there is an ample reason to expect a soft landing as the world evolves from unipolarity to multipolarity. It has been about a few years since the United States and China saw their relationship deteriorate due to an increase in hostilities and a decrease in collaboration. Increased disagreement and strain in US-China security relations may be unavoidable. The United States and China are in the midst of a power transition that has significant ramifications for the balance of power in South and East Asia and for their respective national security objectives. As the power transfer progresses, it is likely that a great power struggle will increase emerging as a new cold war. Monumenta Germanorum Archaeologica Hungariae Vol. Discussiones Mathematicae. Differential Inclusions, Control and Optimization, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Baba-moussa , Flore Gangbo , T Dougnonus. Antimalarial drug quality: methods to detect suspect drugs Dana Hostetler , Harparkash Kaur. A nationwide survey of the quality of antimalarials in retail outlets in Tanzania Catherine Goodman. Pauweds y J. Bergier - La rebelion de los brujos. The Johnny's sex abuse scandal Igor Prusa. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author s and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U. Agency for International Development. For more information, contact: U. Basco, L. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon: quality of antimalarial drugs used for self-medication. Some tablets have been identified to contain fluvoxamine antidepressant or cyclobenzaprine muscle relaxant. Counterfeiters have targeted health prescribers and patients to buy these cheap ARVs. Ravinetto R. Antidepressants are sold as antiretrovirals in DR Congo. The Lancet ; Ethiopia Antiretrovirals Smugglers are illegally importing drugs and passing them off as antiretroviral drugs. Ethiopian health officials have warned the public not to buy these drugs. He discovered the root crop cassava masquerading as ampicillin. Cassava when pulverized turns into a white powder, similar in appearance to the antibiotic. Such actions appear to be paying off. Ghana antimalarials: a study in selected African countries. Counterfeit medicines becoming harder to spot. Issue: ; London UK. PJB Publications Ltd. The quality of antimalarials: a study in selected African countries. Ivory Coast Ginovir 3D capsule antiretroviral combination product consisting of zidovudine mg, lamivudine mg, and indinavir 40 mg The WHO received information about the availability of a counterfeit version of this antiretroviral triple combination product. Results showed the samples did not contain lamivudine or indinavir; they contained zidovudine mg, stavudine 40 mg, and an unidentified substance. The manufacturer on the label was Selchi Pharmaceuticals, Namibia. AIDS drugs being sold illegally on market stalls in Kenya. Lancet ; Maponga, C and Ondari, C. Pharmacists are spearheading a campaign against unlicensed drugs. IRIN focus on efforts to curb the vending of medicines. IRIN news. Fighting fake pharmaceuticals: small steps. Nigeria attacks fakes. Authentication News, This was made possible through an enlightenment campaign. The agency established independent contacts in both countries to regulate the exports. Measures included awarding a certificate for export to Nigeria from India, random checks on shipments, sending samples to laboratories throughout India for sampling, preshipment information requirement. Nigeria fights corruption. Issue no. London, UK. This led to the public burning of fake and substandard regulated products Akunyili D. Denver CO: Reconnaissance Intl; Nigeria says counterfeit medicines are falling. Sliva Jan. Counterfeit drugs deemed threat in Europe. Nigeria criticizes China over counterfeit threat. Daily International Pharma Alert. Feb 14, ; vol 3, no Available from www. Forum established to tackle drug counterfeiting. March 22, ; vol 3, no Physical analysis of these 21 samples of ampicillin and 6 of 12 samples of oyxtetracycline showed unusual appearance. Drugs in the parallel market for the treatment of urethral discharge in Dakar: epidemiologic investigation and physicochemical tests. Intl J Infect Dis ; 6 2 : Submitted to the U. All rights reserved Teulieres L. Senegal case study. Senegal tackling counterfeits. Upunda G. Tanzania case study. A simplified assessment for quality of sulfadoxinepyrimethamine products from rural Tanzania. Chloroquine Result of an open randomized study showed that chloroquine was less bioavailable in a sugar-coated compared to a plain formulation. The mean area under the curve AUC was All rights reserved Minilab detects substandard drugs. Issue: ; West Sussex, UK. The maximum blood concentration Cpmax for plain chloroquine was Investigators attribute the problem to poor quality control procedures of some drug manufacturers. Trop Doctor ; To assess the quality of AQ and SP, samples of these drugs were obtained from eight wholesale pharmacies authorized to import medicines in Dar Es Salaam. Fifteen AQ and 18 SP samples were collected and tested for identity, content of active ingredients and dissolution assay as described by USP. J Clin Pharm Ther ; 28 2 : Antiretrovirals Fake antiretrovirals were found in the market. Kibumba G. Nyakairu Frank, and Nakabugo Zurah. Fake drugs smuggled from DR Congo. The Monitor Kampala , October 1, Available from: www. Zidovudine tablets An HIV-infected man was reported to purchase zidovudine that turned out to contain no active ingredient upon analysis. Selfmedication with zidovudine that was not. Counterfeits continue to emerge in Asia. Chemical assay showed 7 brands contained less active ingredient than USP specification. Hossain A, Rafiquzzaman, Haque M. The Drug Administration DA put all drug imports under precustoms inspection at all entry points seaports and airports to crack down on substandard drugs and fake packaging. Special police force will support inspectors in this action. In early , the Public Health and Drugs Testing Laboratory in its annual testing of local samples found either counterfeit or substandard. The country is reported to have about 30, illegal drugstores in addition to a similar number of licensed drugstores. War against fake drugs waged. Pre-customs inspection at all entry points, special police force in action. The Daily Star Web Edition, vol. Seven out of 10 were found substandard; pH of 6 brands were out of BP range and less viscosity was found on 2 brands. Quality assessment of some paediatric cotrimoxazole suspensions marketed in Bangladesh. Artesunate tablet Tablets were obtained from shops, pharmacies, NGOs, and hospitals in from 5 Asian countries. Fake artesunate in southeast Asia. Rozendaal J. Fake antimalarial drugs in Cambodia. Blum N, Smine A. A Ministry of Health drug market study reported an overall failure rate of Phirun U, Sokhan C. Cambodia case study. Seyha R. Government anticounterfeits intervention: the social marketing of EDAT. Greenwood Village: Reconnaissance Intl; Artesunate Sophisticated second and third generations of counterfeit artesunate labeled as produced by Guilin Pharma have been found in this country. The fake products have new, convincing, and very well crafted but fake holograms attached to the blisterpacks. Newton P. Counterfeit artesunate antimalarial tablets. Crampton T. Fake malaria pills haunt Asians. International Herald Tribune, August 25, Available at : www. Antimalarial drug quality in Mekong countries Results obtained from this project have been reported to authorities and communicated to relevant parties. The DRAs of the various countries have taken appropriate action to address the problem. The Food and Drug Department FDD of Cambodia produced information, education and communication materials TV spots, calendar, T-shirt, and posters to raise awareness among health care professionals and the general public on the danger of using fake drugs including artesunate, quinine, and tetracycline in collaboration with other law enforcement agencies, e. The FDD also organized a workshop and invited manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and health care professionals to discuss the issues of counterfeit drugs in Cambodia. Antimalarial drug quality monitoring project in the Mekong region Poor quality of antimalarial drugs in Cambodia addressed. USP Press. WHO launches campaign against counterfeit medicines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization ; 81 12 : pp. Lon CT, Tsuyuoka R, et al. Counterfeit and substandard antimalarial drugs in Cambodia. Trans R. Imuran tablets The counterfeit tablets contained the correct amount of the Power G. Counterfeit pharmaceuticals GSK. Upon testing, these tablets failed the quality specification for disintegration time. After 4 hours in water, the tablets remained intact, whereas the genuine tablets dissolve within 45 minutes. Greenwood Village: Reconnaissance Intl; Zinacef tablets The genuine tablets contain the oral dosage form cefuroxime axetil. Analysis of the counterfeits revealed the injectable dose form, cefuroxime sodium, which when taken orally results in minimal absorption by the digestive system and therefore has no therapeutic benefit. Power G. Albumin In September , a patient died after albumin was administered intravenously by the physician. Police found the albumin bottle counterfeit. It was falsely labeled to look like a local Chinese pharmaceutical brand and contained an unknown liquid that proved fatal in the human bloodstream. Fackler M. Shenzhen Evening News reported , deaths in China with the use of bogus or poor quality drugs in Goodman P. Not what the doctor ordered: China is awash in fake drugs. International Herald Tribune. The PBI Asian Medical eNewsletter reported on March 4, that the Shanghai Drug Administration Bureau plans to strengthen its anti-counterfeiting efforts through increased monitoring of the drug market and by following the whole process from manufacturing to selling and tracking adverse reactions. In , the Bureau inspected 14, drugs and found to be below quality standards. Some contained talcum powder or flour while others contained toxic materials. The Fighting fake pharmaceuticals: small steps. Shanghai enforcement. Antimalarials The head of the litigation department of Rouse and Co, a legal firm in China, reported progress in curbing illegal pharmaceutical manufacturers through criminal action against large scale networks; 11 people have recently been arrested and are facing prosecution. Scrip World Pharmaceutical News June 11, Issue ; London, UK. PJB Publications Ltd: p. The Shanghai Municipal FDA signed a memorandum of understanding with Pfizer which will train staff in detection and dealing with counterfeit pharmaceutical activities. The training is part of the preparation for planned SMFDA raids to shut down fake pharmaceutical production operations. Early , the sentinel sites staff of Yunnan Province completed round 1 testing of antimalarials artesunate, quinine, chloroquine, SP using basic tests visual inspection, dissolution, and TLC. A total of 39 samples were tested. Basic test results indicated that 35 of the 39 samples were authentic, while two samples failed and two were considered doubtful. Testing results indicate that two artesunate lots and contained no active ingredient. Due to lax regulations in mainland China, ingredients for these drugs were imported to Taiwan for manufacture, packaging and sale. Counterfeit medicine ring busted. The China Post. WHO global taskforce to tackle counterfeit drugs. Nine killed by fake Chinese Drug. May 22, May 18, Xiaoyi S, Fake Viagra maker given year prison term. China Daily; May 10, Substandard tuberculosis drugs on the global market and their simple detection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis ; 5 5 : Diethylene glycol poisoning in Gurgaon, India, WHO ; 79 2 : India case study. The committee recommended stiffer penalties such as death for selling or producing fake medicines. Mudur G. India to introduce death penalty for peddling fake drugs. Br Med J ; The drug control department of the Delhi government carried out inspections of chemists and manufacturing units in January. As a result, licenses of chemists and three manufacturing units were suspended for violations of the Drugs and Cosmetics law sale of schedule 'H' drugs without prescription. According to Delhi health minister Yoganand Shastri, the testing laboratory of the government took samples of drugs and cosmetics, of which eight were found to be substandard. Prosecutions followed for the chemists and manufacturers found in violation. The government has decided to coordinate better with the Delhi police in curbing the manufacturing and sale of spurious drugs as well as the sale of drugs without prescription. New Delhi: The weather change may have sent people rushing to their chemists, but they were not the only ones visiting. Among them were amoxicillin mg capsule that contained only BPOM finds 55 items of counterfeit medicines in circulation. Issue June 23, Artesunate Sophisticated second and third generations of counterfeit artesunate labeled as produced by Guilin Pharma have been found in this country. Antimalarials Data obtained from the USP DQI antimalarial drug quality monitoring project started in in the Mekong region showed the presence of fake and substandard antimalarial drugs. The Food and Drug Department of Laos has issued recall notice for four lots of artesunate tablets to all 17 provincial Health and Drug Authority after receiving a verification test report of these fake artesunate from Food and Drug Quality Control Centre. The provincial authorities, in turn, have conducted investigative inspections of the distribution chain and confiscated all fake artesunate tablets found in pharmacies and drug retailers. Legal action is under way against all those who sell these fake drugs. Pharmacopeia Drug Quality and Information Program. Fake antimalarials in SE Asia. Samples were randomly obtained from the districts, pharmacies, shops that were selected by persons not involved in the collection of samples in the field. The results for the other 15 drugs samples are not yet available. Artemether There are reports of fake intramuscular artemether labeled as produced by Kunming Pharmaceuticals. Three drugs were expired and the expiration date was not available for six others. One product did not contain the active drug declared chlortetracycline; Lombisin, unicorn, China and did not show any in vitro activity against bacteria. The dosage was not available for 5 drugs. Prazuck Thierry, Falconi Isabelle, et al. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, ; vol. After analysis, it was found that the main active ingredient in the substance he was given was paracetamol acetaminophen. PLoS Med 3 6 : e The manufacturer listed was Adip Labs of Kalol in India; investigation revealed that no such company exists. Test revealed the capsules contained a white odorless powder that was not the active ingredient. In a batch of spot tests conducted last year, 96 out of the samples of medicines expired Thiabric, Antozol, Omiproazol and Norifloxacin were found to be substandard. Rai D. Which is real, and which is fake? Ever wondered why the medicine you take for that cough never seems to work? Nepali Times March , Multinationals urge Pakistan to raise drug prices. Jan 27, ; vol 3, no Waqar A. Daily Times; April 6, Issue ; West Sussex, UK. The most commonly found counterfeit drugs are listed in the previous column. November 7, Maintenance drugs for cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases; OTC products such as analgesics paracetamol ; antibiotics; cough syrups, tablets, and capsules A local newspaper reported that a Senate inquiry was told that more than 7 billion pesos worth of fake medicines is being sold in the country, most of them coming from India, China, Taiwan, and Pakistan. It was also reported that the director of the BFAD admitted to the committee that her office failed to conduct random sampling of drugs in the past due to limited resources budget and adequate staff. Martin S. P7-B fake drugs for sale. From maintenance to paracetamol. The Manila Times. October 07, Gevera Mai. Fake drugs alarm DOH. Philippine Information Agency press release, October 13, Vendor of fake whitening cream nabbed. Furosemide Lasix , levonorgestrel Postinor , norethisterone Primolut , finasteride Proscar , sildenafil Viagra Counterfeit versions of the products mentioned in the previous column were found in drugstores in , according to a senior pharmaceutical inspector of FDA at the pre-International Conference of Drug Regulatory Authorities; the agency has undertaken measures to combat counterfeit medicines: monitoring and surveillance activities; sampling of products; strong measures for law enforcement; increased cooperation with nongovernment bodies, the police, and customs; and provides training for law enforcement officers. Asian countries on the road to tackle counterfeits. Issue ; west Sussex, UK. PJB Publications Ltd: The Food and Drug Administration of Thailand is undertaking investigation on substandard quinine, artesunate, and chloroquine with local manufacturers and distributors to find the root cause of the problem. Tablets were obtained from shops, pharmacies, NGOs, and hospitals in from 5 Asian countries. Fortum injection Hospital staff discovered adulterated product with the carton and labels showing staining, which indicated that they may have been salvaged from the waste stream. Upon removal of the plastic flip-off, puncture marks in the rubber plugs and yellow staining were noted, which meant they had been used previously and degrade residues were not cleaned off. Analysis showed the content to be streptomycin, which is a cheap and ineffective substitute for ceftazidime, the active ingredient of Fortum. The Drug Administration of Vietnam has issued an investigation notice to all 64 provincial health and drug authorities to inspect targeted pharmacies for the specific lot number of fake artesunate tablets as reported by the monitoring project. The Provincial authorities have ordered a recall of this product from the market. Chau L. Vietnam on the lookout for fake drug. Thanh Nien News; May 12, Son N. Fake erectile dysfunction medicines on sale in Vietnam; April 24, The quality of antimalarials available in Yemen. Malaria Journal ; vol. These were withdrawn from pharmacies and 12 pharmacies were closed. The high price of officially Counterfeit drugs spreading in Kyrgyzstan. Scrip World Pharmaceutical News. April 9, Issue Also available at: www. The government plans to open special quality control laboratories at customs terminals in order to reduce the circulation of counterfeit drugs in the country. Moldova concerned about counterfeits or dateexpired products. Scrip World Pharmaceutical news March 12, Also available at www. Insulin A Danish manufacturer reported that more than 1, patients were hospitalized in Volgograd as a result of complications linked to counterfeit insulin. Association of International Pharmaceutical Manufacturers. AIPM position paper. Counterfeit drugs in Russia AIPM, Moscow. In , physicians reported Sumamed capsules as ineffective. Analysis in Zagreb showed fake drug contained no active substances. Antibiotic Claforan In August , the manufacturer identified fake Claforan in pharmacies. Lab analysis conducted by the company and the Ministry of Health revealed that the fake product contained active substances and higher than permissible levels of the toxic substance, methanol. Russian survey reveals rampant fakes and consumer psyche. Authentication News, April ; vol 9 no. The Coalition for Intellectual Property Rights. For immediate release April 25, Petersburg May , Mr. Toporkov presented statistics for the first four months of 23 cases of counterfeit medicines contained within 43 different lots. The drugs listed in the previous column were counterfeited during the first 3 months of , according to data provided by the Department of the Control of Drug Quality. Thomson T. Strengthening pharmaceutical controls in Eastern Europe. Russian authorities have seized over tonnes of illicitly manufactured pharmaceuticals in the previous three years, according to the Federal Control Service. Officials have been trying to tighten border controls, but these efforts have been undermined by the recent abolition of the Department of Pharmaceutical Inspection. Russia in new crackdown on counterfeits. Dec 27, ; vol 2, no. Amendments to the criminal code have been drafted, including fines and prison sentences. Russia to introduce criminal penalties for counterfeit drugs. A recent UN survey states that Russia is the fifth-largest producer of fake medicines in the world. CIS states in joint anti-counterfeiting action plan. Jan 20, ; vol 30, no The State Department for Quality Control carried out raids and revealed the following counterfeiting cases: 1. About 15 series of counterfeit Sumamed were found in several pharmacies the genuine product is produced by Pliva of Croatia. The capsules and package did not differ from the genuine product in appearance; however, the capsules did not contain the active ingredient azithromycin, but instead contained streptocide. Cerebrolysin solution produced under a nonexisting series was confiscated from pharmacies in Kiev. All medications as a whole met the requirements set forth in the specifications, but their markings differed from those of the genuine product. The package of counterfeit drugs did not bear the corresponding trademark. The manufacturer Ebeve, Austria said this series was not produced by the company and was not exported to Ukraine. Investigation by the State Department for Quality Control revealed that the certificate accompanying the medication was issued for another medication produced by a pharmaceutical company from India. Counterfeit cerebrolysin was also found in Volhynia wherein the ampoules had labels different from the authentic product. Substances other than therapeutic agents are passed off as pharmaceuticals. Building legislation and regulatory implementation environments: the Ukraine experience. Counterfeit Pentalgin B tablets were found marked as being produced by the pharmaceutical company Biostimulator in Odessa and did not contain codeine and other ingredients. Biostimulator, which produces narcotics and psychotropic preparations, claimed that these tablets have never been produced by the company. Counterfeit Cephasoline with false labels contained streptomicide and penicillin instead of the active ingredient mentioned in the labels. Counterfeit Beres Plus drops were found in the Zaporzhzhia region with a manufacturing date on the package. The manufacturer, Lubnypharm, revealed that these products had not been packaged by the company since Essel Forte capsules manufactured by Nabros Pharma Pvt. The names of both medications were similar. Some of the packages of the Essel Forte had the logo of a Ukrainian pharmaceutical company, Darnitsa, which later issued an official statement that it was not involved with this series of medications. Inspection of counterfeit Trihopol revealed that these medications had false quality certificates. Laboratory analysis showed these medications did not meet technical standards for Trihopol. Lacerca F. A German relief organization detected counterfeit ampicillin through visual inspection. Later assays revealed these products to Kusters G. Partnerships for public awareness and patient protection. Acurcio F, Chaves JG. Brazil case study: State of Minas Gerais. Within 18 months, INVIMA confiscated more than 18 tons of adulterated, relabeled, stolen, contraband, and counterfeit drugs. Vials contained colored water. In Latin America, fake drugs are as lucrative as cocaine. Business Week Online. June Bulk materials used for counterfeiting medicines are: cement, talc, boric acid, and other industrial components. Between and , INVIMA confiscated 15 tons of different brands of tablets and capsules, 10 million ampoules of different brands, and 18, vials of different medicines. Aldana JC. Politica de lucha contra la corrupcion de medicamentos en Colombia. A global security representative of Pfizer reported about a raid on a manufacturing facility for fake Viagra. The finished product lay in piles on the floor. Ex-FBI man warns of counterfeit threat. Invima reported that in , more than tons of fake medicines that were locally produced were seized, including analgesics and a brand of antiretroviral produced by a multinational company in Colombia. In , 38 illegal laboratories producing fake drugs were dismantled and Invima found fake medicines made of flour, sugar, boric acid and cement lime. Invima is on the look out for drugs that are bought in neighboring countries like Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela that are nearing or past their sell-by-date, and are then repackaged in Colombia with a different expiry date and sold to illegal dealers. Invima works in collaboration with pharmacy owners, police, public prosecutors, and regional health authorities to try to identify the fake drugs on a local level. Colombian regulatory agency seizes 1, of fake medicines. Percentage of samples that failed quality testing: El Salvador case study. Mexican authorities are investigating the sale of counterfeit medicines in a border town that is popular among American tourists looking for cheap medicines. This incident led to an alert issued by the U. FDA on July 30, about the fake Zocor which had no active ingredient and also about substandard Carisoprodol anti-muscle spasm which was found to have a very low level of active ingredient. Stevenson M. Mexico eyes fake drugs on border. Latin America battles counterfeit drug threat. Feb 27, ; vol 3, no. Under the reforms, counterfeiting would become a crime punishable by imprisonment. Multinationals urge firm action on Mexican counterfeiting. Feb 14, ; vol 3, no. World Health Organization Fact Sheet no. Dondorp, A. Fake antimalarials in Southeast Asia are a major impediment to malaria control: multinational cross-sectional survey on the prevalence of fake antimalarials. Tropical Medicine and International Health, Dec ; vol. All rights reserved Related papers 'Islam' - what are we talking about? Kai Borrmann. Russian Literature Livre de Lyon. Manual de uso de productos quimicos David Balboa. Statement of Problem Ahmad Zaad. Amandine Marshall. British Airways and American Airways syeda sinjini. The influence of fertilizer level and spore density on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of transgenic Bt 11 maize Zea mays in experimental microcosms Brian Pace. Cseh - E. Nagy - I. Nepper - E. Monumenta Germanorum Archaeologica Hungariae. Margit Nagy. Input-to-state stability of neutral type systems Gil Milman. Racismo religioso: uma conversa urgente! Insights into the detection of mutations and epigenetic markers using diamondoid-functionalized sensors Rodrigo Garcia Amorim. Seattle: University of Washington Press, A new approach to detecting gravitational waves via the coupling of gravity to the zero-point energy of the phonon modes of a superconductor Dr.
Substance abuse: Illusion of a warm hug
How can I buy cocaine online in Butwal
Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Email: ssah gmail. Children are the source of hope and could be the major ailments for the development of society, nation and the world but there are large numbers of children on the street sniff glue and struggling with multiple disease and uncertain future. Finally, the collected data are analysed by using descriptive statistical methods such as frequency, percentage and mean. The study findings revealed that a large number of children, that is Similarly, Out of 46 respondents who sniffed glue, Nearly, half of the respondents They have deprived children and denied not only of their rights as children but also of their normal childhood. Without guidance, education and security, they are heading towards an uncertain future. They can have enough potentiality and talent if they are brought into a better environment and might have real hope for the bright future. During the early s, the effect of inhaling substances and their impacts on the society and users health become major issue to the researcher and government as well. Meanwhile, it is also reported about the abuse of other kinds of volatile substances, such as paint thinners, nail varnish remover, gasoline and lighter fluids subsequently appeared. Children's right has become a serious agenda of the developing world, according to United Nations charter on the rights of the child in ; street children in the large cities of the world received much attention to provide their quality life and better future Bourdillon, Children are the source of hope, stimulus for the society and could be the building blocks for the development of world so they should not remain neglected by parents or government rather than bringing them into positive environment. Though, there are many children found working or living on the street of urban area throughout the world. Populations of Street children are marginalized mainly in urban area and look quite difficult to trace the exact number and the magnitude of their hardship. Nandan Kumar Mondal, There is study suggested that children who starts abusing inhalants or other solvents in early stages of life they are more likely later to use other illicit drugs in their future. Thus, inhalant abuse intervention programmes seem important from the community health perspective also Mondal, Hence, just like abuse of any other substances sniffing is a serious problem among street children. Such type of drug dependency is resulting in an increase in street children carrying out petty thefts. Glue sniffing is discovered as comprehensive preponderating as an inhalant use. The average age of initial inhalant abusers is discovered 13 years with the onslaught in children at 6 to 8 years. Nevertheless, some abusers persist the addiction up to adultness. Again, other felonious medicines are discovered as forerunner of it in later years Bennett, Tulsidas, Many heroin addicts and IV drug abusers have a past history of inhalant use, which is more common in those from a lower socioeconomic background, particularly those from chaotic, broken homes and abusive families. Other risk factors for inhalant abuse include those with aggressive behaviour, low self esteem, positive family history of abuse or alcoholism, peer pressure, poor academic achievement, abuse or neglect and those who have been exposed to violence or assault. A survey was conducted in Dhaka and Chittagong by selecting sample using random sampling technique among street children aged between 11—19 years. Other reasons included seeking employment, avoiding or overcoming domestic violence and the influence of peer. Abuse both physical and verbal was the biggest problem faced by the street children, mostly caused by police and peers. Adhesive was the most common solvent used by the street children along with thinners and balm. In addition to glue and cannabis, cigarette smoking was also found to be pervasive among the respondents. A research conducted in Pakistan in a total number of children with equal distribution from all four cities, that is Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar and Quetta participated in the study. Respondents were predominantly males, with only 07 girls 1. The mean age of children using solvents was The maximum proportions of children were between 15—16 years of age. Almost three quarters of the children were not currently living along with their families. The average daily income reported was Rs. Other solvents abused included petrol In Karachi, children were found to be involved with glue An average amount of Rs. Out of the total participants, From the study it was discovered that most The most common health problems faced by them were head lice infestation The data for main study was collected from three wards of Butwal Municipality among street children between 5—17 years old, from 19 December —18 February The Butwal city is one of the fastest growing municipalities in western Nepal with a population of 25— in The study participants were street children who were working or living on the road to sustain their life by collecting the waste or begging. Preparation of the tool was done on the basis of literature review, content validation and establishment of reliability. The content validity was established by consulting various literatures, peer review and subject experts. The questionnaire was modified in such a way that it fitted to involve the many activities of street children in terms of using glue or other kinds of inhalants or compounds. It consisted of 11 items with some items having multiple responses. The collected data were checked, reviewed and organized for accuracy and completeness. Editing and coding of the data were carried out. All the data were entered in Microsoft excel The obtained data were analysed by using descriptive statistics. The analysis was based on the objectives of the study. Frequency and percentage were used to analyse the baseline Performa. Analysis of data is a process by which quantitative information is reduced, organized, summarized, evaluated, interpreted and communicated in a meaningful way. The results were computed by using descriptive statistics based on the objectives of the study. Participants based on education showed that maximum of the respondents Most of the respondents Most respondents Maximum respondents Likewise, most of the respondents Only Along with glue, street children used to abuse different types of substances such as alcohol, tobacco, cigarette and gutkha tobacco with betel nut. In the same way, most of them Out of total respondents, Out of 52 respondents, 46 respondents sniffed glue. This finding is very close to one conducted by the Kathmandu University Medical Journal in showing that Also, out of the total respondents, All of the participants had at least one or more health problems whereas present study suggested only Present study also found that domestic violence, seeking employment, poverty, abuse and deprivation from education were the main reasons that caused them to leave their families which were not investigated by previous study. After arriving on the streets, they reported of taking up all kinds of works like begging, rag picking, tempo conducting, porting, stealing and boot polishing. This difference in the findings may be because of they were more concentrated on their work at different places like junkyards, temples, markets, cinemas, the airport, bus terminals, hardware shops and tourist centres. In this study, data were collected from only certain ward of Butwal city of western Nepal which limits the external validity of the result. Street living has become a common phenomenon for children in many cities of Nepal. Children who are working and living on the streets are found throughout the nation. Street children are among the high risk and insecure groups and are consequently vulnerable to various forms of exploitation and abuse. They are deprived children, denied not only of their rights as children but also of their childhood. They have enough potentiality and talent. If they are brought into better environment, they could have a real hope for the future. Sah SK: Contribution in idea and conception of study. NN: Contribution in formation of questionnaire and online database search. SS: Editing and revising of the whole article. AP and AS: Collection of data. All the authors have read carefully and approved the final manuscript. On the basis of finding, it is recommended that street children are vulnerable to many things including drug abuse and health complications. Programme with broad overview of street children's issues is needed to prevent from getting into substance addiction and drug abuse. The government of Nepal should prohibit the sale of glue and other volatile solvent agents to children. Also, shopkeepers should be made aware about the ill effects of glue on children and should be punished for selling such substances to children. Nursing Open. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Nurs Open. 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