How can I buy cocaine online in Antofagasta
How can I buy cocaine online in AntofagastaHow can I buy cocaine online in Antofagasta
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Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Psychedelics have a complex history marked by traditional use among indigenous cultures, early scientific interest, and subsequent prohibition. Despite their classification as controlled substances, recent decades have witnessed a resurgence of research into their therapeutic potential for various mental health conditions. However, most studies have focused on controlled clinical settings, leaving a significant gap in understanding how these substances are used in naturalistic contexts, particularly in Latin America. This study investigates the regular use of macrodoses of psychedelics among Latin American adults. We aimed to characterize the sociodemographic profiles, consumption practices, and subjective effects experienced by individuals who use psychedelics regularly. Data were collected via an online survey from 4, participants across several Latin American countries. Results indicated a diverse user base with varied motivations, predominantly psychological and spiritual well-being. The most frequently used substance was psilocybin mushrooms, with significant associations found between demographic variables and specific psychedelics used. The study provides new insights into the naturalistic use of psychedelics in Latin America, highlighting the need for informed, safe, and legal use frameworks. According to the United Nations World Drug Report , an estimated million people used drugs in 1. In this context, psychedelics are often associated with recreational and illicit use. However, they have a long history of safe use among the indigenous cultures of the Americas 2 and Eurasia 3. It is used to describe substances that enable the conscious manifestation of the unconscious, allowing the perception of emotions and experiences in non-ordinary states of consciousness 5. These substances generate significant transformations in perception, mood and thought, with minimal effects in orientation and memory 5. The interest of allopathic medicine in these substances arose with the discovery of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide LSD by Albert Hoffman in and its therapeutic potential for mental health 6. The recreational use of these substances outside the experimental and clinical context, along with the political revolution of the countercultural movement of the s, led the United States government to declare a federal ban on the use of psychedelics in This ban was ratified globally by the United Nations Convention on Narcotics in 6. Despite these restrictions, research with psychedelic substances has continued over the past three decades 7. Additionally, in recent years, several scientific reports have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of psychedelics to address a variety of mental health diagnoses. For example, psilocybin has shown promise for treating depression and anxiety 9 , 10 , 11 , 5-MeO-DMT and MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , psilocybin for alcohol dependence 16 , and ibogaine for detoxification in opioid and cocaine abusers As mentioned above, empirical studies in this decade have focused on the therapeutic potential of these substances in mental health and their neurodynamic correlates. However, we have limited knowledge of how psychedelics are used in naturalistic settings While there is existing data on psychedelic use in naturalistic and recreational settings in many countries and with some compounds e. To address this gap, this study aims to explore three primary research questions. First, it seeks to identify the sociodemographic profiles of Latin American adults who regularly consume macrodoses of psychedelics. Second, it examines the consumption practices and variables associated with the regular use of psychedelics in Latin America. Third, it investigates the significant associations between sociodemographic variables, consumption variables, and specific psychedelics used, hypothesizing associations between variables such as gender, occupation, education, religion, context, company, and the types of psychedelics consumed. By addressing these questions, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the naturalistic use of psychedelics in Latin America, which can inform the development of safe and legal use frameworks. Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants before they responded to the survey. The study employed an exploratory and cross-sectional design, focusing on adults who regularly use psychedelics. In the absence of a single clear definition of regular use, this criterion was operationalized as people who have been using psychedelics for at least three years with a frequency of at least four times per year once per quarter. The inclusion criteria required participants to be 18 years of age or older, able to read and understand Spanish, and meet the operationalization of habitual consumption. To encourage participation, the survey did not collect any personal identification data e. Given this design feature, the inclusion criteria could not be verified beyond the information provided by the participants themselves. Data were collected between April and March from self-selected participants recruited through web-based announcements on social media services Instagram and Facebook , advertisements, and interviews published in digital information channels of broadcasters, universities, and Non-Governmental Organizations related to psychedelics. By psychedelics we refer to products of organic origin e. Psilocybin mushrooms , Ayahuasca , Peyote , etc. If you have consumed any psychedelics , one or more times , are 18 years old or older , and live in a Latin American country , you can participate in this study. The online survey was developed by the research team and pilot-tested with a group of 50 people to assess linguistic comprehension and the correct functioning of the digital platform. It was subsequently reviewed by a group of subject matter experts composed of clinicians and psychologists. The survey considered three dimensions related to sociodemographic information, information on the first consumption experience, and information on regular use. For this publication, data from the first and last dimensions described above were considered. We decided to include only the regular consumption experience in this report, as the first consumption experience represents a complex phenomenon, and we wanted to address each process separately in greater depth. The purpose of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy PAP consists of the use of psychedelic substances as part of the psychotherapy process. To address the multiple comparison problem in our analysis using multiple chi-square tests, all data were corrected using the False Discovery Rate FDR method The mean age of the participants was Table 1 presents the distribution of participants according to sociodemographic variables. The mean age at first psychedelic use was Table 2 shows the distribution of the number of substances consumed, as well as the distribution of each substance. We identified 12 reasons why participants continued to use psychedelics regularly Table 3. Additionally, Regarding the purposes for which psychedelics are consumed, Furthermore, Annual consumption frequency was the most common Regarding the company during consumption, the most frequent was with friends Other percentages were distributed as follows: alone Most participants knew the amount of substance they consumed The subjective changes experienced due to regular use could be grouped into two categories: positive and negative. Table 4 lists all the subjective changes reported, showing that positive changes were generally much more frequent than negative ones. The results showed significant relationships between sociodemographic variables and regular psychedelic use. We also observed significant relationships between the substance regularly consumed and certain consumption variables. The party context was significantly associated with MDMA Ceremony contexts were linked to Psilocybin mushrooms Educational settings were significantly associated only with 2 C-B 1. Consuming alone was significantly related to Psilocybin mushrooms Consuming with friends was associated with LSD Consuming in the company of a facilitator was associated with Ayahuasca Consuming with strangers was associated only with 2 C-B 3. Consuming in the company of a dealer was related to Ketamine 2. Significant relationships were observed between the positive perceived changes and the specific psychedelic substances regularly consumed Table 5 , as well as between negative perceived changes and the substances regularly consumed Table 6. The present study aimed to characterize the variables associated with the regular use of macrodoses of psychedelics in the Latin American context. Our findings on the age of first consumption differ from previous studies 27 , 28 , which suggest that the onset of substance use typically occurs between 14 and 18 years of age. According to our data, the first consumption experience happens around the age of 24 years. This suggests that within our sample, individuals may make consumption decisions with greater maturity and awareness, possibly supported by a broader knowledge of the substances involved. Although psychedelics are considered drugs, their use seems to follow a different onset pattern than substances such as cocaine and opiates. Regarding gender, earlier reports 30 indicate that LSD use is higher in men than in women. The non-binary gender did not show any association with the consumption of any substance. Our results indicate that This finding contrasts with one of the most common misconceptions in the general community, which assumes that psychedelic users are people with low educational levels and limited job potential Additionally, our findings show specific relationships between occupation and regularly used substances within our sample. We observed that students are associated with the consumption of Psilocybin mushrooms and LSD, while being a facilitator of psychedelic experiences is associated with the consumption of Ayahuasca, DMT, and DMT-Tepezcohuite. Only the use of Psilocybin mushrooms was associated with 13 or more years of education. Regarding socioeconomic status, previous findings have associated substance use with low family socioeconomic levels In our sample, the monthly income of participants is related to the type of substance consumed. This suggests that in our sample, socioeconomic level is more related to the type of substance people have access to, rather than to consumption itself. Our results partially align with this evidence. On the one hand, most participants do not belong to any formal religion, which is associated with the consumption of Psilocybin mushrooms, Ayahuasca, Salvia Divinorum, and 2 C-B. On the other hand, people who profess a shamanic creed are associated with the consumption of Ayahuasca, Peyote, and San Pedro cactus. Global reports on the prevalence of substance use vary greatly. Our results are consistent with these reports, indicating that in the Latin American context, Psilocybin mushrooms are the most consumed substance, followed by MDMA within our sample. It is important to note that these findings do not consider aspects related to the supply and demand of these psychedelics in the illegal market, representing only indicators of the substances that people prefer to consume within our sample. Previous studies have explored the motivations associated with psychedelic use, identifying several key drivers. Furthermore, it has been reported that mescaline use may be driven by spiritual exploration Our results suggest that the motivations for macrodosing within our sample are also mainly related to the recreational experience, psychological well-being and spiritual growth experienced after consumption. Additionally, we observed that consumption for recreational purposes is the most frequent within our sample; however, consumption for spiritual purposes also represents a very high percentage. A significant percentage of participants describe more than one purpose for regular consumption, and the statistics show a significant relationship between these two purposes. Similar to previous findings 27 , our results show that most participants prefer to consume psychedelics in the company of others. It can be hypothesized that given the complexity of the psychological experience induced by psychedelics, the company of others provides security, containment, and support. On the other hand, we also observed that The results show significant relationships between certain contexts of consumption and the substances consumed, highlighting the importance of considering variables associated with the setting. Previous reports describe a preference for ceremonial contexts 27 , while our findings describe a preference for consumption at home or outdoors within our sample. Additionally, we observed significant relationships between the substance consumed, the context of consumption, and the company. North American users have been reported to use psychedelics frequently In the absence of a clear representation of frequency of use, our results show that most participants in our sample prefer to use psychedelics only a few times a year. The difficulty in uniquely operationalizing the concept of frequency may be related to the differences observed between studies. There are no known global reports detailing the specific sources of psychedelic acquisition. Our results indicate that most participants in our sample obtain these substances through a dealer or a third party. This is understandable in the Latin American context, where the adult and responsible use of psychedelics is prohibited by the legal framework in most countries. The findings suggest that these prohibitive laws do not prevent consumption but instead encourage illicit trafficking and the potential social and health consequences of illegal use, thereby increasing health risks for the population Regarding the subjective changes associated with the regular use of psychedelics, it is notable that those considered negative are less frequent than those considered positive. Additionally, the negative perception of subjective effects is mainly associated with the regular use of synthetic psychedelics, specifically 2 C-B and Ketamine. On the other hand, positive effects are primarily associated with psychedelics of organic origin. Among the relationships described, Psilocybin mushrooms showed the most significant relationships between use and experienced well-being within our sample. Our study has several important strengths, including a large sample size and the inclusion of psychedelic users from various contexts of consumption within Latin America. However, several limitations should be noted. The use of a non-probabilistic, self-selected sample introduces bias towards participants who have had positive experiences and are motivated to complete a survey, potentially limiting the generalizability of the findings to the wider population 19 , 27 of psychedelic users in Latin America. Additionally, the data collection instrument relied entirely on self-report, which can introduce biases such as recall bias, especially since several items involved retrospective assessments Despite the inclusion of attentional control questions to enhance data quality, self-report data inherently carries the risk of inaccuracies The cross-sectional design of the study does not provide data on the mental health status of respondents prior to their psychedelic use, which means that individuals with better mental health may be more likely to report improved psychological well-being, reflecting their better past mental health status Furthermore, we lack detailed information on the composition, purity, and dose concentration and quantity of the psychedelics consumed, which could influence the outcomes, as variability in these factors may affect the reported experiences and associations observed While specific practices may influence the experiences and mental health outcomes of psychedelic users, other aspects of the ceremony and additional support may be equally or more important; our data regarding the context were limited to the motivations of users, without considering other factors like the mental state at the time of ingestion These limitations suggest caution when interpreting our findings and highlight the need for future research to address these issues. Future studies should aim to incorporate more diverse sampling methods, detailed information on the substances used, and a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of psychedelic use and its effects. Therefore, we believe these findings provide a foundation for future research that delves deeper into these and other interactions, focusing on moderation, mediation, or explanatory models of these relationships. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies to understand the long-term effects of regular psychedelic use and conduct comparative studies between different regions to uncover cultural and socioeconomic influences. Detailed analyses of set and setting in psychedelic experiences, particularly in naturalistic settings, could offer valuable insights into their therapeutic potential. Additionally, examining microdosing practices alongside macrodosing could provide a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of different dosing strategies. Developing harm reduction strategies based on these findings will be crucial for ensuring safe consumption. Finally, investigating the impact of regular psychedelic use on community and social dynamics through interdisciplinary and ethnographic studies will deepen our understanding of its broader social implications. The production of this knowledge would help generate an informed, evidence-based dialogue, fostering a paradigm shift that lays the groundwork for the informed, safe, and legal use of these substances. It would also contribute to breaking down stigmas, misconceptions, and prejudices associated with these practices, paving the way for new research in the Latin American context. This information is relevant for Latin American governments as they consider reviewing current regulatory frameworks on psychedelic use, taking into account the variables associated with consumption and the promising therapeutic potential of these substances. Carod-Artal, F. Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-columbian mesoamerican cultures. Neurologia 30 1 , 42— McBride, M. Allopathic shamanism: Indigenous American cultures, psychopharmacy, and the prince of flowers. Nichols, D. Psychedelics: Phenomenology and brain chemistry — Lunaria Editions, Timmermann, C. Revista Chil. Article Google Scholar. Hadar, A. The psychedelic Renaissance in Clinical Research: A bibliometric analysis of three decades of Human studies with Psychedelics. Psychoact Drugs 55 1. Nutt, D. The current status of psychedelics in psychiatry. JAMA Psychiatry 78 2. Ross, S. Rapid and Sustained Symptom Reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Grob, C. Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer. Psychiatry 68 1. Griffiths, R. Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: Immediate and persisting dose-related effects. Psychopharmacology 4. Ragnhildstveit, A. Oehen, P. Mithoefer, M. Lancet Psychiatry 5 , — Article PubMed Google Scholar. Bogenschutz, M. Mash, D. Ibogaine detoxification transitions opioid and cocaine abusers between dependence and abstinence: Clinical observations and treatment outcomes. Johnstad, P. Who is the typical psychedelics user? Methodological challenges for research in psychedelics use and its consequences. Nordic Stud. Alcohol Drugs 38 1. Perkins, D. Influence of context and setting on the mental health and wellbeing outcomes of ayahuasca drinkers: Results of a large International Survey. Irwin, A. Citizen Science. Benjamini, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. B Methodol. Hartogsohn, I. Dwyer, R. Enacting multiple methamphetamines: The ontological politics of public discourse and consumer accounts of a drug and its effects. Drug Policy 24 3. Hart, C. Zinberg, N. Leary, T. Reactions to psilocybin administered in a supportive environment. Nervous Mental Dis. Use of hallucinogens in Slovakia: Does it differ from global trends? Drug Policy Ruiz, H. Revista Cubana Invest. Dharma, C. Factors associated with the use of psychedelics, ketamine and MDMA among sexual and gender minority youths in Canada: A machine learning analysis. Krebs, T. Over 30 million psychedelic users in the United States. FResearch 2 Nieweglowski, K. Exploring the public stigma of substance use disorder through community-based participatory research. Theory 26 4. Aschengrau, A. Influence of family and community socioeconomic status on the risk of adolescent drug use. Acheampong, A. Health 55 5. Yockey, A. Use of psilocybin mushrooms among US adults: — Psychedelic Stud. Basedow, L. Motives for the use of serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Rev. Roberts, C. Uthaug, M. The epidemiology of mescaline use: Pattern of use, motivations for consumption, and perceived consequences, benefits, and acute and enduring subjective effects. Dollar, C. Recreation and realization: Reported motivations of use among persons who consume psychedelics in non-clinical settings. Justice Criminol. Kruger, D. An Assessment of psychedelic knowledge among people using psychedelics naturalistically. Psychoactive Drugs 55 4. Hughes, C. What can we learn from the Portuguese decriminalization of Illicit drugs. Domic-Siede, M. Emotion regulation unveiled through the categorical lens of attachment. BMC Psychol. Download references. We are very grateful to all the people who answered the survey. We also thank the institutions that collaborated with the dissemination of the study, especially the lovely team of Mantra Foundation. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and permissions. Latin American adults who regularly use macrodoses of psychedelics: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 14 , Download citation. Received : 08 July Accepted : 27 September Published : 13 October Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Epidemiology Human behaviour. Abstract Psychedelics have a complex history marked by traditional use among indigenous cultures, early scientific interest, and subsequent prohibition. Adults who microdose psychedelics report health related motivations and lower levels of anxiety and depression compared to non-microdosers Article Open access 18 November Attitudes of European psychiatrists on psychedelics: a cross-sectional survey study Article Open access 12 August Case analysis of long-term negative psychological responses to psychedelics Article Open access 25 September Introduction According to the United Nations World Drug Report , an estimated million people used drugs in 1. Table 1 Distribution of participants according to sociodemographic variables. Full size table. Table 2 Distribution of substances and the quantity consumed. Table 3 Reasons for using psychedelics on a regular basis. Table 4 Subjective changes reported. Table 5 Positive changes reported and psychedelics used on a regular basis. Table 6 Negative changes reported and psychedelics used on a regular basis. Discussion The present study aimed to characterize the variables associated with the regular use of macrodoses of psychedelics in the Latin American context. Data availability Data is available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author. Article Google Scholar Kruger, D. Acknowledgements We are very grateful to all the people who answered the survey. View author publications. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Electronic supplementary material. Supplementary Material 1. About this article. Copy to clipboard. Publish with us For authors Language editing services Submit manuscript. Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author. Show results from All journals This journal. Advanced search. Close banner Close. Email address Sign up. 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Latin American adults who regularly use macrodoses of psychedelics: a cross-sectional study
How can I buy cocaine online in Antofagasta
Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Psychedelics have a complex history marked by traditional use among indigenous cultures, early scientific interest, and subsequent prohibition. Despite their classification as controlled substances, recent decades have witnessed a resurgence of research into their therapeutic potential for various mental health conditions. However, most studies have focused on controlled clinical settings, leaving a significant gap in understanding how these substances are used in naturalistic contexts, particularly in Latin America. This study investigates the regular use of macrodoses of psychedelics among Latin American adults. We aimed to characterize the sociodemographic profiles, consumption practices, and subjective effects experienced by individuals who use psychedelics regularly. Data were collected via an online survey from 4, participants across several Latin American countries. Results indicated a diverse user base with varied motivations, predominantly psychological and spiritual well-being. The most frequently used substance was psilocybin mushrooms, with significant associations found between demographic variables and specific psychedelics used. The study provides new insights into the naturalistic use of psychedelics in Latin America, highlighting the need for informed, safe, and legal use frameworks. According to the United Nations World Drug Report , an estimated million people used drugs in 1. In this context, psychedelics are often associated with recreational and illicit use. However, they have a long history of safe use among the indigenous cultures of the Americas 2 and Eurasia 3. It is used to describe substances that enable the conscious manifestation of the unconscious, allowing the perception of emotions and experiences in non-ordinary states of consciousness 5. These substances generate significant transformations in perception, mood and thought, with minimal effects in orientation and memory 5. The interest of allopathic medicine in these substances arose with the discovery of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide LSD by Albert Hoffman in and its therapeutic potential for mental health 6. The recreational use of these substances outside the experimental and clinical context, along with the political revolution of the countercultural movement of the s, led the United States government to declare a federal ban on the use of psychedelics in This ban was ratified globally by the United Nations Convention on Narcotics in 6. Despite these restrictions, research with psychedelic substances has continued over the past three decades 7. Additionally, in recent years, several scientific reports have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of psychedelics to address a variety of mental health diagnoses. For example, psilocybin has shown promise for treating depression and anxiety 9 , 10 , 11 , 5-MeO-DMT and MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , psilocybin for alcohol dependence 16 , and ibogaine for detoxification in opioid and cocaine abusers As mentioned above, empirical studies in this decade have focused on the therapeutic potential of these substances in mental health and their neurodynamic correlates. However, we have limited knowledge of how psychedelics are used in naturalistic settings While there is existing data on psychedelic use in naturalistic and recreational settings in many countries and with some compounds e. To address this gap, this study aims to explore three primary research questions. First, it seeks to identify the sociodemographic profiles of Latin American adults who regularly consume macrodoses of psychedelics. Second, it examines the consumption practices and variables associated with the regular use of psychedelics in Latin America. Third, it investigates the significant associations between sociodemographic variables, consumption variables, and specific psychedelics used, hypothesizing associations between variables such as gender, occupation, education, religion, context, company, and the types of psychedelics consumed. By addressing these questions, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the naturalistic use of psychedelics in Latin America, which can inform the development of safe and legal use frameworks. Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants before they responded to the survey. The study employed an exploratory and cross-sectional design, focusing on adults who regularly use psychedelics. In the absence of a single clear definition of regular use, this criterion was operationalized as people who have been using psychedelics for at least three years with a frequency of at least four times per year once per quarter. The inclusion criteria required participants to be 18 years of age or older, able to read and understand Spanish, and meet the operationalization of habitual consumption. To encourage participation, the survey did not collect any personal identification data e. Given this design feature, the inclusion criteria could not be verified beyond the information provided by the participants themselves. Data were collected between April and March from self-selected participants recruited through web-based announcements on social media services Instagram and Facebook , advertisements, and interviews published in digital information channels of broadcasters, universities, and Non-Governmental Organizations related to psychedelics. By psychedelics we refer to products of organic origin e. Psilocybin mushrooms , Ayahuasca , Peyote , etc. If you have consumed any psychedelics , one or more times , are 18 years old or older , and live in a Latin American country , you can participate in this study. The online survey was developed by the research team and pilot-tested with a group of 50 people to assess linguistic comprehension and the correct functioning of the digital platform. It was subsequently reviewed by a group of subject matter experts composed of clinicians and psychologists. The survey considered three dimensions related to sociodemographic information, information on the first consumption experience, and information on regular use. For this publication, data from the first and last dimensions described above were considered. We decided to include only the regular consumption experience in this report, as the first consumption experience represents a complex phenomenon, and we wanted to address each process separately in greater depth. The purpose of Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy PAP consists of the use of psychedelic substances as part of the psychotherapy process. To address the multiple comparison problem in our analysis using multiple chi-square tests, all data were corrected using the False Discovery Rate FDR method The mean age of the participants was Table 1 presents the distribution of participants according to sociodemographic variables. The mean age at first psychedelic use was Table 2 shows the distribution of the number of substances consumed, as well as the distribution of each substance. We identified 12 reasons why participants continued to use psychedelics regularly Table 3. Additionally, Regarding the purposes for which psychedelics are consumed, Furthermore, Annual consumption frequency was the most common Regarding the company during consumption, the most frequent was with friends Other percentages were distributed as follows: alone Most participants knew the amount of substance they consumed The subjective changes experienced due to regular use could be grouped into two categories: positive and negative. Table 4 lists all the subjective changes reported, showing that positive changes were generally much more frequent than negative ones. The results showed significant relationships between sociodemographic variables and regular psychedelic use. We also observed significant relationships between the substance regularly consumed and certain consumption variables. The party context was significantly associated with MDMA Ceremony contexts were linked to Psilocybin mushrooms Educational settings were significantly associated only with 2 C-B 1. Consuming alone was significantly related to Psilocybin mushrooms Consuming with friends was associated with LSD Consuming in the company of a facilitator was associated with Ayahuasca Consuming with strangers was associated only with 2 C-B 3. Consuming in the company of a dealer was related to Ketamine 2. Significant relationships were observed between the positive perceived changes and the specific psychedelic substances regularly consumed Table 5 , as well as between negative perceived changes and the substances regularly consumed Table 6. The present study aimed to characterize the variables associated with the regular use of macrodoses of psychedelics in the Latin American context. Our findings on the age of first consumption differ from previous studies 27 , 28 , which suggest that the onset of substance use typically occurs between 14 and 18 years of age. According to our data, the first consumption experience happens around the age of 24 years. This suggests that within our sample, individuals may make consumption decisions with greater maturity and awareness, possibly supported by a broader knowledge of the substances involved. Although psychedelics are considered drugs, their use seems to follow a different onset pattern than substances such as cocaine and opiates. Regarding gender, earlier reports 30 indicate that LSD use is higher in men than in women. The non-binary gender did not show any association with the consumption of any substance. Our results indicate that This finding contrasts with one of the most common misconceptions in the general community, which assumes that psychedelic users are people with low educational levels and limited job potential Additionally, our findings show specific relationships between occupation and regularly used substances within our sample. We observed that students are associated with the consumption of Psilocybin mushrooms and LSD, while being a facilitator of psychedelic experiences is associated with the consumption of Ayahuasca, DMT, and DMT-Tepezcohuite. Only the use of Psilocybin mushrooms was associated with 13 or more years of education. Regarding socioeconomic status, previous findings have associated substance use with low family socioeconomic levels In our sample, the monthly income of participants is related to the type of substance consumed. This suggests that in our sample, socioeconomic level is more related to the type of substance people have access to, rather than to consumption itself. Our results partially align with this evidence. On the one hand, most participants do not belong to any formal religion, which is associated with the consumption of Psilocybin mushrooms, Ayahuasca, Salvia Divinorum, and 2 C-B. On the other hand, people who profess a shamanic creed are associated with the consumption of Ayahuasca, Peyote, and San Pedro cactus. Global reports on the prevalence of substance use vary greatly. Our results are consistent with these reports, indicating that in the Latin American context, Psilocybin mushrooms are the most consumed substance, followed by MDMA within our sample. It is important to note that these findings do not consider aspects related to the supply and demand of these psychedelics in the illegal market, representing only indicators of the substances that people prefer to consume within our sample. Previous studies have explored the motivations associated with psychedelic use, identifying several key drivers. Furthermore, it has been reported that mescaline use may be driven by spiritual exploration Our results suggest that the motivations for macrodosing within our sample are also mainly related to the recreational experience, psychological well-being and spiritual growth experienced after consumption. Additionally, we observed that consumption for recreational purposes is the most frequent within our sample; however, consumption for spiritual purposes also represents a very high percentage. A significant percentage of participants describe more than one purpose for regular consumption, and the statistics show a significant relationship between these two purposes. Similar to previous findings 27 , our results show that most participants prefer to consume psychedelics in the company of others. It can be hypothesized that given the complexity of the psychological experience induced by psychedelics, the company of others provides security, containment, and support. On the other hand, we also observed that The results show significant relationships between certain contexts of consumption and the substances consumed, highlighting the importance of considering variables associated with the setting. Previous reports describe a preference for ceremonial contexts 27 , while our findings describe a preference for consumption at home or outdoors within our sample. Additionally, we observed significant relationships between the substance consumed, the context of consumption, and the company. North American users have been reported to use psychedelics frequently In the absence of a clear representation of frequency of use, our results show that most participants in our sample prefer to use psychedelics only a few times a year. The difficulty in uniquely operationalizing the concept of frequency may be related to the differences observed between studies. There are no known global reports detailing the specific sources of psychedelic acquisition. Our results indicate that most participants in our sample obtain these substances through a dealer or a third party. This is understandable in the Latin American context, where the adult and responsible use of psychedelics is prohibited by the legal framework in most countries. The findings suggest that these prohibitive laws do not prevent consumption but instead encourage illicit trafficking and the potential social and health consequences of illegal use, thereby increasing health risks for the population Regarding the subjective changes associated with the regular use of psychedelics, it is notable that those considered negative are less frequent than those considered positive. Additionally, the negative perception of subjective effects is mainly associated with the regular use of synthetic psychedelics, specifically 2 C-B and Ketamine. On the other hand, positive effects are primarily associated with psychedelics of organic origin. Among the relationships described, Psilocybin mushrooms showed the most significant relationships between use and experienced well-being within our sample. Our study has several important strengths, including a large sample size and the inclusion of psychedelic users from various contexts of consumption within Latin America. However, several limitations should be noted. The use of a non-probabilistic, self-selected sample introduces bias towards participants who have had positive experiences and are motivated to complete a survey, potentially limiting the generalizability of the findings to the wider population 19 , 27 of psychedelic users in Latin America. Additionally, the data collection instrument relied entirely on self-report, which can introduce biases such as recall bias, especially since several items involved retrospective assessments Despite the inclusion of attentional control questions to enhance data quality, self-report data inherently carries the risk of inaccuracies The cross-sectional design of the study does not provide data on the mental health status of respondents prior to their psychedelic use, which means that individuals with better mental health may be more likely to report improved psychological well-being, reflecting their better past mental health status Furthermore, we lack detailed information on the composition, purity, and dose concentration and quantity of the psychedelics consumed, which could influence the outcomes, as variability in these factors may affect the reported experiences and associations observed While specific practices may influence the experiences and mental health outcomes of psychedelic users, other aspects of the ceremony and additional support may be equally or more important; our data regarding the context were limited to the motivations of users, without considering other factors like the mental state at the time of ingestion These limitations suggest caution when interpreting our findings and highlight the need for future research to address these issues. Future studies should aim to incorporate more diverse sampling methods, detailed information on the substances used, and a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of psychedelic use and its effects. Therefore, we believe these findings provide a foundation for future research that delves deeper into these and other interactions, focusing on moderation, mediation, or explanatory models of these relationships. Future research should prioritize longitudinal studies to understand the long-term effects of regular psychedelic use and conduct comparative studies between different regions to uncover cultural and socioeconomic influences. Detailed analyses of set and setting in psychedelic experiences, particularly in naturalistic settings, could offer valuable insights into their therapeutic potential. Additionally, examining microdosing practices alongside macrodosing could provide a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of different dosing strategies. Developing harm reduction strategies based on these findings will be crucial for ensuring safe consumption. Finally, investigating the impact of regular psychedelic use on community and social dynamics through interdisciplinary and ethnographic studies will deepen our understanding of its broader social implications. The production of this knowledge would help generate an informed, evidence-based dialogue, fostering a paradigm shift that lays the groundwork for the informed, safe, and legal use of these substances. It would also contribute to breaking down stigmas, misconceptions, and prejudices associated with these practices, paving the way for new research in the Latin American context. This information is relevant for Latin American governments as they consider reviewing current regulatory frameworks on psychedelic use, taking into account the variables associated with consumption and the promising therapeutic potential of these substances. Carod-Artal, F. Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-columbian mesoamerican cultures. Neurologia 30 1 , 42— McBride, M. Allopathic shamanism: Indigenous American cultures, psychopharmacy, and the prince of flowers. Nichols, D. Psychedelics: Phenomenology and brain chemistry — Lunaria Editions, Timmermann, C. Revista Chil. Article Google Scholar. Hadar, A. The psychedelic Renaissance in Clinical Research: A bibliometric analysis of three decades of Human studies with Psychedelics. Psychoact Drugs 55 1. Nutt, D. The current status of psychedelics in psychiatry. JAMA Psychiatry 78 2. Ross, S. Rapid and Sustained Symptom Reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Grob, C. Pilot study of psilocybin treatment for anxiety in patients with advanced-stage cancer. Psychiatry 68 1. Griffiths, R. Psilocybin occasioned mystical-type experiences: Immediate and persisting dose-related effects. Psychopharmacology 4. Ragnhildstveit, A. Oehen, P. Mithoefer, M. Lancet Psychiatry 5 , — Article PubMed Google Scholar. Bogenschutz, M. Mash, D. Ibogaine detoxification transitions opioid and cocaine abusers between dependence and abstinence: Clinical observations and treatment outcomes. Johnstad, P. Who is the typical psychedelics user? Methodological challenges for research in psychedelics use and its consequences. Nordic Stud. Alcohol Drugs 38 1. Perkins, D. Influence of context and setting on the mental health and wellbeing outcomes of ayahuasca drinkers: Results of a large International Survey. Irwin, A. Citizen Science. Benjamini, Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. B Methodol. Hartogsohn, I. Dwyer, R. Enacting multiple methamphetamines: The ontological politics of public discourse and consumer accounts of a drug and its effects. Drug Policy 24 3. Hart, C. Zinberg, N. Leary, T. Reactions to psilocybin administered in a supportive environment. Nervous Mental Dis. Use of hallucinogens in Slovakia: Does it differ from global trends? Drug Policy Ruiz, H. Revista Cubana Invest. Dharma, C. Factors associated with the use of psychedelics, ketamine and MDMA among sexual and gender minority youths in Canada: A machine learning analysis. Krebs, T. Over 30 million psychedelic users in the United States. FResearch 2 Nieweglowski, K. Exploring the public stigma of substance use disorder through community-based participatory research. Theory 26 4. Aschengrau, A. Influence of family and community socioeconomic status on the risk of adolescent drug use. Acheampong, A. Health 55 5. Yockey, A. Use of psilocybin mushrooms among US adults: — Psychedelic Stud. Basedow, L. Motives for the use of serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Rev. Roberts, C. Uthaug, M. The epidemiology of mescaline use: Pattern of use, motivations for consumption, and perceived consequences, benefits, and acute and enduring subjective effects. Dollar, C. Recreation and realization: Reported motivations of use among persons who consume psychedelics in non-clinical settings. Justice Criminol. Kruger, D. An Assessment of psychedelic knowledge among people using psychedelics naturalistically. Psychoactive Drugs 55 4. Hughes, C. What can we learn from the Portuguese decriminalization of Illicit drugs. Domic-Siede, M. Emotion regulation unveiled through the categorical lens of attachment. BMC Psychol. Download references. We are very grateful to all the people who answered the survey. We also thank the institutions that collaborated with the dissemination of the study, especially the lovely team of Mantra Foundation. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and permissions. Latin American adults who regularly use macrodoses of psychedelics: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 14 , Download citation. Received : 08 July Accepted : 27 September Published : 13 October Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Epidemiology Human behaviour. Abstract Psychedelics have a complex history marked by traditional use among indigenous cultures, early scientific interest, and subsequent prohibition. Adults who microdose psychedelics report health related motivations and lower levels of anxiety and depression compared to non-microdosers Article Open access 18 November Attitudes of European psychiatrists on psychedelics: a cross-sectional survey study Article Open access 12 August Case analysis of long-term negative psychological responses to psychedelics Article Open access 25 September Introduction According to the United Nations World Drug Report , an estimated million people used drugs in 1. Table 1 Distribution of participants according to sociodemographic variables. Full size table. Table 2 Distribution of substances and the quantity consumed. Table 3 Reasons for using psychedelics on a regular basis. Table 4 Subjective changes reported. Table 5 Positive changes reported and psychedelics used on a regular basis. Table 6 Negative changes reported and psychedelics used on a regular basis. Discussion The present study aimed to characterize the variables associated with the regular use of macrodoses of psychedelics in the Latin American context. Data availability Data is available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author. Article Google Scholar Kruger, D. Acknowledgements We are very grateful to all the people who answered the survey. View author publications. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Electronic supplementary material. Supplementary Material 1. About this article. Copy to clipboard. Publish with us For authors Language editing services Submit manuscript. Search Search articles by subject, keyword or author. Show results from All journals This journal. Advanced search. Close banner Close. Email address Sign up. 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