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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Hair drug testing involves collecting hair samples from individuals and analysing them for traces of substances which may have been recently consumed. Although the method cannot assess the level of consumption, it can provide a temporal overview of substances used. Hair drug testing can be used in combination with surveys to validate self-reported information. Please note that we cannot provide individuals with hair drug analysis. Should you wish to avail of such a service we recommend that you contact a local service provider. Prevalence and patterns of drug use among the general population is one of the key epidemiological indicators used by the EMCDDA to assess the drug situation in Europe. This indicator helps us to understand various aspects of illicit drug use among the general population including patterns of use, risk perceptions, social and health correlates, as well as the consequences of the use of illicit drugs. The indicator makes use of a number of tools including drug surveys of the general and school populations, innovative new approaches such as wastewater-based drug epidemiology and targeted surveys including web surveys and hair testing. Hair sampling is non-invasive and non-embarrassing. The hair is usually taken from the back of the head, close to the neck in order not to leave any visible signs. Each collected hair sample is then screened for drug use. Drugs enter hair through the blood, by sweat and sebum and from the external environment. Hair analysis allows the recreation of the exposure history as, in hair, it is possible to find almost every compound which was ingested in a defined timeframe prior to the sampling. The technique can detect illicit drugs and their breakdown products metabolites. Hair drug testing is another approach for monitoring drug use in a specific setting. This method involves collecting hair samples from participants. For this study, each participant will need to provide a hair sample and fill in a web-based survey. The hair sample will be analysed and stored anonymously. It will be destroyed after the analysis and will not be used for any purpose other than this study. The web survey was built on the basis of the questionnaire used for the European Web Survey on Drugs. While not being representative of the general population, these complementary methods, when carefully conducted, nevertheless provide valuable additional information about variations in use among different groups of people who use drugs. In this initial phase, samples will be collected in drug-checking services and at music festivals in France, Italy and Portugal. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Recent events EUDA webinar: Preventing substance-related crime in the community — how can we provide safer and healthier environments? Recent news How do economic recessions influence illicit drug use? Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. Breadcrumb Home Activities Hair drug testing. On this page. Hair drug testing.

Insights into the Decontamination of Cocaine-Positive Hair Samples

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Hair follicle drug testing detects evidence of drug use or misuse in a sample of hair. Drug testing can screen for the use of illegal drugs, as well as the misuse of prescription medications, over-the-counter medicines, and legal substances including alcohol and tobacco. During hair follicle drug testing, scissors are used to remove a small sample of hair. Compared to other forms of drug testing, hair follicle drug testing offers advantages such as a long detection window and the ability to estimate patterns of drug use over time. Drug use refers to the use of illegal substances. Hair follicle drug testing may be used over other types of drug tests because of its ability to show a longer history of drug exposure. This type of test may be helpful when testing for chronic drug use or misuse, understanding long-term patterns of use, and confirming periods of abstinence. Hair follicle drug testing may be used in several ways:. Hair follicle drug tests identify drugs or drug metabolites in a sample of hair. A drug metabolite is a substance that is generated in the body as a drug is being broken down and eliminated. Once a drug is consumed, it enters the bloodstream and travels throughout the body. As the drug is broken down in the body, drugs and drug metabolites enter the core of the hair through the hair follicle, sweat glands, and oil glands on the scalp. Drugs and drug metabolites remain in the hair as it grows, which occurs at a rate of about one-half inch each month. Some drug metabolites attach to melanin, the part of a hair follicle that gives hair its color. Hair follicle drug testing has a longer window of detection than other types of drug tests. While drug use and misuse may not appear in the hair until 7 to 10 days after drug exposure, once it enters the hair it remains for weeks, months, or even years. While testing hair can provide information about patterns of drug exposure, hair follicle drug testing cannot detect current intoxication. How long drugs remain detectable in hair is called the window of detection. The length of the detection window varies based on a number of factors, including the amount and frequency of drug use or misuse and the rate at which the drug is metabolized in the body. The window of detection also varies based on the amount of hair tested. Although longer samples of hair can be tested for drug exposure over a longer period of time, a standard sample of hair from the scalp is 1. A hair sample taken from a different part of the body where hair grows more slowly may have a detection window of up to 12 months. A hair follicle drug test may focus on detecting one specific drug in the hair or on detecting several substances in a hair follicle drug panel. One commonly used hair follicle drug panel looks for evidence of the use of five drugs or drug classes: marijuana, amphetamines, cocaine, PCP, and opioids. Hair follicle drug testing is used in workplace testing, legal and forensic testing, medical testing, and for measuring the patterns of illegal and prescription drug use. The use of drug tests is impacted by federal, state, and local laws. Professional organizations advocate for the ethical use of drug testing, often emphasizing the importance of patient education and consent before conducting a drug test. Many parents consider using drug testing as a tool to prevent or confirm the use or misuse of drugs in children and adolescents. The American Academy of Pediatrics advises against this practice, citing the lack of evidence that drug testing reduces drug use in children and adolescents, the potential for misinterpreting test results, and the negative impact on the relationships between parents and children caused by testing. A sample of hair can be collected at home, at a laboratory, or in a medical setting. Hair follicle drug testing can be ordered by a doctor or an administrator of a program that requires drug testing. Hair follicle drug tests can also be purchased through retailers without a prescription. At-home collection kits allow users to collect hair samples and mail them to a laboratory for analysis. At-home hair follicle drug test kits are available for purchase online and over-the-counter at a variety of retailers. Some at-home hair follicle drug tests look for only one type of drug while others offer test panels that look for several drugs at once. The cost of hair follicle drug testing depends on where a sample is collected, the type of hair follicle drug test ordered, and who is paying for testing. In other cases, patients may choose to pay out-of-pocket for laboratory-based or at-home collection kits. Once collected, hair samples are sent to a laboratory for testing. In some cases, the collection of a hair sample will be performed by a trained professional to prevent tampering, contamination, or substitution of the sample. Before taking a hair follicle drug test, patients should ask the organization requiring drug testing about requirements for hair sample collection. Although there are no special precautions necessary before a hair follicle drug test, patients should inform their doctor of medications or supplements that have recently been taken. Patients should also inform their doctor of any recent hair treatments, including shampooing, as these may affect test results. Collecting a sample of hair at a laboratory or at home involves cutting a lock of hair about the thickness of a pencil from the back of the head using scissors. During the collection process, the person cutting the hair should wear gloves to avoid contamination of the hair sample. A standard sample of hair is around 1. Collecting hair is not associated with any risks, although some patients may experience embarrassment or anxiety during sample collection. After a hair sample is collected, it is packaged according to instructions contained in the collection kit and sent to a laboratory for testing. There are no restrictions on activity after a hair follicle drug test. Once received by the laboratory, the hair sample may be washed prior to testing. Specialized methods of washing the hair sample remove some external contaminants, dirt, and grease from the surface of the hair. Drugs inside the hair are unaffected by washing. Results of hair follicle drug testing are generally available within a few business days after the laboratory receives the sample. Processing times vary, so patients may find it helpful to ask their doctor or the laboratory when to expect results. Depending on the reason for testing, patients may learn about their test results through a health care professional or the organization that required testing. The results of hair follicle drug tests may be reported as positive or negative. Positive test results indicate that a drug or its metabolite was detected in the sample of hair submitted for testing. Negative test results indicate that no drugs or drug metabolites were detected in the hair sample. When interpreting results, it may be helpful to understand the laboratory method used for testing. Laboratory methods used in hair follicle drug testing are similar or slightly modified versions of those used in more common forms of drug testing, like urine drug testing. Laboratory methods used in drug testing are generally categorized as initial or confirmatory methods:. Although cutoff values for positive test results are not standard in all laboratories, the Society of Hair Testing, an organization that promotes research in hair testing, has proposed the following cutoff values:. Although hair follicle testing is an accepted form of drug testing, the results of this test can be affected by a variety of factors, including environmental exposures, hair composition, use of hair products, and even hair color. Additionally, some drugs attach to the hair more easily, like nicotine and heroin, while other drugs are more difficult to detect in hair. Factors that affect test results include:. Follow-up testing after a hair follicle drug test depends on the test results and the purpose of drug testing. If only an initial test was performed, a confirmatory test may be ordered to confirm preliminary results. If a drug test result is positive, a health care provider may ask questions to evaluate the patient for a substance use disorder or addiction. Regardless of whether a patient meets the criteria to be diagnosed with a substance use disorder, treatment is available for drug use and misuse. Drug test results can be difficult to interpret and patients can ask their doctor or the testing facility about the meaning of test results. Questions about test results include:. Medical Encyclopedia. Updated February 7, Accessed July 6, ARUP Consult. Drug testing. Updated May Hair as a biological indicator of drug use, drug abuse or chronic exposure to environmental toxicants. Int J Toxicol. Society of Hair Testing guidelines for drug testing in hair. Forensic Sci Int. Drug and Alcohol Testing Industry Association. Workplace drug testing. Date unknown. Gorelick DA. Cocaine use disorder in adults: Epidemiology, pharmacology, clinical manifestations, medical consequences, and diagnosis. In: Saxon AJ, ed. Updated August 1, Cannabis use and disorder in adults: Pathogenesis, pharmacology, and routes of administration. Updated December 28, Hair drug testing results and self-reported drug use among primary care patients with moderate-risk illicit drug use. Drug Alcohol Depend. Hadland SE, Levy S. Hoffman RJ. Testing for drugs of abuse DOA. In: Traub SJ, ed. Updated January 15, Cannabinoid concentrations in hair from documented cannabis users. Khan GF. Substance Use Disorders. Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Updated November Testing for drugs of abuse in children and adolescents. In: StatPearls. Updated March 16, MedlinePlus: National Library of Medicine. Drug use and addiction. Prescription drug misuse. Updated May 20, National Institute on Drug Abuse. Published April 2, Understanding drug use and addiction. Published June Words matter: Preferred language for talking about addiction. Published May 18, Society of Hair Testing. About SoHT. Updated June 8, State and local laws and regulations. Updated April 16, Considerations for safety- and security-sensitive Industries. Updated June 24, Updated April 3, Hair sample testing: What can hair sampling results tell me about environmental exposures? Published April Published September 10, US Food and Drug Administration. Drugs of abuse home use tests. Updated September 27, This form enables patients to ask specific questions about lab tests. Your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science. Please allow business days for an email response from one of the volunteers on the Consumer Information Response Team. Board Approved. Test Quick Guide Hair follicle drug testing detects evidence of drug use or misuse in a sample of hair. Hair follicle drug testing may be used in several ways: Employment testing: Employers may require drug testing in many situations, including when screening job applicants, for periodic or random detection of drug use by employees, or after a workplace accident. Although urine drug tests are the most common method of detecting drug use in workplaces, hair follicle drug testing may be used by some employers. Forensic and legal testing: Hair samples may be collected during criminal investigations to evaluate for drug use or misuse in drug-facilitated crimes and child protection cases. For example, hair testing can assist in post-mortem evaluations of long-term drug use or misuse. Drug rehabilitation programs: Hair testing may be used in addiction medicine to detect chronic drug use and misuse, as well as understand periods of abstinence. What does the test measure? When should I get a hair follicle drug test? Finding a Hair Follicle Drug Test How to get tested A sample of hair can be collected at home, at a laboratory, or in a medical setting. Can I take the test at home? How much does the test cost? Before the test Although there are no special precautions necessary before a hair follicle drug test, patients should inform their doctor of medications or supplements that have recently been taken. During the test Collecting a sample of hair at a laboratory or at home involves cutting a lock of hair about the thickness of a pencil from the back of the head using scissors. After the test After a hair sample is collected, it is packaged according to instructions contained in the collection kit and sent to a laboratory for testing. Hair Follicle Drug Test Results Receiving test results Results of hair follicle drug testing are generally available within a few business days after the laboratory receives the sample. Interpreting test results The results of hair follicle drug tests may be reported as positive or negative. Laboratory methods used in drug testing are generally categorized as initial or confirmatory methods: Initial test methods: Immunoassays are a common method of drug testing but provide only preliminary results. In order to reduce the risk of inaccurate results on initial testing, positive test results should be followed by testing using a confirmatory test method. Confirmatory test methods: Confirmatory test methods, such as gas or liquid chromatography, provide more detailed results than initial test methods, including specific metabolites detected in hair. Although cutoff values for positive test results are not standard in all laboratories, the Society of Hair Testing, an organization that promotes research in hair testing, has proposed the following cutoff values: Hair Follicle Drug Test Cutoff Values Substance Detected Initial Test Cutoff Confirmatory Test Cutoff Amphetamines and drug metabolites 0. Factors that affect test results include: Environmental exposures: Inaccurate results can also occur due to environmental exposure to drugs. Washing hair samples prior to testing may not remove all of the drug residue from an environmental exposure. Hair color: Hair color can also lead to inaccurate or biased results of hair follicle drug testing. Drugs like cocaine, methamphetamine, and opioids may bind more easily to melanin in dark hair, leading to higher concentrations in hair testing. Hair treatments: Hair treatments, including shampooing, coloring, relaxing, and bleaching the hair, can affect the concentration of drugs and drug metabolites detected during testing. Chemically treated hair may not be appropriate for testing, and untreated hair may need to be taken from another part of the body. Other concerns about the accuracy of hair follicle drug tests include: Lack of standard cutoff values: Although some organizations have proposed guidelines for the use of hair follicle drug testing, standard cutoff values for the concentration of drugs in hair samples is still being established. Challenging to interpret: Hair follicle drug testing may be more challenging to interpret than other types of drug tests due to the many factors that may affect the interpretation of test results. Hard to detect low-level use: It can be difficult to detect low-level or one-time drug use or misuse using a hair sample for drug testing. Use or misuse of some drugs must be relatively heavy in order for a positive result on hair follicle drug testing. Do I need follow-up tests? Questions for your doctor about test results Drug test results can be difficult to interpret and patients can ask their doctor or the testing facility about the meaning of test results. Questions about test results include: Why am I being tested for drug use or misuse? What is the detection window of this test? What is the test result? Who will have access to my test result or medical record? Will I be retested in the future? See More. See Less. Table of Contents. Ask a Laboratory Scientist. This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience on our website. I Accept. Alcohol Ethanol Testing. Marijuana THC Testing. Nicotine and Cotinine Testing. Opioid Testing. Amphetamine: 0. Morphine: 0.

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