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Learn about the political career of Walter Ulbricht and his role as the leader of the German Democratic Republic (GDR)
When it became clear that a West German government would be established, a so-called election for a People’s Congress was held in the Soviet occupation zone in May 1949. But instead of choosing among candidates, voters were allowed only the choice of approving or rejecting—usually in less-than-secret circumstances—“unity lists” of candidates drawn from all parties, as well as representatives of mass organizations controlled by the communist-dominated SED. Two additional parties, a Democratic Farmers’ Party and a National Democratic Party , designed to attract support from farmers and from former Nazis, respectively, were added with the blessing of the SED. By ensuring that communists predominated in these unity lists, the SED determined in advance the composition of the new People’s Congress. According to the official results, about two-thirds of the voters approved the unity lists. In subsequent elections, favourable margins in excess of 99 percent were routinely announced.
In October 1949, following the formation of the Federal Republic, a constitution ratified by the People’s Congress went into effect in the Soviet zone, which became the German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik), commonly known as East Germany, with its capital in the Soviet sector of Berlin . The People’s Congress was renamed the People’s Chamber, and this body, together with a second chamber composed of officials of the five Länder of the Soviet zone (which were abolished in 1952 in favour of centralized authority), designated the communist Wilhelm Pieck of the SED as president of the German Democratic Republic on October 11, 1949. The next day, the People’s Chamber installed the former Social Democrat Otto Grotewohl as premier at the head of a cabinet that was nominally responsible to the chamber. Although the German Democratic Republic was constitutionally a parliamentary democracy , decisive power actually lay with the SED and its boss, the veteran communist functionary Walter Ulbricht , who held only the obscure position of deputy premier in the government. In East Germany, as in the Soviet Union , the government served merely as the agent of an all-powerful communist-controlled party, which was in turn ruled from above by a self-selecting Politburo.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Far-right political party in Germany
For the political party in the German Democratic Republic, see National Democratic Party of Germany (East Germany) .
National Democratic Party of Germany
Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands

^ Höhne, Valerie (25 April 2017). "Niedergang der NPD: Ein lächerlicher Verein" . Der Spiegel . Retrieved 3 April 2018 .

^ Luciano Cheles, Ronnie Ferguson & Michalina Vaughan, Neo-Fascism in Europe , Longman, 1991, p. 71

^ Horst W. Schmollinger, Richard Stöss, Die Parteien und die Presse der Parteien und Gewerkschaften in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1945–1974 , Westdeutscher Verlag 1975, S. 187

^ Stöss, Richard (1989). Die extreme Rechte in der Bundesrepublik: Entwicklung – Ursachen – Gegenmaßnahmen . Westdeutscher Verlag. p. 126

^ Jump up to: a b "Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands" (PDF) . 16 June 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2021 .

^ Jansen, Frank (16 December 2019). "Zahl der Rechtsextremisten steigt um ein Drittel" . Der Tagesspiegel Online . Archived from the original on 10 September 2020 . Retrieved 3 June 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Schori Liang, Christina (2013). " 'Nationalism Ensures Peaces': the Foreign and Security Policy of the German Populist Radical Left After Reunification" . In Christina Schori Liang (ed.). Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-4094-9825-4 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2019 . Retrieved 17 March 2016 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Neo-Nazi NPD party takes hold in municipal vote in Saxony" . thelocal.de/. 9 June 2008. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2009 .

^ "Neo-Nazis push into town councils" . thelocal.de. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . The neo-Nazi NPD party is entering several German city parliaments for the first time after this weekend’s local elections, news magazine Der Spiegel reported on Monday.

^ "Neonazis in der NPD auf dem Vormarsch" . Süddeutsche Zeitung . 19 May 2009. Archived from the original on 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 August 2009 . Das neonazistische Spektrum hat seinen Einfluss innerhalb der NPD ausgebaut.

^ * Neo-Nazis push into town councils Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine published by thelocal.de on 9 June 2009 "The neo-Nazi NPD party is entering several German city parliaments for the first time after this weekend’s local elections, news magazine Der Spiegel reported on Monday."
Neonazis in der NPD auf dem Vormarsch Archived 18 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine published by sueddeutsche.de on 19 May 2009 "Das neonazistische Spektrum hat seinen Einfluss innerhalb der NPD ausgebaut."
Verfassungsschutzbericht 2010 published by the German Ministry of the Interior p. 67 "Die ethnisch homogene „Volksgemeinschaft“ stellt für sie das Kernelement dar."
The National Democratic Party: Left Radicalism in the Federal Republic of Germany by John D. Nagle and published by Hardcover on 1 December 1970
Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right Archived 15 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine Chapter: 'Nationalism Ensures Peaces': the Foreign and Security Policy of the German Populist Alt Right After Reunification by Christina Schori Liang and published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. in 2013 p. 139
Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups Archived 20 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine by Stephen E. Atkins. p. 106 "the oldest of the German neo-Nazi parties"
Germany transformed: political culture and the new politics Archived 21 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine , by Kendall L. Baker, Russell J. Dalton, Kai Hildebrandt. p. 318 "the neo-Nazi NPD (National Democratic Party of Germany)"
Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia, Volume 2 Archived 20 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine , by Bernard A. Cook. p.903 "possibly deserving of the label "neofascist" .... The NPD was founded in 1964 by survivors of the overtly neo-Nazi SRP"
The Routledge companion to Nazi Germany Archived 20 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine by Roderick Stackelberg. p.287 "a Neo-Nazi party founded in 1964 in West Germany"
Encyclopaedia of international law Archived 25 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Vinod K. Lall, Danial Khemchand. p. 180 "frankly fascist NPD", "the Neo-Nazi NPD", "this neo-Nazi organization"
The beast reawakens Archived 19 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine by Martin A. Lee. "neo-Nazi NPD"

^ Pikulicka-Wilczewska, Agnieszka (21 April 2018). "German town on alert as neo-Nazi festival, counter events held" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 31 October 2021 .

^ "European Court Could Thwart Bid to Ban Alt-Right Party" . SPIEGEL ONLINE . 14 May 2012. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019 . Retrieved 11 August 2019 .

^ "German far-right NPD threatens vigilante patrols" . BBC News . 4 January 2019 . Retrieved 11 August 2019 .

^ Berg, Nate (14 May 2019). "Germany's 'joke' party wants seat at EU table" . POLITICO (Europe edition) .

^ "tagesschau.de" . tagesschau.de .

^ Caiani, Manuela; della Porta, Donatella ; Wagemann, Claudius (16 February 2012). Mobilizing on the Extreme Right: Germany, Italy, and the United States . OUP Oxford. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-19-964126-0 .

^ "NPD – einzige ernstzunehmende nationale Kraft!" . npd.de. 28 September 2009. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 14 February 2012 .

^ Jump up to: a b "NPD – Start" . Npd.de. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 .

^ "Neo-Nazis push into town councils" . thelocal.de. 9 June 2009. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . The neo-Nazi NPD party is entering several German city parliaments for the first time after this weekend’s local elections, news magazine Der Spiegel reported on Monday.

^ "Neonazis in der NPD auf dem Vormarsch" . Süddeutsche Zeitung . 19 May 2009. Archived from the original on 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 August 2009 . Das neonazistische Spektrum hat seinen Einfluss innerhalb der NPD ausgebaut.

^ * Neo-Nazis push into town councils Archived 28 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine published by thelocal.de on 9 June 2009 "The neo-Nazi NPD party is entering several German city parliaments for the first time after this weekend’s local elections, news magazine Der Spiegel reported on Monday."
Neonazis in der NPD auf dem Vormarsch Archived 18 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine published by sueddeutsche.de on 19 May 2009 "Das neonazistische Spektrum hat seinen Einfluss innerhalb der NPD ausgebaut."
Verfassungsschutzbericht 2010 published by the German Ministry of the Interior p. 67 "Die ethnisch homogene „Volksgemeinschaft“ stellt für sie das Kernelement dar."
The National Democratic Party: Right Radicalism in the Federal Republic of Germany by John D. Nagle and published by Hardcover on 1 December 1970
Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right Archived 15 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine Chapter: 'Nationalism Ensures Peaces': the Foreign and Security Policy of the German Populist Radical Right After Reunification by Christina Schori Liang and published by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. in 2013 p. 139
Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups Archived 20 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine by Stephen E. Atkins. p. 106 "the oldest of the German neo-Nazi parties"
Germany transformed: political culture and the new politics Archived 21 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine , by Kendall L. Baker, Russell J. Dalton, Kai Hildebrandt. p. 318 "the neo-Nazi NPD (National Democratic Party of Germany)"
Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia, Volume 2 Archived 20 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine , by Bernard A. Cook. p.903 "possibly deserving of the label "neofascist" .... The NPD was founded in 1964 by survivors of the overtly neo-Nazi SRP"
The Routledge companion to Nazi Germany Archived 20 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine by Roderick Stackelberg. p.287 "a Neo-Nazi party founded in 1964 in West Germany"
Encyclopaedia of international law Archived 25 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Vinod K. Lall, Danial Khemchand. p. 180 "frankly fascist NPD", "the Neo-Nazi NPD", "this neo-Nazi organization"
The beast reawakens Archived 19 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine by Martin A. Lee. "neo-Nazi NPD"

^ "Poll shows majority of Germany believe NPD to be non-democratic and damaging to Germany's image" . Der Spiegel . 22 September 2006 . Retrieved 21 July 2009 .

^ Peter Davies, Derek Lynch, The Routledge companion to fascism and the far right Archived 28 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine , Psychology Press, 2002, pg. 315

^ "Rechtsextremismus" . Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. 2006. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 October 2015 . Auch zeigte sich die NPD nun bereit, mit radikalen Kräften aus dem parteiungebundenen Spektrum zusammenzuarbeiten. Formal gilt nach wie vor ein Unvereinbarkeitsbeschluss der NPD-Mitgliedschaft mit der Mitgliedschaft in verbotenen Gruppierungen. Faktisch jedoch setzt sich die NPD mit ihrer Strategie bewusst über die offizielle Verlautbarung hinweg. Die NPD wolle in Zukunft mit denjenigen zusammenzuarbeiten, die dazu bereit seien, "als politische Soldaten zu denken und zu handeln", so die neue Strategie.

^ "Zusammenspiel zwischen NPD und Neonazis im niedersächsischen Landtagswahlkampf" . Landesamt für Verfassungsschutz Bremen. 30 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 August 2009 . Die Kooperation zwischen der NPD und den Freien Nationalisten (Angehörige von neonazistischen Kameradschaften) prägt das Auftreten der Partei im niedersächsischen Landtagswahlkampf. Bekannte Neonazis treten für die NPD als Direktkandidaten an, z.B. Dennis BÜHRIG in Bergen, Klaus HELLMUND in Celle, Mathias BEHRENS in Soltau oder Dieter RIEFLING in Hildesheim.

^ Jump up to: a b Austrian 'neo-Nazi' joins NPD's executive committee Archived 31 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Austrian Times Archived 5 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Published 8 April 2009.

^ "V-Mann-Affäre" . FOCUS. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 May 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b Zicht, Wilko. "Wahlergebnisse" (in German). Wahlrecht.de . Retrieved 5 May 2014 .

^ Stabwechsel bei der NPD Archived 21 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine in: Blick nach rechts , accessed 14 11 2011

^ Ignazi, Piero (2003). "Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe" . Oxford University Press: 66. doi : 10.1093/0198293259.001.0001 . ISBN 9780198293255 . Archived from the original on 27 March 2019 . Retrieved 27 March 2019 . {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )

^ Jump up to: a b c "National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD)" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Chapin, Wesley D. (1997). Germany for the Germans? . Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 70–73. ISBN 0-313-30258-8 .

^ "Election Resources on the Internet: Elections to the German Bundestag - Results Lookup" . electionresources.org . Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 5 November 2016 .

^ Carr, William (1991). A History of Germany: 1815-1990 (4th ed.). London, United Kingdom: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 383.

^ Laqueur, Walter (1996). Fascism: past, present, future . Oxford University Press. p. 110 . ISBN 978-0-19-509245-5 . Retrieved 14 November 2011 .

^ Dikov, Ivan (7 September 2019). "Far-Right Politician's Election as Town Council Head Shocks Germany's Mainstream Parties" . Archived from the original on 6 October 2019 . Retrieved 9 September 2019 .

^ "Germany: Merkel party colleagues elect far-right extremist to local council" . Deutsche Welle. 9 July 2019. Archived from the original on 9 September 2019 . Retrieved 9 September 2019 .

^ Kerstin Lorenz, ehem. Landeschefin der Republikaner in Sachsen, tritt in die NPD ein! Archived from the original on 9 November 2004. (German)

^ "Poll boost for German far right" . BBC News. 18 September 2006 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 .

^ Hochschild, Jennifer L.; Mollenkopf, John H. (2009). Bringing Outsiders in: Transatlantic Perspectives on Immigrant Political Incorporation . Cornell University Press. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-8014-7514-6 .

^ "Verfassungsschutzbericht 2008" . Verfassungsschutz.de. May 2009. p. 79. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 August 2009 . Mit rund 7.000 Mitgliedern verzeichnete die NPD im Vergleich zum Vorjahr (7.200) einen leichten Rückgang, bleibt jedoch mitgliederstärkste Partei im rechtsextremistischen Spektrum.

^ "Meet the new faces ready to sweep into the European parliament" . The Guardian . 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020 . Retrieved 11 January 2015 .

^ Hooper, John (19 March 2003). "German court rejects attempt to ban neo-Nazi party" . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 19 May 2010 .

^ Gensing, Patrick (5 April 2009). "Die NPD bekämpft aktiv die Verfassungsordnung" . tagesschau.de (in German). Archived from the original on 7 May 2009 . Retrieved 15 October 2015 .

^ "German neo-Nazi parties 'consider merger' " . The Daily Telegraph . London. 4 June 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.

^ Jansen, Frank (27 January 2011). "Rechtsextreme Parteien: Fusion von NPD und DVU ist unwirksam – Politik – Tagesspiegel" . Der Tagesspiegel (in German) . Retrieved 23 September 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "German far-right extremists tap into green movement for support" . The Guardi
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