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Галерея 3420666
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Case Rep Pathol
v.2011; 2011
PMC3420666
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Case Rep Pathol. 2011; 2011: 564260.
Published online 2011 Oct 19. doi: 10.1155/2011/564260
1 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga City 849-8501, Japan
2 Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga City 849-8501, Japan
3 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Japan
4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga City 849-8501, Japan
Academic Editors: G. Adonakis and O. Hes
Received 2011 Jul 4; Accepted 2011 Aug 16.
Copyright © 2011 Tomihiro Wakamiya et al.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1. Orlova KA, Crino PB. The tuberous sclerosis complex. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 2010; 1184 :87–105. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
2. Zhang X, Travis WD. Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine . 2010; 134 (12):1823–1828. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
3. Raju U, Fine G, Greenawald KA, Ohorodnik JM. Primary papillary serous neoplasia of the peritoneum: a clinicopathologic and ultrastructural study of eight cases. Human Pathology . 1989; 20 (5):426–436. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
4. Zhou J, Iwasa Y, Konishi I, et al. Papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum in women: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. Cancer . 1995; 76 (3):429–436. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
5. Attanoos RL, Webb R, Dojcinov SD, Gibbs AR. Value of mesothelial and epithelial antibodies in distinguishing diffuse peritoneal mesothelioma in females from serous papillary carcinoma of the ovary and peritoneum. Histopathology . 2002; 40 (3):237–244. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
6. Hancock E, Osborne J. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: a review of the literature. Respiratory Medicine . 2002; 96 (1):1–6. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
7. Yano S. Exacerbation of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis by exogenous oestrogen used for infertility treatment. Thorax . 2002; 57 (12):1085–1086. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
8. L’Hostis H, Deminiere C, Ferriere JM, Coindre JM. Renal angiomyolipoma: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and follow-up study of 46 cases. American Journal of Surgical Pathology . 1999; 23 (9):1011–1020. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
9. Altaras MM, Bernheim J, Zehavi T, Fishman A. Papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum coexisting with or after endometrial carcinoma. Gynecologic Oncology . 2002; 84 (2):245–251. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
Articles from Case Reports in Pathology are provided here courtesy of Hindawi Limited
1. Orlova KA, Crino PB. The tuberous sclerosis complex. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 2010; 1184 :87–105. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
2. Zhang X, Travis WD. Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine . 2010; 134 (12):1823–1828. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
3. Raju U, Fine G, Greenawald KA, Ohorodnik JM. Primary papillary serous neoplasia of the peritoneum: a clinicopathologic and ultrastructural study of eight cases. Human Pathology . 1989; 20 (5):426–436. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
4. Zhou J, Iwasa Y, Konishi I, et al. Papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum in women: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. Cancer . 1995; 76 (3):429–436. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
5. Attanoos RL, Webb R, Dojcinov SD, Gibbs AR. Value of mesothelial and epithelial antibodies in distinguishing diffuse peritoneal mesothelioma in females from serous papillary carcinoma of the ovary and peritoneum. Histopathology . 2002; 40 (3):237–244. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
6. Hancock E, Osborne J. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: a review of the literature. Respiratory Medicine . 2002; 96 (1):1–6. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
7. Yano S. Exacerbation of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis by exogenous oestrogen used for infertility treatment. Thorax . 2002; 57 (12):1085–1086. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
8. L’Hostis H, Deminiere C, Ferriere JM, Coindre JM. Renal angiomyolipoma: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and follow-up study of 46 cases. American Journal of Surgical Pathology . 1999; 23 (9):1011–1020. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
9. Altaras MM, Bernheim J, Zehavi T, Fishman A. Papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum coexisting with or after endometrial carcinoma. Gynecologic Oncology . 2002; 84 (2):245–251. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
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1 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga City 849-8501, Japan
2 Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga City 849-8501, Japan
3 Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Japan
4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga City 849-8501, Japan
4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga City 849-8501, Japan
1 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga City 849-8501, Japan
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is associated with benign and malignant tumors, including lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and angiomyolipoma (AML). We herein describe the TSC case of a 50-year-old woman having a papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum (PSCP), LAM, and AML. On microscopic examination, the PSCP cells showed a cuboidal to columnar shape, proliferated into the papillae, and infiltrated into the peritoneal cavity and anterior thoracic wall. On immunohistochemical evaluation, the tumor cells were positive for epithelial membrane antigen, human epidermal cytokeratins, and progesterone receptor, but negative for calretinin, carcinoembryonic antigen, MCF-7 cell line (Ber-EP4), and estrogen receptor.
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is associated with benign and malignant tumors [ 1 ]. The tumors arise from various sites, including brain, lung, heart, skin, and kidney. However, to our knowledge, papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum (PSCP) with lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and angiomyolipoma (AML) in TSC has never been reported. TSC tends to occur equally among all races and sexes, though AML, LAM, and PSCP occur almost exclusively in women [ 2 ]. In this report, we describe an autopsy case of a female patient with TSC, associated with PSCP, LAM, and AML.
A 50-year-old woman visited our hospital, complaining of a lower abdominal distention due to myoma uteri in February, 1998. She has had a leaf-shaped white macule on her back skin (ash leaf macules) since childhood, and she later developed multiple sebaceous adenomas on her face. Although she had no history of either any seizure episodes or mental retardation, she had been diagnosed to have TSC based on subependymal nodules and dot calcification in the bilateral ventricles and AML in both kidneys by computed tomography (CT) scan examination. She had a history of spontaneous pneumothorax at ages 22 and 40. When she underwent a transabdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for myoma uteri, diffuse and nodular lesions were found on the serosal surface of the uterus and on the pelvic peritoneum. The histopathologic examination of the peritoneal lesion established the diagnosis of PSCP ( Figure 1 ), and the details are described in a section of pathologic findings. Following surgery, the patient received several cycles of anticancer chemotherapy. The CT scan was performed for an evaluation of anticancer therapy in April, 2003. Multiple masses were found in her pelvic cavity, parietal peritoneum, mesentery, liver, and also in the left thoracic wall and pleura. Both of her kidneys showed tumor masses, and hydronephrosis was noted in the right kidney. Her condition gradually deteriorated and she eventually died of cardiac failure, due to hyperkalemia and renal failure five years after the first operation, hysterectomy.
Papillary serous carcinoma of peritoneum (PSCP) on hysterectomy. Cancer cells proliferate and infiltrate in a papillary architecture to the abdominal cavity (a). Epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) is positive (b), but carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is negative (c).
An autopsy was performed. Both lungs showed extensive pleural fibrosis, with adhesion to the thoracic wall, and they also had multilocular cysts throughout ( Figure 2(a) ). In the abdominal cavity, 2000 mL of bloody ascites was present. The liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, and pancreas firmly adhered to each other and formed a single large mass due to either peritonitis carcinomatosa or cancer invasion. The renal corticomedullary boundary was unclear due to multiple tumor nodules, which pushed the renal cortex outerward and spared it in a thin layer.
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) of lung. In a gross section, multiple cysts are shown in the left lower lung (a). In the HE staining, a dramatic loss of the alveolar septum is associated with an increasing number of cysts. In the cysts, LAM cells are observed to increase in number along the peribronchiole or perilymphatic duct (b). The cytoplasm of the LAM cells is positive for HMB45 (c).
The lungs contained multiple thick-walled cysts, which consisted of epithelioid myoid cells and large spindle-shaped cells, along with peribronchiole or peribronchial duct ( Figure 2(b) ). The cells were immunohistochemically positive for vimentin, desmin, muscle actin (HHF-35), and melanoma-associated antigen (HMB45) ( Figure 2(c) ), but negative for human progesterone receptor (PgR) and estrogen receptor (ER), supporting the features of LAM. A summary of the immunohistochemical staining of LAM is shown in Table 1 . In the center of the nodules, large Type II pneumocytes were present in increased numbers and showed multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia.
Summary of immunohistochemical stains in lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum (PSCP).
Desmin: human desmin. PgR: human progesterone receptor. ER: human estrogen receptor. EMA: epithelial membrane antigen. Calretinin: human calretinin. CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen.
The left kidney contained a large mass comprised of adipocytes, spindle-shaped epithelioid cells, and malformed vessels ( Figure 3 ), consistent with a diagnosis of AML. The cells were negative for PgR and ER.The preserved glomeruli in the thin cortex were congestive, but no glomerular microhamartoma lesion was observed.
Angiomyolipoma (AML). The proliferation and infiltration of AML cells, including spindle-shaped and epithelioid cells, malformed vessels (a), and fat (b) are demonstrated. HMB-45 is positive (c).
The PSCP was same as seen in the previous hysterectomy ( Figure 1 ) and confirmed the diagnosis. The cancer grew in papillary to the abdominal cavity, and the cancer cells were cuboidal to columnar in shape ( Figure 4 ). The invasion of tumor cells extended to the muscle layer of the intestine and to the liver. Psammoma body formation was not seen in this papillary serous carcinoma. On immunohistochemical examination, the tumor was positive for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), human epidermal keratins (AE1/AE3), and PgR, but negative for calretinin, carcinoembryonic (CEA), ER, and Ber-EP4 ( Table 1 ). The autopsy examination confirmed the previous diagnosis of PSCP. In addition, a small oncocytoma was also incidentally found in the thyroid. The brain examination was not performed because consent for a full autopsy was not obtained from the bereaved family.
Papillary serous carcinoma of the peritoneum (PSCP). Neoplastic cells which ranged from cuboidal to columnar in shape with polygonal cytoplasm, proliferated and infiltrated in a papillary architecture, to the abdominal cavity and anterior thoracic wall (a). Human epidermal keratins (AE1/AE3) and progesterone receptor (PgR) are positive in (b) and (c), respectively.
PSCP is a rare tumor, which has been described as occurring almost exclusively in women, and the origin of PSCP remains controversial [ 3 ]. PSCP morphologically resembles papillary serous carcinoma of the ovary (PSCO) and malignant mesothelioma (MM) [ 4 ]. In fact, it is extremely difficult to differentiate between them. Some immunohistochemical markers are of assistance in distinguishing between the carcinomas, particularly calretinin and Ber-EP4 are helpful in distinguishing MM from PSCP and PSCO [ 5 ].
LAM occurs predominantly in women and develops in approximately 2.3% of patients with TSC [ 6 ]. The most common complications are pneumothorax and chylothorax. The median age of the onset of pulmonary symptoms with TSC is 30.4 years, which is childbearing age. The symptoms are worsened by pregnancy, exogenous estrogen, and menstruation. LAM has thus been described as aggravated
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