Fat Girl Drv

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PMC3428836

Br J Nutr. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 Aug 28.
Find articles by Sonja K. Nicholson
1 MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 9NL

2 National Centre for Social Research, London EC1V OAX

3 Food Standards Agency, 6B Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH

* Corresponding author & reprints: ku.ca.mac.rnh;31020x#&crm@toP.adreG , Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, CB1 9NL Cambridge, United Kingdom; tel +44 1223 437674

The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at Br J Nutr
GUID: 505451A3-ED5F-47D1-A9AA-C8350E040C8F
Keywords: Dietary intake, National Diet and Nutrition Survey, Fat, Fatty acids, UK
* Total energy intake includes alcohol intake.
† P value represents the difference between the current survey and previous surveys.
‡ P for trend indicates a trend across the three age groups.
* Total energy intake includes alcohol intake.
† P value represents the difference between the current survey and previous surveys.
‡ P for trend indicates a trend across the three age groups.
* Total energy intake includes alcohol intake.
† P value represents the difference between the current survey and previous surveys.
‡ P for trend indicates a trend across the three age groups.
1. Burlingame B, Nishida C, Uauy R, et al. Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition: introduction. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009; 55 :5–7. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
2. Lichtenstein AH, Kennedy E, Barrier P, et al. Dietary fat consumption and health. Nutr Rev. 1998; 56 :S3–28. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
3. Hooper L, Summerbell CD, Higgins JP, et al. Dietary fat intake and prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review. Bmj. 2001; 322 :757–763. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
4. FAO/WHO Expert Consulation on Fats and Fatty acids in Human Nutrition Geneva. 2008.
5. Department of Health . Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. London: 1991. [ Google Scholar ]
6. DEFRA . Family Food. A report on the 2008 Family Food Module of the Living Costs and Food Survey. TSO; London: 2010. [ Google Scholar ]
7. Gregory J, Foster K, Tyler H, et al. The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults. HMSO; London: 1990. [ Google Scholar ]
8. Gregory J, Collins DL, Davies PSW, et al. Report of the diet and nutrition survey. Volume 1. HMSO; London: 1995. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: children aged 1 ½ to 4 ½ years. [ Google Scholar ]
9. Henderson L, Gregory J, Irving K, et al. Energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat and alcohol intake. Volume 2. Food Standards Agency, Department of Health; London: 2002. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: adults aged 19 to 64 years. [ Google Scholar ]
10. Majem L Serra, Barba L Ribas, Castell G Salvador, et al. Trends in the nutritional status of the Spanish population: results from the Catalan nutrition monitoring system (1992-2003) Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2007; 81 :559–570. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
11. Marques-Vidal P, Ravasco P, Dias CM, et al. Trends of food intake in Portugal, 1987-1999: results from the National Health Surveys. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006; 60 :1414–1422. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
12. Krachler B, Eliasson MC, Johansson I, et al. Trends in food intakes in Swedish adults 1986-1999: findings from the Northern Sweden MONICA (Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) Study. Public Health Nutr. 2005; 8 :628–635. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
13. Hulshof KF, Brussaard JH, Kruizinga AG, et al. Socio-economic status, dietary intake and 10 y trends: the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003; 57 :128–137. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
14. Joyce T, Wallace AJ, McCarthy SN, et al. Intakes of total fat, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in Irish children, teenagers and adults. Public Health Nutr. 2009; 12 :156–165. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
15. National Center for Health Statistics [9 August 2010]; 2010 http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm .
17. Gray-Donald K, Jacobs-Starkey L, Johnson-Down L. Food habits of Canadians: reduction in fat intake over a generation. Can J Public Health. 2000; 91 :381–385. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
18. Elmadfa I, Meyer A, Nowak V, et al. European Nutrition and Health Report 2009. Forum Nutr. 2009; 62 :1–405. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
19. Day N, McKeown N, Wong M, et al. Epidemiological assessment of diet: a comparison of a 7-day diary with a food frequency questionnaire using urinary markers of nitrogen, potassium and sodium. Int J Epidemiol. 2001; 30 :309–317. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
20. Ortiz-Andrellucchi A, Henriquez-Sanchez P, Sanchez-Villegas A, et al. Dietary assessment methods for micronutrient intake in infants, children and adolescents: a systematic review. Br J Nutr. 2009; 102 (Suppl 1):S87–117. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
21. Overby NC, Serra-Majem L, Andersen LF. Dietary assessment methods on n-3 fatty acid intake: a systematic review. Br J Nutr. 2009; 102 (Suppl 1):S56–63. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
22. Dahm CC, Keogh RH, Spencer EA, et al. Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer risk: a nested case-control study using food diaries. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010; 102 :614–626. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
23. Food Standards Agency Saturated Fat and Energy Intake Programme: FSA. 2008.
24. Gregory JR, Lowe S, Bates B, et al. Report of the diet and nutrition survey. Volume 1. TSO; London: 2000. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: young people aged 4 to 18 years. [ Google Scholar ]
25. Bates B, Lennox A, Swan G. NDNS Headline results from Year 1 of the Rolling Programme (2008/2009) Food Standards Agency, Department of Health; 2010. [ Google Scholar ]
26. Smithers G. MAFF’s Nutrient Databank. Nutrition & Food Science. 1993; 93 :16–19. [ Google Scholar ]
27. Food Standards Agency . McCance and Widdowson’s The Composition of Foods. 6th edition Royal Society of Chemistry; Cambridge: 2002. [ Google Scholar ]
28. Food Standards Agency . In: Food Portion Sizes. 3rd edition TSO, editor. London: 1988. [ Google Scholar ]
29. Lennox A, Olson A, Gay C. Appendix K Conversion of previous survey data to four-day estimates. Foods Standard Agency, Department of Health; 2010. [ Google Scholar ]
30. Office for National Statistics [19 July 2010]; 2008 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106 .
31. Scientific-Advisory-Committee-on-Nutrition . Update on trans fatty acids and health. TSO; London: 2007. [ Google Scholar ]
32. Bhattacharya A, Banu J, Rahman M, et al. Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acids in health and disease. J Nutr Biochem. 2006; 17 :789–810. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
33. Linseisen J, Welch AA, Ocke M, et al. Dietary fat intake in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition: results from the 24-h dietary recalls. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009; 63 (Suppl 4):S61–80. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
34. Sichert-Hellert W, Wicher M, Kersting M. Age and time trends in fish consumption pattern of children and adolescents, and consequences for the intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009; 63 :1071–1075. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
35. Bingham SA, Gill C, Welch A, et al. Comparison of dietary assessment methods in nutritional epidemiology: weighed records v. 24 h recalls, food-frequency questionnaires and estimated-diet records. Br J Nutr. 1994; 72 :619–643. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
36. Thane CW, Stephen AM. Day-to-day variation in food and nutrient intakes of British adults. Public Health Nutr. 2006; 9 :EN01–29. [ Google Scholar ]
37. Macdiarmid J, Blundell J. Assessing dietary intake: Who, what and why of under-reporting. Nutr Res Rev. 1998; 11 :231–253. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
38. Illner AK, Nothlings U, Wagner K, et al. The assessment of individual usual food intake in large-scale prospective studies. Ann Nutr Metab. 2010; 56 :99–105. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
39. Rennie KL, Coward A, Jebb SA. Estimating under-reporting of energy intake in dietary surveys using an individualised method. Br J Nutr. 2007; 97 :1169–1176. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
40. Rennie KL, Jebb SA, Wright A, et al. Secular trends in under-reporting in young people. Br J Nutr. 2005; 93 :241–247. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
41. Uauy R, Dangour AD. Fat and fatty acid requirements and recommendations for infants of 0-2 years and children of 2-18 years. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009; 55 :76–96. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
42. Drewnowski A. Why do we like fat? J Am Diet Assoc. 1997; 97 :S58–62. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
1. Burlingame B, Nishida C, Uauy R, et al. Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition: introduction. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009; 55 :5–7. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
2. Lichtenstein AH, Kennedy E, Barrier P, et al. Dietary fat consumption and health. Nutr Rev. 1998; 56 :S3–28. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
3. Hooper L, Summerbell CD, Higgins JP, et al. Dietary fat intake and prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review. Bmj. 2001; 322 :757–763. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
4. FAO/WHO Expert Consulation on Fats and Fatty acids in Human Nutrition Geneva. 2008. [ Ref list ]
5. Department of Health . Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. London: 1991. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
6. DEFRA . Family Food. A report on the 2008 Family Food Module of the Living Costs and Food Survey. TSO; London: 2010. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
7. Gregory J, Foster K, Tyler H, et al. The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults. HMSO; London: 1990. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
8. Gregory J, Collins DL, Davies PSW, et al. Report of the diet and nutrition survey. Volume 1. HMSO; London: 1995. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: children aged 1 ½ to 4 ½ years. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
9. Henderson L, Gregory J, Irving K, et al. Energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat and alcohol intake. Volume 2. Food Standards Agency, Department of Health; London: 2002. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: adults aged 19 to 64 years. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
10. Majem L Serra, Barba L Ribas, Castell G Salvador, et al. Trends in the nutritional status of the Spanish population: results from the Catalan nutrition monitoring system (1992-2003) Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2007; 81 :559–570. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
14. Joyce T, Wallace AJ, McCarthy SN, et al. Intakes of total fat, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in Irish children, teenagers and adults. Public Health Nutr. 2009; 12 :156–165. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
15. National Center for Health Statistics [9 August 2010]; 2010 http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm . [ Ref list ]
17. Gray-Donald K, Jacobs-Starkey L, Johnson-Down L. Food habits of Canadians: reduction in fat intake over a generation. Can J Public Health. 2000; 91 :381–385. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
18. Elmadfa I, Meyer A, Nowak V, et al. European Nutrition and Health Report 2009. Forum Nutr. 2009; 62 :1–405. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
12. Krachler B, Eliasson MC, Johansson I, et al. Trends in food intakes in Swedish adults 1986-1999: findings from the Northern Sweden MONICA (Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) Study. Public Health Nutr. 2005; 8 :628–635. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
19. Day N, McKeown N, Wong M, et al. Epidemiological assessment of diet: a comparison of a 7-day diary with a food frequency questionnaire using urinary markers of nitrogen, potassium and sodium. Int J Epidemiol. 2001; 30 :309–317. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
22. Dahm CC, Keogh RH, Spencer EA, et al. Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer risk: a nested case-control study using food diaries. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010; 102 :614–626. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
23. Food Standards Agency Saturated Fat and Energy Intake Programme: FSA. 2008. [ Ref list ]
24. Gregory JR, Lowe S, Bates B, et al. Report of the diet and nutrition survey. Volume 1. TSO; London: 2000. National Diet and Nutrition Survey: young people aged 4 to 18 years. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
25. Bates B, Lennox A, Swan G. NDNS Headline results from Year 1 of the Rolling Programme (2008/2009) Food Standards Agency, Department of Health; 2010. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
26. Smithers G. MAFF’s Nutrient Databank. Nutrition & Food Science. 1993; 93 :16–19. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
27. Food Standards Agency . McCance and Widdowson’s The Composition of Foods. 6th edition Royal Society of Chemistry; Cambridge: 2002. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
28. Food Standards Agency . In: Food Portion Sizes. 3rd edition TSO, editor. London: 1988. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
29. Lennox A, Olson A, Gay C. Appendix K Conversion of previous survey data to four-day estimates. Foods Standard Agency, Department of Health; 2010. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
30. Office for National Statistics [19 July 2010]; 2008 http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106 . [ Ref list ]
31. Scientific-Advisory-Committee-on-Nutrition . Update on trans fatty acids and health. TSO; London: 2007. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
32. Bhattacharya A, Banu J, Rahman M, et al. Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acids in health and disease. J Nutr Biochem. 2006; 17 :789–810. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
33. Linseisen J, Welch AA, Ocke M, et al. Dietary fat intake in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition: results from the 24-h dietary recalls. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009; 63 (Suppl 4):S61–80. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
34. Sichert-Hellert W, Wicher M, Kersting M. Age and time trends in fish consumption pattern of children and adolescents, and consequences for the intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009; 63 :1071–1075. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
13. Hulshof KF, Brussaard JH, Kruizinga AG, et al. Socio-economic status, dietary intake and 10 y trends: the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003; 57 :128–137. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
35. Bingham SA, Gill C, Welch A, et al. Comparison of dietary assessment methods in nutritional epidemiology: weighed records v. 24 h recalls, food-frequency questionnaires and estimated-diet records. Br J Nutr. 1994; 72 :619–643. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
36. Thane CW, Stephen AM. Day-to-day variation in food and nutrient intakes of British adults. Public Health Nutr. 2006; 9 :EN01–29. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
37. Macdiarmid J, Blundell J. Assessing dietary intake: Who, what and why of under-reporting. Nutr Res Rev. 1998; 11 :231–253. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
38. Illner AK, Nothlings U, Wagner K, et al. The assessment of individual usual food intake in large-scale prospective studies. Ann Nutr Metab. 2010; 56 :99–105. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
39. Rennie KL, Coward A, Jebb SA. Estimating under-reporting of energy intake in dietary surveys using an individualised method. Br J Nutr. 2007; 97 :1169–1176. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
40. Rennie KL, Jebb SA, Wright A, et al. Secular trends in under-reporting in young people. Br J Nutr. 2005; 93 :241–247. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
41. Uauy R, Dangour AD. Fat and fatty acid requirements and recommendations for infants of 0-2 years and children of 2-18 years. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009; 55 :76–96. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
42. Drewnowski A. Why do we like fat? J Am Diet Assoc. 1997; 97 :S58–62. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]

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1 MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 9NL

1 MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 9NL

2 National Centre for Social Research, London EC1V OAX

1 MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 9NL

1 MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 9NL

1 MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 9NL

1 MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 9NL

2 National Centre for Social Research, London EC1V OAX

2 National Centre for Social Research, London EC1V OAX

2 National Centre for Social Research, London EC1V OAX

3 Food Standards Agency, 6B Aviation House, 125 Kingsway, London WC2B 6NH

1 MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 9NL

High saturated fat intake is an established risk factor for several chronic diseases. The objective of the present study is to report dietary intakes and main food sources of fat and fatty acids (FA) from the first year of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) rolling programme in the UK. Dietary data were collected using 4d estimated food diaries ( n 896) and compared with
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