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BMJ

v.319(7225); 1999 Dec 18

PMC28302

BMJ. 1999 Dec 18; 319(7225): 1596–1600.
Willibrord Weijmar Schultz , associate professor of gynaecology , a Pek van Andel , physiologist , b Ida Sabelis , anthropologist , d and Eduard Mooyaart , radiologist c
a Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital Groningen, PO Box 30 001, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands, b Laboratory for Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, University Hospital Groningen, c Department of Radiology, University Hospital Groningen, d Department of Business Anthropology VU, De Boelen 1081C-NL, 1081 HV, Amsterdam
Correspondence to: W Weijmar Schultz ln.gur.tirpo@ztluhcs.ramyew.m.c.w
Copyright © 1999, British Medical Journal
1. Chianchi M. Leonardo, the anatomy. Florence: Giunti; 1998. p. 56. [ Google Scholar ]
2. Clark K, Pedretti C. The drawings of Leonardo da Vinci in the collection of Her Majesty the Queen at Windsor Castle. London: Phaidon; 1968. [ Google Scholar ]
3. Dickinson RL. Human sex anatomy, a topographical hand atlas. 2nd ed. London: Baillière, Tindall and Cox; 1949. pp. 84–109. [ Google Scholar ]
4. Masters WH, Johnson VE. Human sexual response. Boston: Little, Brown; 1966. [ Google Scholar ]
5. Johnson VE, Masters WH, Lewis KC. The physiology of intravaginal contraception failure. In: Calderone MS, editor. Manual of contraceptive practice. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1964. pp. 138–150. [ Google Scholar ]
6. Riley AJ, Lees W, Riley EJ. An ultrasound study of human coitus. In: Bezemer W, Cohen-Kettenis P, Slob K, Van Son-Schoones N, editors. Sex matters. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1992. pp. 29–36. [ Google Scholar ]
7. Sohn MH, Wein B, Bohndorf K, Handt S, Jakse GIJ. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with paramagnetic contrastagens: a new concept for evaluation of erectile impotence. Impotence Res. 1991; 3 :36–48. [ Google Scholar ]
8. Levin RJ. Sex and the human female reproductive tract—what really happens during and after coitus. Int J Impotence Res. 1998; 10(suppl 1) :14–21. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
9. Van Andel P. Anatomy of the unsought finding. Serendipity: origin, history, domains, traditions, appearances and programmability. Br J Phil Sci. 1994; 45 :631–648. [ Google Scholar ]
10. O'Connell HE, Hutson JM, Anderson CR, Plenter RJ. Anatomical relationship between urethra and clitoris. J Urol. 1998; 159 :1892–1897. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
11. Krantz KE. Innervation of the human vulva and vagina. Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 12 :382–396. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
12. Minh MH, Smadja A, De Sigalony JPH, Aetherr JF. Role du fascia de Halban dans la physiologie orgasmique feminime. Cahiers de Sexuol Clin. 1981; 7 :169. [ Google Scholar ]
13. Hilleges M, Falconer C, Ekman-Ordeberg G, Johanson O. Innervation of the human vaginal mucosa as revealed by PGP 9.5 immunohistochemistry. Acta Anatomica. 1995; 153 :119. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
14. Alzate H, Londono ML. Vaginal erotic sensitivity. J Sex Marital Ther. 1984; 10 :49–56. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
15. Hoch Z. Vaginal erotic sensitivity by sexual examination. Acta Obstet Scand. 1986; 5 :767–773. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
16. Weijmar Schultz WCM, Van de Wiel HBM, Klatter JA, Sturm BE, Nauta J. Vaginal sensitivity to electric stimuli, theoretical and practical implications. Arch Sex Behav. 1989; 18 :87–95. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ]
17. Fleck L. Genesis and development of a scientific fact. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1979. p. 35. . (Translation of Entstehung und Entwicklung einer Wissenschaftliche Tatsache: Einführung in die Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkcollectiv . Basel: Benno Schwabe, 1935.) [ Google Scholar ]
Articles from The BMJ are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group
1. Chianchi M. Leonardo, the anatomy. Florence: Giunti; 1998. p. 56. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
2. Clark K, Pedretti C. The drawings of Leonardo da Vinci in the collection of Her Majesty the Queen at Windsor Castle. London: Phaidon; 1968. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
3. Dickinson RL. Human sex anatomy, a topographical hand atlas. 2nd ed. London: Baillière, Tindall and Cox; 1949. pp. 84–109. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
4. Masters WH, Johnson VE. Human sexual response. Boston: Little, Brown; 1966. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
5. Johnson VE, Masters WH, Lewis KC. The physiology of intravaginal contraception failure. In: Calderone MS, editor. Manual of contraceptive practice. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1964. pp. 138–150. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
6. Riley AJ, Lees W, Riley EJ. An ultrasound study of human coitus. In: Bezemer W, Cohen-Kettenis P, Slob K, Van Son-Schoones N, editors. Sex matters. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1992. pp. 29–36. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
7. Sohn MH, Wein B, Bohndorf K, Handt S, Jakse GIJ. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with paramagnetic contrastagens: a new concept for evaluation of erectile impotence. Impotence Res. 1991; 3 :36–48. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
8. Levin RJ. Sex and the human female reproductive tract—what really happens during and after coitus. Int J Impotence Res. 1998; 10(suppl 1) :14–21. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
9. Van Andel P. Anatomy of the unsought finding. Serendipity: origin, history, domains, traditions, appearances and programmability. Br J Phil Sci. 1994; 45 :631–648. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
10. O'Connell HE, Hutson JM, Anderson CR, Plenter RJ. Anatomical relationship between urethra and clitoris. J Urol. 1998; 159 :1892–1897. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
11. Krantz KE. Innervation of the human vulva and vagina. Obstet Gynecol. 1985; 12 :382–396. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
12. Minh MH, Smadja A, De Sigalony JPH, Aetherr JF. Role du fascia de Halban dans la physiologie orgasmique feminime. Cahiers de Sexuol Clin. 1981; 7 :169. [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
13. Hilleges M, Falconer C, Ekman-Ordeberg G, Johanson O. Innervation of the human vaginal mucosa as revealed by PGP 9.5 immunohistochemistry. Acta Anatomica. 1995; 153 :119. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
14. Alzate H, Londono ML. Vaginal erotic sensitivity. J Sex Marital Ther. 1984; 10 :49–56. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
15. Hoch Z. Vaginal erotic sensitivity by sexual examination. Acta Obstet Scand. 1986; 5 :767–773. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
16. Weijmar Schultz WCM, Van de Wiel HBM, Klatter JA, Sturm BE, Nauta J. Vaginal sensitivity to electric stimuli, theoretical and practical implications. Arch Sex Behav. 1989; 18 :87–95. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]
17. Fleck L. Genesis and development of a scientific fact. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1979. p. 35. . (Translation of Entstehung und Entwicklung einer Wissenschaftliche Tatsache: Einführung in die Lehre vom Denkstil und Denkcollectiv . Basel: Benno Schwabe, 1935.) [ Google Scholar ] [ Ref list ]

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a Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital Groningen, PO Box 30 001, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands, b Laboratory for Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, University Hospital Groningen, c Department of Radiology, University Hospital Groningen, d Department of Business Anthropology VU, De Boelen 1081C-NL, 1081 HV, Amsterdam
a Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital Groningen, PO Box 30 001, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands, b Laboratory for Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, University Hospital Groningen, c Department of Radiology, University Hospital Groningen, d Department of Business Anthropology VU, De Boelen 1081C-NL, 1081 HV, Amsterdam
a Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital Groningen, PO Box 30 001, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands, b Laboratory for Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, University Hospital Groningen, c Department of Radiology, University Hospital Groningen, d Department of Business Anthropology VU, De Boelen 1081C-NL, 1081 HV, Amsterdam
a Department of Gynaecology, University Hospital Groningen, PO Box 30 001, 9700 RB Groningen, Netherlands, b Laboratory for Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy, University Hospital Groningen, c Department of Radiology, University Hospital Groningen, d Department of Business Anthropology VU, De Boelen 1081C-NL, 1081 HV, Amsterdam
Contributors: WWS initiated and coordinated the formulation of the study hypothesis, designed the protocol, and participated in data collection, interpretation of the findings, and writing of the paper; he is guarantor of the study. PvA had the original idea for the present study, and participated in formulation of the study hypothesis, data collection, interpretation of the findings, and writing of the paper. IS, together with her partner, participated in the first two experiments and helped design the protocol. EM participated in the execution of the study, particularly data collection and interpretation of the magnetic resonance findings.
To find out whether taking images of the male and female genitals during coitus is feasible and to find out whether former and current ideas about the anatomy during sexual intercourse and during female sexual arousal are based on assumptions or on facts.
University hospital in the Netherlands.
Magnetic resonance imaging was used to study the female sexual response and the male and female genitals during coitus. Thirteen experiments were performed with eight couples and three single women.
The images obtained showed that during intercourse in the “missionary position” the penis has the shape of a boomerang and 1/3 of its length consists of the root of the penis. During female sexual arousal without intercourse the uterus was raised and the anterior vaginal wall lengthened. The size of the uterus did not increase during sexual arousal.
Taking magnetic resonance images of the male and female genitals during coitus is feasible and contributes to understanding of anatomy.
“I expose to men the origin of their first, and perhaps second, reason for existing.” 1 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) wrote these words above his drawing “The Copulation” in about 1493 (fig (fig1 1 ). 2 The Renaissance sketch shows a transparent view of the anatomy of sexual intercourse as envisaged by the anatomists of his time. The semen was supposed to come down from the brain through a channel which can be seen in the spine of the man. In the woman the right lactiferous duct is depicted as originating in the right female breast and ending in the genital area. Even a genius like Leonardo da Vinci distorted men's and women's bodies—as seen now—to fit the ideology of his time and to the notions of his colleagues, who he paid tribute to.
“The Copulation” as imagined and drawn by Leonardo da Vinci. 2 With permission from the Royal Collection. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II is gratefully acknowledged
The first careful study—since the sketch by Leonardo da Vinci—of the interaction of male and female human genitals during coitus was published by Dickinson in 1933 (fig (fig2 2 ). 3 A glass test tube as big as a penis in erection inserted into the vagina of female subjects who were sexually aroused by clitoral stimulation (occasionally with a vibrator) guided him in constructing his pictorial supposition.
Midsagittal image of the anatomy of sexual intercourse envisaged by R L Dickinson and drawn by R S Kendall 3
In the 1960s Masters and Johnson made their assessments with an artificial penis that could mechanically imitate natural coitus and by “direct observation”—the introduction of a speculum and bimanual palpation. 4 , 5 Their most remarkable observations regarding sexual arousal in the woman were the backwards and upwards movements of the anterior vaginal wall (vaginal tenting) and a 50-100% greater volume of the uterus. This increase disappeared 10-20 minutes after orgasm. When sexual excitement without orgasm occurred, the volume returned to normal in 30-60 minutes. Masters and Johnson presumed that the greater volume of the uterus was due to engorgement with blood. However, they qualified their presumption: “In view of the artificial nature of the equipment, legitimate issue may be raised with the integrity of observed reaction patterns.” 4
In 1992 Riley et al published an ultrasound study on copulation. 6 The images were of relatively poor quality as they used hand held, self scanning equipment, and none of the images was overview. We used magnetic resonance imaging to study the anatomy and physiology of human sexual intercourse. Our search started in 1991 when one of us (PvA) saw a black and white slide of a midsagittal magnetic resonance image of the mouth and throat of a professional singer who was singing “aaa.” He remembered Leonardo's drawing and wondered whether it would be possible to take such an image of human coitus. We decided to try, as an ad hoc “instrument-oriented” study, despite the unscientific and other irrelevant reactions we expected and received: honi soit, qui mal y pense.
Magnetic resonance imaging had already been used as a diagnostic tool to study erectile impotence 7 ; it is particularly attractive for this kind of study because it produces images with exquisite anatomical detail that are clearer than those obtained with ultrasonography or radiography, and—as far as we know—it is safe. The aim of the study was initially to find out whether taking images of the male and female genitals during coitus is feasible, and later whether former and current ideas about the anatomy during sexual intercourse and during female sexual arousal are based on assumptions or on facts.
The participants (pairs of men and women) were recruited by personal invitation and through a local scientific television programme. Respondents were invited to participate if they met the following criteria: older than 18 years, intact uterus and ovaries, and a small to average weight/height index. The experimental procedure was explained in a letter sent to respondents along with an informed consent form. Participants were assured confidentiality, privacy, anonymity, and the possibility of withdrawing from the study at any time. After written informed consent had been obtained, the participants were invited to come for a scan when the equipment was available on a Saturday.
The tube in which the couple would have intercourse stood in a room next to a control room where the searchers were sitting behind the scanning console and screen. An improvised curtain covered the window between the two rooms, so the intercom was the only means of communication. Imaging was first done in a 1.5 Tesla Philips magnet system (Gyroscan S15) and later in a 1.5 Tesla magnet system from Siemens Vision. To increase the space in the tube, the table was removed: the internal diameter of the tube is then 50 cm. The participants were asked to lie with pelvises near the marked centre of the tube and not to move during imaging. After a preview, 10 mm thick sagittal images were taken with a half-Fourier acquisition single shot turbo SE T2 weighted pulse sequence (HASTE). The echo time was 64 ms, with a repetition time of 4.4 ms. With this fast acquisition technique, 11 slices of relatively good quality were obtained within 14 seconds.
The volunteers were shown the equipment in the two rooms, and personal and gynaecological histories were taken. The experimental procedure was explained, and all investigators left the imaging room. After a preliminary image for positioning the true pelvis of the woman was taken, the first image was taken with her lying on her back (image 1). Then the male was asked to climb into the tube and begin face to face coitus in the superior position (image 2). After this shot—successful or not—the man was asked to leave the tube and the woman was asked to stimulate her clitoris manually and to inform the researchers by intercom when she had reached the preorgasmic stage. Then she stopped the autostimulation for a third image (image 3). After that image was taken the woman restarted the stimulation to achieve an orgasm. Twenty minutes after the orgasm, the fourth image was taken (image 4). At the end of the experiment, the images were evaluated in the presence of the participants.
Thirteen experiments were performed with eight couples (three couples performed two experiments each) and three single women. The table shows age, weight/height index, parity, type of contraception, female orgasm (yes/no), and the depth of penetration (partial or complete). No women reported having a “g-spot” or producing female ejaculation during orgasm. On two Saturdays in 1991 (experiments 1 and 2) the first couple succeeded with complete penetration that lasted sufficiently long for the images to be taken. The Philips 1.5 Tesla magnet system at that time required a relatively long acquisition time (52 seconds) and had a relatively poor signal:noise ratio. This gave low quality images with many movement artefacts. In 1996 the Siemens Vision 1.5 Tesla magnet system became available and provided the opportunity to continue our search for sharp images. Six couples succeeded in partial, though not complete, penetration (experiments 3 and 7-11). In 1998 sildenafil (Viagra) became available in the Netherlands. The two couples in experiments 9 and 11 were invited to repeat the procedure one hour after the man had taken one 25 mg tablet of sildenafil. They succeeded with complete penetration that lasted long enough (12 seconds) for sharp images to be taken (experiments 12 and 13).
Figure Figure3 3 shows a midsagittal image of the anatomy of sexual intercourse with the woman lying on her back and the man on top of her. The root of the penis (1/3 of the length) and the erect pendulous body (2/3 of the length) are visible. The pendulous part of the erect penis moved upwards at an angle of about 120° to the root
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