Emily Dickinson

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Daguerreotype taken at Mount Holyoke , December 1846 or early 1847; the only authenticated portrait of Dickinson after early childhood [1]


^ D'Arienzo (2006); the original is held by Amherst College Archives and Special Collections

^ "Emily Dickinson" . Poetry Foundation . September 5, 2020 . Retrieved September 5, 2020 .

^ "Emily Dickinson biography" . Biography.com . Retrieved August 25, 2018 .

^ "The Emily Dickinson Museum indicates only one letter and ten poems were published before her death" . Emilydickinson,useum.org . Archived from the original on August 7, 2018 . Retrieved August 25, 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b McNeil (1986), 2.

^ "About Emily Dickinson's Poems" . www.cliffsnotes.com . Retrieved July 4, 2020 .

^ Weiss, Philip (November 29, 1998). "Beethoven's Hair Tells All!" . The New York Times .

^ Sewall (1974), 321.

^ "Dickinson, #657" . Itech.fgcu.edu . Archived from the original on October 4, 2016 . Retrieved September 12, 2016 .

^ Sewall (1974), 17–18.

^ Sewall (1974), 337; Wolff (1986), 19–21.

^ Wolff (1986), 14.

^ "DICKINSON, Edward – Biographical Information" . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Retrieved October 4, 2019 .

^ Wolff (1986), 36.

^ Sewall (1974), 324.

^ Habegger (2001), 85.

^ Jump up to: a b Sewall (1974), 337.

^ Farr (2005), 1.

^ Sewall (1974), 335.

^ Wolff (1986), 45.

^ Jump up to: a b Habegger (2001), 129.

^ Sewall (1974) 322.

^ Johnson (1960), 302.

^ Habegger (2001). 142.

^ Sewall (1974), 342.

^ Habegger (2001), 148.

^ Jump up to: a b Wolff (1986), 77.

^ Jump up to: a b c Ford (1966), 18.

^ Habegger (2001), 172.

^ Ford (1966), 55.

^ Ford (1966), 47–48.

^ Jump up to: a b Habegger (2001), 168.

^ Ford (1966), 37.

^ Johnson (1960), 153.

^ Ford (1966), 46.

^ Sewall (1974), 368.

^ Sewall (1974), 358.

^ Habegger (2001), 211.

^ Jump up to: a b Pickard (1967), 19.

^ Habegger (2001), 213.

^ Habegger (2001), 216.

^ Sewall (1974), 401.

^ Jump up to: a b Habegger (2001), 221.

^ Habegger (2001), 218.

^ Knapp (1989), 59.

^ Sewall (1974), 683.

^ Jump up to: a b Habegger (2001), 226.

^ Sewall (1974), 700–701.

^ Sewall (1974), 340.

^ Sewall (1974), 341.

^ Martin (2002), 53.

^ Novy, Marianne (1990). Women's Re-visions of Shakespeare: On the Responses of Dickinson, Woolf, Rich, H.D., George Eliot, and Others . University of Illinois Press. p. 117.

^ Pickard (1967), 21.

^ Longenbach, James. (June 16, 2010.) " Ardor and the Abyss ". The Nation . Retrieved June 29, 2010.

^ Koski (1996), 26–31.

^ Habegger (2001), 338.

^ Sewall (1974), 444.

^ Sewall (1974), 447.

^ Habegger (2001), 330.

^ 'The World Is Not Acquainted With Us': A New Dickinson Daguerreotype? " Amherst College Archives and Special Collections Website. September 6, 2012.

^ Walsh (1971), 87.

^ Jump up to: a b c Habegger (2001). 342.

^ Jump up to: a b Habegger (2001), 353.

^ Sewall (1974), 463.

^ Sewall (1974), 473.

^ Habegger (2001), 376; McNeil (1986), 33.

^ Franklin (1998), 5

^ Ford (1966), 39.

^ Habegger (2001), 405.

^ McDermott, John F. 2000. " Emily Dickinson's 'Nervous Prostration' and Its Possible Relationship to Her Work ". The Emily Dickinson Journal . 9 (1). pp. 71–86.

^ Fuss, Diana. 1998. " Interior Chambers: The Emily Dickinson Homestead ". A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies . 10 (3). pp. 1–46

^ " A bomb in her bosom: Emily Dickinson's secret life ". The Guardian . February 13, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2010.

^ Johnson (1960), v.

^ Wolff (1986), 249–250.

^ Sewall (1974), 541.

^ Habegger (2001), 453.

^ Johnson (1960), vii.

^ Habegger (2001), 455.

^ Blake (1964), 45.

^ Habegger (2001), 456.

^ Sewall (1974), 554–555.

^ Wolff (1986), 254.

^ Wolff (1986), 188.

^ Wolff (1986), 188, 258.

^ Wilson (1986), 491.

^ Habegger (2001), 498; Murray (1996), 286–287; Murray (1999), 724–725.

^ Habegger (2001), 501; Murray (1996) 286–287; Murray (2010) 81–83.

^ Habegger (2001), 502; Murray (1996) 287; Murray (1999) 724–725.

^ 86. Murray (1999), 723.

^ Johnson (1960), 123–124.

^ Habegger (2001), 517.

^ Habegger (2001), 516.

^ Habegger (2001), 540.

^ Habegger (2001), 548.

^ Habegger (2001), 541.

^ Jump up to: a b Habegger (2001), 547.

^ Habegger (2001), 521.

^ Habegger (2001), 523.

^ Habegger (2001), 524.

^ Jump up to: a b c Farr (2005), 3–6.

^ Habegger (2001), 154.

^ "The Lost Gardens of Emily Dickinson" . The New York Times . May 17, 2016.

^ Jump up to: a b c Parker, G9.

^ Habegger (2001), 562.

^ Habegger (2001), 566.

^ Habegger (2001), 569.

^ Johnson (1960), 661.

^ Habegger (2001: 587); Sewall (1974), 642.

^ Sewall (1974), 651.

^ Sewall (1974), 652.

^ Habegger (2001), 592; Sewall (1974), 653.

^ Habegger (2001), 591.

^ Habegger (2001), 597.

^ Habegger (2001), 604.

^ Walsh (1971), 26.

^ Habegger (2001), 612.

^ Habegger (2001), 607.

^ Habegger (2001), 615.

^ Habegger (2001), 623.

^ Habegger (2001), 625.

^ Wolff (1986), 534.

^ Jump up to: a b Habegger (2001), 627.

^ Habegger (2001), 622.

^ Nell Smith (1998), 265.

^ Jump up to: a b Wolff (1986), 535.

^ Ford (1966), 122

^ McNeil (1986), 33.

^ Habegger (2001), 389.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Ford (1966), 32.

^ Wolff (1986), 245.

^ Habegger (2001), 402–403.

^ Habegger (2001), 403.

^ Jump up to: a b Sewall (1974), 580–583.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Farr (1996), 3.

^ Pickard (1967), xv.

^ Wolff (1986), 6

^ Jump up to: a b Wolff (1986), 537.

^ McNeil (1986), 34; Blake (1964), 42.

^ Buckingham (1989), 194.

^ Grabher (1988), p. 243

^ Mitchell (2009), p. 75

^ Grabher (1988), p. 122

^ Jump up to: a b c Martin (2002), 17.

^ McNeil (1986), 35.

^ Habegger (2001), 628.

^ Ford (1966), 68.

^ Jump up to: a b Pickard (1967), 20.

^ Jump up to: a b Johnson (1960), viii.

^ Jump up to: a b Hecht (1996), 153–155.

^ Ford (1966), 63.

^ Wolff (1986), 186.

^ Crumbley (1997), 14.

^ Bloom (1998), 18.

^ Farr (1996), 13.

^ Wolff (1986), 171.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Farr (2005), 1–7.

^ Jump up to: a b c Farr (1996), 7–8.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Pollak (1996), 62–65.

^ Folsom, Edwin (1975). " " The Souls That Snow": Winter in the Poetry of Emily Dickinson". American Literature . 47 (3): 361–376. doi : 10.2307/2925338 . JSTOR 2925338 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Oberhaus (1996), 105–119

^ Jump up to: a b c Juhasz (1996), 130–140.

^ Blake (1964), 12.

^ Wolff (1986), 175.

^ Blake (1964), 28.

^ Blake (1964), 37.

^ Blake (1964), 55.

^ Blake (1964), vi.

^ Wells (1929), 243–259.

^ Blake (1964), 89.

^ Blake (1964), 202.

^ Grabher (1998), 358–359.

^ Blake (1964), 223.

^ Juhasz (1983), 1.

^ Juhasz (1983), 9.

^ Juhasz (1983), 10.

^ Martin (2002), 58

^ Comment (2001), 167.

^ Grabher (1998), p. 31

^ Martin (2002), 1.

^ Martin (2002), 2.

^ Blake (1964), 24.

^ Bloom (1999), 9

^ Bloom (1994), 226

^ "Vocal music set to texts by Emily Dickinson" . The LiederNet Archive . Retrieved March 8, 2017 .

^ "Mission Statement" . Emily Dickinson School website, Bozeman, Montana. Archived from the original on October 2, 2007 . Retrieved January 16, 2008 .

^ "The Real Emily Dickinson" . Emily Dickinson Elementary School website, Redmond, Washington. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008 . Retrieved July 24, 2008 .

^ "Find a School" . Schools.nyc.gov . Retrieved August 25, 2018 .

^ "The Emily Dickinson Journal" . The Johns Hopkins University Press website, Baltimore . Retrieved December 18, 2007 .

^ "Emily Dickinson commemorative stamps and ephemera" . Harvard University Library. Archived from the original on July 12, 2010 . Retrieved June 22, 2009 .

^ "Dickinson, Emily" . National Women's Hall of Fame .

^ " Belle of Amherst Archived November 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ". Emily Dickinson Museum. Retrieved September 23, 2010.

^ "Emily Dickinson's Herbarium" . Harvard University Press . Retrieved August 4, 2011 .

^ "Dickinson, Emily, 1830–1886. Herbarium, circa 1839–1846. 1 volume (66 pages) in green cloth case; 37 cm. MS Am 1118.11, Houghton Library" . Harvard University Library . Retrieved August 4, 2011 .

^ "Emily Dickinson Collection" . Jones Library, Inc. website, Amherst, Massachusetts. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007 . Retrieved December 18, 2007 .

^ "History of the Museum" . Emily Dickinson Museum website, Amherst, Massachusetts. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007 . Retrieved December 13, 2007 .

^ "Brooklyn Museum: Place Settings" . Brooklynmuseum.org . Retrieved August 25, 2018 .

^ "Tour and Home" . Brooklyn Museum. March 14, 1979 . Retrieved August 12, 2015 .

^ Davis Langdell, Cheri (1996). "Pain of Silence" . The Emily Dickinson Journal . 5 (2): 197–201. doi : 10.1353/edj.0.0145 . S2CID 170194843 . Retrieved August 21, 2013 .

^ "Books: Midsummer Night's Waking" . Time . July 26, 1963.

^ Socarides, Alexandra (October 23, 2012). "For Emily, Wherever I May Find Her: On Paul Legault's Emily Dickinson" . Retrieved January 14, 2019 .

^ Dickinson, Peter (1994). "Emily Dickinson and Music". Music & Letters . 75 (2): 241–245. doi : 10.1093/ml/75.2.241 . JSTOR 737679 .

^ Cunningham, Valentine (October 19, 2002). "The Sound of Startled Grass." The Guardian (TheGuardian.com). Retrieved July 15, 2019.

^ "Square Emily Dickinson – Equipements – Paris.fr" . www.paris.fr . Retrieved January 16, 2019 .

^ Farbey, Roger (August 27, 2017). "Jane Ira Bloom: Wild Lines: Improvising Emily Dickinson album review @ All About Jazz" . All About Jazz . Retrieved July 27, 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b "CBC: Why a civil engineer is translating Emily Dickinson into Kurdish" . Cbc.ca .

^ "MiddleEastEye: Student translates literature into Kurdish to celebrate native language" . Middleeasteye.net .

^ "Signature Reads: Inside an Engineering Student's Quest to Translate Emily Dickinson Into Kurdish" . Signature-reads.com .

^ Dickinson, Emily; Melançon, Charlotte (1986). "Eurodit: Emily Dickinson, 40 poèmes by Charlotte Melançon" . Liberté . 28 (2): 21–50.

^ Zhou, J. X.(2013). The poems of Emily Dickinson 1–300. Guangzhou, China: South China University of Technology Press.

^ "Ann Jäderlund, trans. Emma Warg – Poetry & Translation | Interim Poetry & Poetics" . Interim . Retrieved October 23, 2020 .

^ "MehrNews: The Taste of Forbidden Fruit under Publication [in Persian]" . Mehrnews.com . November 11, 2016.



Bianchi, Martha Dickinson. 1970. Emily Dickinson Face to Face: Unpublished Letters with Notes and Reminiscences . Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books.
Blake, Caesar R. (ed). 1964. The Recognition of Emily Dickinson: Selected Criticism Since 1890 . Ed. Caesar R. Blake. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Bloom, Harold . 1999. Emily Dickinson . Broomall, PA: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-5106-4 .
Bloom, Harold . 1994. The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages . New York: Harcourt Brace.
Buckingham, Willis J. (ed). 1989. Emily Dickinson's Reception in the 1890s: A Documentary History . Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. ISBN 0-8229-3604-6 .
Comment, Kristin M. 2001. "Dickinson's Bawdy: Shakespeare and Sexual Symbolism in Emily Dickinson's Writing to Susan Dickinson". Legacy . 18 (2). pp. 167–181.
Crumbley, Paul. 1997. Inflections of the Pen: Dash and Voice in Emily Dickinson . Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1988-X .
D'Arienzo, Daria. 2006. "Looking at Emily" , Amherst Magazine . Winter 2006. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
Farr, Judith (ed). 1996. Emily Dickinson: A Collection of Critical Essays . Prentice Hall International Paperback Editions. ISBN 978-0-13-033524-1 .
Farr, Judith. 2005. The Gardens of Emily Dickinson . Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01829-7 .
Ford, Thomas W. 1966. Heaven Beguiles the Tired: Death in the Poetry of Emily Dickinson . University of Alabama Press.
Franklin, R. W. 1998. The Master Letters of Emily Dickinson . University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 1-55849-155-4 .
Gordon, Lyndall. 2010. Lives Like Loaded Guns: Emily Dickinson and Her Family's Feuds . Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02193-2 .
Grabher, Gudrun, Roland Hagenbüchle and Cristanne Miller. 1998. The Emily Dickinson Handbook . Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press .
Habegger, Alfred. 2001. My Wars Are Laid Away in Books: The Life of Emily Dickinson . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-44986-7 .
Roland Hagenbüchle : Precision and Indeterminacy in the Poetry of Emily Dickinson , Emerson Society Quarterly, 1974
Hecht, Anthony. 1996. "The Riddles of Emily Dickinson" in Farr (1996) 149–162.
Juhasz, Suzanne (ed). 1983. Feminist Critics Read Emily Dickinson . Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32170-0 .
Juhasz, Suzanne. 1996. "The Landscape of the Spirit" in Farr (1996) 130–140.
Knapp, Bettina L. 1989. Emily Dickinson . New York: Continuum Publishing.
Martin, Wendy (ed). 2002. The Cambridge Companion to Emily Dickinson . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00118-8 .
McNeil, Helen. 1986. Emily Dickinson . London: Virago Press. ISBN 0-394-74766-6 .
Mitchell, Domhnall Mitchell and Maria Stuart. 2009. The International Reception of Emily Dickinson . New York: Continuum. ISBN 0-8264-9715-2 .
Murray, Aífe. 2010. Maid as Muse: How Domestic Servants Changed Emily Dickinson's Life and Language . University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-58465-674-6 .
Murray, Aífe. 1996. "Kitchen Table Poetics: Maid Margaret Maher and Her Poet Emily Dickinson," The Emily Dickinson Journal . 5 (2). pp. 285–296.
Paglia, Camille. 1990. Sexual Personae: Art and Decadence from Nefertiti to Emily Dickinson . Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300043969 .
Oberhaus, Dorothy Huff. 1996. " 'Tender pioneer': Emily Dickinson's Poems on the Life of Christ" in Farr (1996) 105–119.
Parker, Peter. 2007. "New Feet Within My Garden Go: Emily Dickinson's Herbarium" , The Daily Telegraph , June 29, 2007. Retrieved January 18, 2008.
Pickard, John B. 1967. Emily Dickinson: An Introduction and Interpretation . New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Pollak, Vivian R. 1996. "Thirst and Starvation in Emily Dickinson's Poetry" in Farr (1996) 62–75.
Sewall, Richard B. 1974. The Life of Emily Dickinson . New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. ISBN 0-674-53080-2 .
Smith, Martha Nell . 1992. Rowing in Eden: Rereading Emily Dickinson . Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77666-7 .
Stocks, Kenneth. 1988. Emily Dickinson and the Modern Consciousness: A Poet of Our Time . New York: St. Martin's Press.
Walsh, John Evangelist. 1971. The Hidden Life of Emily Dickinson . New York: Simon and Schuster.
Wells, Anna Mary. 1929. "Early Criticism of Emily Dickinson", American Literature , Vol. 1, No. 3. (November 1929).
Wilson, Edmund. 1962. Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-393-31256-9 .
Wolff, Cynthia Griffin. 1986. Emily Dickinson . New York. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-54418-8 .

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Emily Elizabeth Dickinson (December 10, 1830 – May 15, 1886) was an American poet. Little-known during her life, she has since been regarded as one of the most important figures in American poetry . [2]

Dickinson was born in Amherst, Massachusetts into a prominent family with strong ties to its community. After studying at the Amherst Academy for seven years in her youth, she briefly attended the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary before returning to her family's house in Amherst.

Evidence suggests that Dickinson lived much of her life in isolation. Considered an eccentric by locals, she developed a penchant for white clothing and was known for her reluctance to greet guests or, later in life, to even leave her bedroom. Dickinson never married, and most friendships between her and others depended entirely upon correspondence. [3]

While Dickinson was a prolific writer, her only publications during her lifetime were 10 of her nearly 1,800 poems, and one letter. [4] The poems published then were usually edited significantly to fit conventional poetic rules. Her poems were unique for her era. They contain short lines, typically lack titles, and often use slant rhyme as well as unconventional capitalization and punctuation. [5] Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality, two recurring topics in letters to her friends, and also explore aesthetics, society, nature and spirituality. [6]

Although Dickinson's acquaintances were most likely aware of her writing, it was not until after her death in 1886—when Lavinia, Dickinson's younger sister, discovered her cache of poems—that her work became public. Her first collection of poetry was published in 1890 by personal acquaintances Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Mabel Loomis Todd , though both heavily edited the content. A 1998 article in The New York Times revealed that of the many edits made to Dick
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