Public Bathroom

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Who has not felt the anxiety of using a restroom outside the comfort of their home? Various architects have experimented with proposals that address these stressful situations, addressing the efficiency of public restrooms from their sanitary facilities, spatial distribution and, mainly, privacy and comfort.
These variations can be seen in the planimetry of numerous examples published on our site. We've selected a number of projects that can inspire your next design. 
Editor's note: This article was originally published on July 19, 2020 and updated on September 6, 2021.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about a room or building available for public use. For a room in a private house, see Toilet (room) . For the film, see Public Toilet (film) .
Further information: Toilet § Names
Main articles: Urinal and Female urinal
Further information: WASH § Schools


^ "Flash from the Past: Hollywood glamour appears in Kitchener when the Capitol opens" . 16 August 2019.

^ "Away from home toilet charter" (PDF) . British Toilet Association . Retrieved 21 March 2017 .

^ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 2017-04-06 . Retrieved 2017-04-06 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )

^ BRYAN HILL (12 July 2015). "Money Does Not Stink: The Urine Tax of Ancient Rome" . Ancient Origins . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Vespasian's name is still attached to public urinals in France (vespasiennes), Italy (vespasiani), and Romania (vespasiene)

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^ Molotch, Harvey; Noren, Laura, eds. (2010). Toilet: Public Restrooms and the Politics of Sharing . New York: NYU Press.

^ Penner, Barbara (2013). Bathroom . Reaktion Books.

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^ "About the National Toilet Map" . The National Toilet Map . Australian Government: Department of Health and Ageing. 2006 . Retrieved 2006-04-14 .

^ Jump up to: a b c McCreary, C. (2020) Public Restrooms and COVID-19: Guidelines for Reopening , PHLUSH, Portland, Oregon, USA

^ Jump up to: a b Huang, Cunrui; Ma, Wenjun; Stack, Susan (1 August 2012). "The Hygienic Efficacy of Different Hand-Drying Methods: A Review of the Evidence" . Mayo Clinic Proceedings . 87 (8): 791–798. doi : 10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.02.019 . PMC 3538484 . PMID 22656243 .

^ WHO (2018). Guidelines on Sanitation and Health . Geneva: World Health Organization, ISBN 978-92-4-151470-5

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^ Jump up to: a b PHLUSH (2015) Public Toilet Advocacy Toolkit , Part 1: Strategy Tools, Section 4: Plan for Operational and Financial Sustainability, also available in SuSanA library

^ Lamont, Peter (2004). The Rise of the Indian Rope Trick, (The Biography of a Legend) (1 ed.). Time Warner Books. ISBN 0-316-72430-0 .

^ Gruenstein, Peter (4 Sept 1975) Pay toilet movement attacks capitalism , The Beaver County Times , Retrieved October 19, 2010 (with sarcastic subtitle for 1975, "How about charging air for tires?")

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^ Dunnico, David (1 June 2014). "Inconvenienced: how the cuts have hit public toilets" . Red Pepper . Retrieved 3 May 2019 .

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^ Piha, Samuel; Räikkönen, Juulia (May 2017). "When nature calls: The role of customer toilets in retail stores". Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services . 36 : 33–38. doi : 10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.01.005 .

^ Harriet Agerholm (11 May 2018). "Starbucks chairman says coffee shop 'toilets are open to everyone ' " . The Independent . Retrieved 16 May 2018 .

^ Zlati Meyer (11 May 2018). "Starbucks changes bathroom policy after Philadelphia arrest: Anyone may use them" . USA Today . Retrieved 16 May 2018 .

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^ Gulland, Anne (2018-08-27). "Lack of toilets and water at school puts girls' education at risk" . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . Retrieved 2018-11-19 .

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^ BMGF (2015). Building demand for sanitation - a 2015 portfolio update and overview - Water, sanitation, and hygiene strategy , June 2015. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA

^ BMGF (2018). MEDS Convening 2018 - Conversations about Sanitation, SDGs and Research . Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA

^ https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22appno%22 :[%2217249/12%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-159205%22]}

^ Michael, Jane; Michael Stern (1999-09-13). "Operators shouldn't get potty over bathroom symbols" . Nation's Restaurant News. Archived from the original on 2008-06-17 . Retrieved 2009-02-27 .

^ "Six steps to stop violence against schoolgirls, Document ACT 77/008/2007" . Amnesty International . November 2007 . Retrieved 2009-02-27 .

^ "2009 UNIFORM PLUMBING CODE, 412.3" (PDF) . Uniform Plumbing Code . Ontario, California: International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials: 34. 2009. ISSN 0733-2335 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-11 . Retrieved 2014-04-11 .

^ La Ganga, Maria L (30 March 2016). "From Jim Crow to transgender ban: the bathroom as battleground for civil rights" . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 October 2016 .

^ Devine, Shannon (2004-03-11). "Inclusive toilets" . McGill Reporter . Retrieved 2009-02-27 .

^ Toilet Signs at Adept Safety Online (informative commercial site)

^ Navsaria, Dipesh (7 June 2019). "Are changing tables in all public men's restrooms now?" . HealthyChildren.org . American Academy of Pediatrics . Retrieved 29 July 2021 .

^ Palazzolo, Rose. "Latrinalia - Learning From the Scrawls in the Bathroom" . ABC News . Retrieved 30 October 2013 .

^ Greed, Clara (2007). Inclusive Urban Design: Public Toilets . Routledge. p. 255.

^ " ' It's not safe': South Africans fear using public toilets after woman murdered - CBC Radio" . CBC . November 15, 2016.

^ "CNN - Suspect arrested in case of boy killed in public bathroom - November 16, 1998" . edition.cnn.com .

^ Prejudice and Pride: Discrimination Against Gay People in Modern Britain by Bruce Galloway; Published by Routledge, 1983; ISBN 0-7100-9916-9 , ISBN 978-0-7100-9916-7 .

^ David Northmore (11 April 1998). "Finding private passion in a public place; Why is it that some gay men go in search of sexual encounters in lavatories?" . The Independent .

^ Galop.org.uk Archived 2013-10-05 at the Wayback Machine , Cottaging and cruising: your safety, your rights and the law .

^ Kingston Hospital NHS Trust , Sex and the law .

^ Sexual Offences Act 2003 , part 1, paragraph 71,

^ Public Sex/gay Space by William Leap; Published by Columbia University Press , 1999; ISBN 0-231-10691-2 , ISBN 978-0-231-10691-7 .

^ Kirchick, James (1 November 2009). "Cruise Control" . The Advocate . Archived from the original on 10 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 October 2009 .

^ Jump up to: a b Unicode.org, Transport and Map Symbols . Range: 1F680–1F6FF. (accessed 6 November 2012)

^ Unicode.org, Miscellaneous Symbols. Range: 2600–26FF. (accessed 6 November 2012)

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^ "Health and Safety Executive Books" . Archived from the original on 2015-05-12 . Retrieved 2018-12-01 .

^ "The Provision Of Public Toilets" (PDF) . House of Commons . Retrieved 20 January 2014 .

^ "Government Response to Public Toilet Provision" (PDF) . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 20 January 2014 .

^ Heikki S. Vuorinen (2010): "Water, toilets and public health in the Roman era" , in Water Science & Technology: Water Supply , pg.211

^ Jump up to: a b Peter Kasza: "Das große Latrinum: 155 Jahre öffentliche Toilette" , in Der Spiegel , 22 June 2007

^ "Visit the oldest public toilet in Bosnia - Touring Bird" . www.touringbird.com . Retrieved 2019-09-09 .

^ Hibbert, Christopher (2008). The London Encyclopaedia . p. 668.

^ Oxford Dictionary https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/retiring_room . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Missing or empty |title= ( help )

^ Jump up to: a b "Apple Daily toilet" (in Chinese) . Retrieved 6 March 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Hong Kong toilet revolution" (in Chinese) . Retrieved 17 December 2018 .

^ "Apple Daily Shek Kip Mei was fire" . Retrieved 26 December 2013 .

^ "Hong Kong Housing Authority" . Retrieved 2009 . Check date values in: |access-date= ( help )

^ Kogan, Terry S. "Sex-Separation in Public Restrooms: Law, Architecture, and Gender." Michigan Journal of Gender & Law; Ann Arbor 14.1 (2007): 1–57. Print.

^ Yuko, Elizabeth (3 December 2018). "The Glamorous, Sexist History of the Women's Restroom Lounge" . Citylab . Retrieved 3 December 2018 .

^ Gershenson, Olga (2010). "The Restroom Revolution: Unisex toilets and campus politics" (PDF) . In Molotch, Harvey; Norén, Laura (eds.). Toilet: Public Restrooms and the Politics of Sharing . New York City: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-6120-5 .

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^ Gordon, Aaron (June 14, 2017). "Why Don't We Have Pay Toilets in America" . Pacific Standard Magazine .

^ "Social inclusion, toilet rights, and legal protection for transgender Americans" . Retrieved March 4, 2017 .

^ Plaskow, Judith (July 8, 2008). "Embodiment, Elimination, and the Role of Toilets in Struggles for Social Justice". Cross Currents . 58 (1): 51–64. doi : 10.1111/j.1939-3881.2008.00004.x .

^ Penner, Barbara. Bathroom . Reaktion Books, 2013.

^ Greed, Clara. Inclusive Urban Design: Public Toilets . Routledge, 2007.

^ Nirta, Caterina (August 3, 2014). "Trans Subjectivity and the Spatial Monolingualism of Public Toilets". Law and Critique . 25 (3): 271–288. doi : 10.1007/s10978-014-9141-9 . ISSN 0957-8536 . S2CID 145198888 .

^ Published in The Public Historian, ed. Randolph Bergstrom, Volume 27, Issue 4, Fall 2005, pages 11-44. Weyeneth, R. R. (2005). The architecture of racial segregation: The challenges of preserving the problematic past. The Public Historian, 27(4), 11-44. DOI: 10.1525/tph.2005.27.4.11 [1]

^ Weyeneth, Robert R. (2005). "The Architecture of Racial Segregation: The Challenges of Preserving the Problematical Past" . The Public Historian . 27 (4): 11–44. doi : 10.1525/tph.2005.27.4.11 .

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A public toilet is a room or small building with toilets (or urinals ) and sinks for use by the general public outside a particular household. The facilities are available to customers, travellers, employees of a business, school pupils and prisoners and are commonly separated into male and female toilets , although some are unisex , especially for small or single-occupancy public toilets. Increasingly, public toilets are accessible to people with disabilities. Public toilets are known by many other names depending on the country. Examples are: restroom, bathroom, men's room, women's room in the US, washroom in Canada, and toilets, lavatories, water closet (W.C.), ladies and gents in Europe. In some parts of the world, they are referred to as the loo.

Some public toilets are free of charge while others charge a fee. In the latter case they are also called pay toilets and sometimes have a charging turnstile .

Local authorities or commercial businesses may provide public toilet facilities. Some are unattended while others are staffed by an attendant . In many cultures, it is customary to tip the attendant, especially if they provide a specific service, such as might be the case at upscale nightclubs or restaurants.

Public toilets are typically found in many different places: inner-city locations, offices, factories, schools, universities and other places of work and study. Similarly, museums, cinemas, bars, restaurants, entertainment venues usually provide public toilets. Railway stations, filling stations, and long distance public transport vehicles such as trains , ferries, and planes usually provide toilets for general use. Portable toilets are often available at large outdoor events.

Public toilets are known by many names in different varieties of English .

In American English , "restroom" commonly denotes a facility featuring toilets and sinks designed for use by the public, but "restroom" and "bathroom" are often used interchangeably for any room with a toilet (both in public and in private homes). "Restroom" is considered by some to be slightly more formal or polite. "Bathroom" is quite common in schools . "Comfort station" sometimes refers to a visitor welcome center such as those in national parks. The term restroom derived from the fact that in the early 1900s through to the middle of the century up-scale restaurants, theatres and performing facilities would often have comfortable chairs or sofas located within or in a room directly adjacent to the actual toilet and sink facilities, something which can be seen in some movies of the time period. An example of this is the description of a "movie palace" which was opening in 1921 which was described as including " ... a rest-room for the fair sex and a lounging room for the sterner sex ... off these rooms are the toilets." [1]

In Canadian English , public facilities are frequently called and signed as "washrooms", although usage varies regionally. The word "toilet" generally denotes the fixture itself rather than the room. The word "washroom" is rarely used to mean "utility room" or " mud room " as it is in some parts of the United States. "Bathroom" is generally used to refer to the room in a person's home that includes a bathtub or shower while a room with only a toilet and sink in a person's residence is typically called a "washroom" because you would wash your hands in it upon returning home or before a meal or a "powder room" because women would fix their make-up on their faces in that room. These terms are the terms typically used on floor plans for residences or other buildings. Real estate advertisements for residences often refer to "three-piece washrooms" (include a bathtub or shower) and "two-piece washrooms" (only toilet and sink). In public athletic or aquatic facilities, showers are available in locker rooms .

In Britain, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, and New Zealand, the terms in use are "public toilet", "public lavatory" (abbreviated "lav"), "public convenience", and more informally, "public loo". As public toilets were traditionally signed as "gentlemen" or "ladies", the colloquial terms "the gents' room" and "the ladies' room", or simply "the gents" and "the ladies" are used to indicate the facilities themselves. The British Toilet Association, sponsor of the Loo of the Year Awards , refers to public toilets collectively as "away-from-home" toilets. [2]

In Philippine English , "comfort room", or "C.R.", is the most common term in use. [3]

Some European languages used words cognate with "toilet" (e.g. les toilettes in French), or the initialism "W.C.", an abbreviation for "water closet", an older term for the flush toilet . Public urinals ( pissoir ) are known in several Romance languages by the name of a Roman Emperor: vespasienne in French, vespas
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