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This is a summary of the report, which has been published in full in Czech only. Use of Psych. Medicines in Czechia Report on Illicit Drugs in Czechia Our publications Focused bulletin Reports on the situation in the field of addiction. Summary of the Report on Illicit Drugs in the Czech Republic Addiction policy The Czech addiction policy integrates substance and non-substance dependence. It focuses on legal alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs, psychoactive medicines gambling and digital addictions. The National Strategy for the Prevention and Reduction of Harm Related to Addictive Behaviour is the main strategic policy document in the field of addiction, and the means of meeting its objectives is defined in the action plans. In , the Addiction Policy Action Plan was approved, setting out five main themes: 1 prevention and treatment of addictions, 2 regulated market with addictive substances, 3 effective taxation taking into account the risks posed by products with addictive potential, 4 promotion of the principles of a balanced addiction policy following the priorities of the Czech Presidency of the EU Council, 5 minimisation of the impact of the crisis in Ukraine on the addiction situation in the Czech Republic. The Government's coordinating and advisory body on drug policy issues is the Government Council for Coordination of Addiction Policy Council. At the regional level, addiction policy is implemented through regional drug coordinators and regional strategy documents. At the municipal level, local drug coordinators operate. Legal framework In July , a draft amendment to Act No. The draft introduces new categories of addictive substances, namely so called psychomodulatory substances and new psychoactive substances, and their regulatory system. An intense professional and societal debate continues on the regulation of the non-medical cannabis market. Act No. As of March , nicotine pouches were included among the products subject to availability restrictions under the Act, and as of July , the scope of people who are subjects to the obligation to undergo an orientation examination and a professional medical examination was extended to include people accommodated in asylum facilities. The list of addictive substances included in the Government Regulation No. Funding In , labelled expenditures on addiction policy from state and local government budgets totalled CZK 1, The labelled expenditure of the state administration amounted to CZK 1, Regions provided CZK Compared to the previous year, however, no information was provided on the expenditure of regional police directorates CZK 1, Students' experience with illicit drugs has been declining over the long term, with the exception of cocaine. The average age at first substance use has been rising for a long time. A study of Prague schoolchildren confirms a declining trend in the prevalence of cannabis use among children and adolescents. The gap in cannabis use between boys and girls has long been narrowing. Secondary school students report a long-term prevalence in the use of most illicit drugs that is times higher than that for primary school students. The prevalence of illicit drug use is approximately times higher among men and young people under the age of Prevalence of cannabis use in the general population and among young adults have been stable in the long run, as well as the prevalence of use of ecstasy, methamphetamine and hallucinogenic mushrooms. In case of cocaine, a long-term increase in the prevalence of use may be observed in the last 12 months. When extrapolated to the entire population, this represents thousand people who have used cannabis for self-medication in the last 12 months, approximately thousand of whom have used it exclusively for self-medication. A total of An estimated Health consequences of illicit drug use Infectious diseases and drug overdoses, both non-fatal and fatal, are among the most important harms related to high-risk illicit drug use. Injecting drug use is a major factor in the spread of infectious diseases among drug users. In the Czech Republic, injecting is the primary mode of application of drug use among high-risk opioid or methamphetamine users. The proportion of HIV transmission through injecting drug use in the Czech Republic has long been low, with cases per year 8 in In the case of viral hepatitis C, IDUs account for approximately half of all infections in the long term. Illicit drug users also face other somatic and mental health problems and comorbidities such as psychosis, depressive and anxiety disorders. Approximately people are hospitalised for non-fatal intoxication each year; approximately of these cases are related to illicit drugs. Of the total number of traffic accidents, were caused under the influence of illegal drugs i. In the last ten years, the number of traffic accidents where the culprit was under the influence of illegal drugs has been increasing. In , a total of 64 fatal overdoses caused by illicit drugs, inhalants and psychoactive medicines were detected. There were 53 fatal overdoses caused by illicit drugs and inhalants, most commonly methamphetamine or amphetamine 22 cases and opioids 15 cases. Inhalants were recorded in 11 cases, as well as benzodiazepines. An additional deaths under the influence of illegal drugs and psychoactive medicines are recorded every year. Social correlates and context of illicit drug use People who use drugs often display a combination of negative social and economic factors - they find it difficult to enter the labour market, have poor relationships, financial problems and housing problems. Unstable housing and debts are significant obstacles to recovery and social and economic integration. For high-risk drug users, they can present an intractable problem. People who use drugs often have no stable income and are usually employed as short-term temporary workers, either without a contract or via employment agencies. Many clients of addictology services are registered with the Labour Office and receive social support in the form of financial need benefits. Unstable accommodation or homelessness is reported by three quarters of people who use drugs, with the same proportion reporting debts. The rising cost of living in the context of increasing energy prices and food prices is and increasing trend. Czech households have spent approximately CZK 10 billion on illegal drugs in recent years which corresponds to 0. Addiction prevention Addiction prevention targeting children and young people is part of a broader framework of prevention of risk behaviour coordinated by the Ministry of Education. Only half of the school prevention methodologists have completed accredited studies to perform specialised activities. The system used to certify the proficiency of school-based prevention programmes remains suspended. To date, 80 services providing prevention in addictology have been certified within the prevention system, 52 of which were in universal prevention, 20 in selective prevention and 8 in indicated prevention. Since , the System of Evidence of Prevention Activities has been in place in school prevention, which is optional for schools. Mental health activities have also been implemented in recent years. There is a shortage of selective and indicated prevention programmes. The network of pedagogical-psychological counselling centres 47 in total and educational care centres 33 in total complements the indicated prevention implemented by NGOs. Addictology services The network of addictology services covers the whole spectrum of problems related to substance use and other addictive behaviours and consists of various types of facilities and programmes that are embedded in different disciplines and departmental legal frameworks. According to various data sources, there are approximately programmes implemented by various types of addictology services in the Czech Republic. Of these, there are low-threshold contact centres, 50 outreach programmes, outpatient treatment programmes 10 of them are targeted for children and adolescents , detoxification units, inpatient health care units, therapeutic communities, outpatient aftercare programmes of them are sheltered housing and homes with special regime for substance users; facilities report patients in opioid agonist treatment substitution treatment and an estimated general practitioners providing substitution treatment. Most regions describe the existing network of services as minimal or insufficient. There is an acute shortage of outpatient psychotherapists, and psychiatrists in particular, but also a shortage of other doctors willing to work with people who use drugs. Regions also frequently report a lack of addictology programmes specialising in children and young people. Significant shortcomings are reported by the regions especially in the availability of opioid agonist treatment. The private segment of addictology services is developing. There is a growing range of treatment and counselling interventions provided via the Internet and using new technologies. Participatory and self-help activities have been on the rise in recent years. In , A further 10, people were in mediated contact. In the long term, there is a gradual increase in the number of methamphetamine users. The most common service provided by the low-threshold centres is the needle and syringe exchange programme, and interest in medical services and hygiene services has long been growing. A total of 9. In , 26 low-threshold programmes in a total of 13 cities were involved in the project of naloxone distribution in the form of Nyxoid nasal spray. In , doses were distributed. The facilities reported 42 cases where opioid overdoses were averted through use of the spray. Gelatine capsules for oral use, which are an alternative to injecting, are distributed probably by all the low-threshold programmes; with an estimated , capsules dispensed annually in the Czech Republic. The prevalence of infections among clients of low-threshold programmes remains relatively low. Specific harm reduction programmes at dance and music events are not widespread in the Czech Republic, although they have been more active in recent years. There are about programmes in the recreational setting in the Czech Republic. The low number of these programmes corresponds to the limited financial support for these activities. Outpatient care for PWUDs is provided mainly in psychiatric outpatient clinics, while AT outpatient clinics can be considered specialised. In total, there are approximately outpatient programmes in the Czech Republic. Of the total, The majority are polydrug users 3. Psychiatric outpatient clinics also provide specialized treatment 2, patients. GPs provide substitution products to an estimated 5, patients. Residential care is provided by detoxification and inpatient units of medical treatment facilities, particularly psychiatric hospitals, therapeutic communities, special education facilities, and sheltered housing programmes. In , people were treated in 10 therapeutic communities subsidised by the Office of the Government of the Czech Republic. According to the Register of Social Service Providers , there were a total of 42 aftercare programmes in the Czech Republic in , 23 of them were residential. In , these programmes reported 1. The availability of addictology services in prisons is increasing. In , there were 14 addictologists working in 12 prisons. Drug-free zones are available in all prisons and are used by almost 4 thousand people a year. Treatment in prisons was available in 14 prisons. A total of people took the option of treatment in voluntary treatment units, and people underwent court-ordered protective treatment. Detoxification was carried out in 6 prisons in and 23 people completed the programme. Treatment with opioid agonists substitution treatment was carried out in 6 prisons, with 56 people registered. Methadone is the available substitution. For people going into prison with buprenorphine substitution, treatment may be continued provided that the medication is paid by their own resources. In , treatment was not initiated for any prison inmate. Drug-related crimes In , 4. In the long term, criminal proceedings are most often brought against people who have committed the unauthorized illicit production and other handling of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. There were 2, convictions for primary drug law offences, mostly for the unauthorized production, trafficking and sale of methamphetamine and cannabis substances. The main sanction imposed most often was a suspended sentence. The perpetrators were most often found guilty of endangerment under the influence of addictive substance or drunkenness. In , 8. Most of these misdemeanours involved the possession of small quantities of drugs for personal use. Illicit drug markets Methamphetamine is produced and cannabis is grown in the Czech Republic, both on a subsistence and commercial basis. Raw opium from food poppies is extracted and processed on a seasonal basis. Other illegal drugs are imported into the Czech Republic. In addition, pharmaceutical preparations containing NPS of various groups are available on the drug market. Online drug sales, courier distribution and cryptocurrency payments play a significant role. The Police of the Czech Republic and the Customs Administration of the Czech Republic detected a total of indoor cannabis cultivation facilities in In , methamphetamine labs were detected in the Czech Republic, with smaller domestic labs predominating. Bulk production is being moved abroad, especially to Poland, Germany, the Netherlands or Belgium. The main precursors for the production of methamphetamine are pseudoephedrine and ephedrine extracted from pharmaceuticals imported mostly from Poland. The trend of the increasing availability of cocaine and MDMA in the Czech Republic continues; the supply of heroin on the market is decreasing and the Czech Republic remains more of a transit country. In , 3 opioid laboratories were discovered in the Czech Republic, the precursor was the poppy. In criminal proceedings in , 1, seizures of cannabis dry matter The most common were synthetic cathinones 7 substances. Back to top. Map of Aid.
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October 21st, A A A A. EN Search keywords, tags Mon 21 October Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu 14 15 17 14 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu 17 16 17 15 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu 16 16 16 14 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu 16 16 17 17 Visegrad Declarations. Presidency Programs. Annual Reports. Visegrad Parlour : State and Church. Ideal Tax System? Drugs and Law. Other articles. Students' Section. Today we have chosen a very current topic, which must be interesting to a wide public. These days, we are faced with this problem very often. So, we are going to talk about drugs. We will not discuss the effects of drugs on the human body, but instead of a health approach, we'll focus on the relationship between drugs and laws, legislative changes in the recent past, attempts to solve the drug problem as well as the Visegrad states' opinion on drug problems through liberalism or repressiveness. Allow me to introduce the discussants. Ivan Douda represents 'Drop In', the Czech centre for prevention and treatment of drug dependence. I will describe the situation in Slovakia. The first person in the discussion is from the Czech Republic. During the past few decades, in the Czech Republic there have been many discussions about drugs. In the beginning the discussion was mostly about being either liberal or rather more repressive. The core of the discussion was the question of whether it is necessary to change the law concerning drugs. Until , the law in the Czech Republic allowed the possession of drugs for personal consumption, but not for selling and distribution. Under the pressure of the Christian Democrats, the law was changed in Possessing drugs for personal consumption was forbidden, and the penalty was also increased. A special Drug Squad was established. It has relatively strong authority and influence on drug policy. Even before the transition, we started to carry out the first programmes focused on drug users. It was a programme of hypodermic needles. Later, we applied the first programme of substitution, thus the controlled feeding of alternative legal drugs instead of illegal ones. However, the drug policy works on the basis of political decisions all over the world. Therefore, the solution of the drug problem is more or less based on a personal point of view and not on rational and professional arguments. Experts protested against the law which determined that keeping drugs for personal consumption is a criminal act. But the police argued that this situation would be a cradle for dealers who claim they keep drugs just for their own consumption. In the case of more liberal laws, the dealers could not be prosecuted, either. Recently, because of the acceptance of the new law on drugs, the European Union enabled a two-year programme for the Czech Republic. This programme should verify the effectiveness of the new law in terms of acquisitions and deficits. The out put of the research demonstrated that this amendment cost a few ten million crowns more concerning the proximate system but in fact, it did not have any impact on the drug scene at all. However, I have to say that the police and state authorities all the while behaved relatively fairly and the atmosphere is relatively liberal. Many school campaigns focused on drug prevention have been organised during the past twelve years with approximately 1 million, mostly young participants. After ten years of work it seems that the situation has stabilised. The population of drug users is getting older and most of them is on file in one of the contact centres. The chain of these centres works thanks to people such as, for example, the mayor of the capital city, Mr. Today's approach to drugs is very rational and we get support also from the current government. The chain of contact centres was built gradually. At first, professional coordinators started to work at district authorities. Later, where the territorial units of districts were cancelled, the regional anti-drug coordinators took over their tasks. In big cities, there are also town municipal coordinators. These experts look over their region and make sure that the chain does not have too many holes in it. Regarding the use of different types of drugs, the position of amphetamines black beauty is getting weaker because of other trendy influences. Lately, the price of cocaine has decreased, so the Drug Squad is afraid of a new wave of this drug. The drug strategy of the Czech Republic relies upon prevention as well as repression. The most part of governmental expenses for anti-drug policy is still paid for criminal investigation. Besides governmental aid, the non-profit sector also plays an important role in the anti-drug strategy. However, we are still waiting for those reforms which were accomplished in Slovakia. The programmes of syringes and substitution have already been running for a long time, the level as well as the number of physicians is continually increasing. Physicians provide private substitution and use different preparations. There were heated discussions about taking drugs under medical control but this debate was rather on a political basis. However, it is interesting that at first, doctors, politicians and the police were very critical concerning controlled drug taking. But finally the results were convincing and the atmosphere is now more tolerant, the police do not focus on 'small fry' and let young people smoke marijuana. According to statistics, the Czech Republic ranks at the very top of the list in the number of people who have ever tried some kind of drug, namely marijuana. The positive thing in it is that the number of cases is not increasing and young people experiment with illegal but less risky drugs. The law on drugs, similar to that which was refused 18 months before the election, is being discussed again. Then the Minister of Health asked for the full legalisation of drugs in his election campaign for the liberal party. He was the first health minister in history who wanted to win over young people in this way, since he knew that this exact issue was very important for them. At that time there were failed attempts to legalise marijuana even for medical purposes, but only one vote was missing to accept the proposal. The new draft bill, compared to the unsuccessful one, will be slightly modified. It will consist of sections on marijuana, drug use and sanctions. It will be submitted to the parliament this autumn. As a lawyer and a leader of a legal aid service, I gained both theoretical and practical experience on the legislation of drug problems in Hungary. This legislation has changed many times during the past fifteen years. At first, the criminal statute was amended in It was necessary because the number of drug users increased. Until then, drugs were used mostly by groups belonging to the art sphere, or socially disadvantaged groups. From the beginning of the 90s, drugs spread also among other groups of society. Young people at first started to use a decoction made from poppies. Later they discovered classic drugs like heroin, cocaine, amphetamines and marijuana. However, I would like to emphasise that we can call only those who are drug dependent, 'druggies'. The most frequently used drugs are heroin and cocaine. However, most drug users are not addicted to drugs. Younger generations typically smoke marijuana. In most cases, it does not cause any health problems if young people occasionally smoke marijuana when partying. Also amphetamines belong in this group because most of the young people can control their use. These users do not get in touch with health care service, since the drug does not cause problems for them. There is only one sphere where they can have contact with the state because of their drug use and it is the sphere of criminal law. In Hungary, practice concerning drugs is steady: it is a criminal act to keep drugs even for personal consumption purposes. If a policeman finds a drug while checking somebody's identity, a criminal procedure immediately starts. I would like to give some information about the development of legislation during the last fifteen years in Hungary. In , the most important amendment was introduced, that is the term of diversion. In the case of the user, the criminal procedure starts but it also can be cancelled if the person concerned confirms that he participated in a 6-month treatment or public work. In the case of addiction, it is mandatory to take part in rehabilitation. In the case of occasional users who do not have health problems, it is useful to participate in preventive and community activity. This deflection is in function these days as well. However, one change has occurred. After the elections in , the first task of the right wing government was to tighten the rules regarding drugs in the criminal legislation. The diversion was allowed only for addicted users. Their number is much smaller than the number of occasional users. Occasional users had to face legal proceedings. In most cases they were not sentenced to prison, but the proceeding itself took years and they had to reimburse legal charges. After the next elections in , the left wing government came into power. The criminal statute was amended again and the diversion for occasional users was given back. As you see, the drug issue in Hungary is a very popular topic among politicians, especially at the time of elections. Right wing politicians struggle to enforce repressive measures, while left wing politicians are more liberal. Regarding drugs, Mr. This saying determined the attitude toward drugs in the Criminal Statute for a fouryear period starting in In the very strict penalties were liberalised. In the case of drug dealers, the very strict punishment still holds, that is, the possibility of imprisonment for life. Generally, no judge applies this punishment, as it is not possible to compare selling drugs with brutally committed robbery or murder. The judicial practice accurately resolves the criminal act of drug trade, but the senate dares not touch this part of the legislation, because of the political sensitivity of this issue. Recently, keeping drugs even in small quantities is a felony and the diversion is possible for everyone. In , there were 6, proceedings regarding drug abuse, which is a slight decrease compared to the year , when the number of proceedings was 7, In the number of opened legal proceedings is even fewer. It is worth mentioning the number of proceedings started against those who kept drugs for personal consumption. In , from 6, proceedings 5, were against those who kept drugs for their own consumption and only the rest were against drug dealers. To solve the issue of drug dealing is not so simple, because we have to differentiate between the real drug trade and the so-called 'distribution just among friends'. Within drug distribution there also exists a so-called 'distribution among friends' which is not a real distribution. The number of legal proceedings which are directed towards wholesale trade in quantities of kilograms, is only about a hundred cases annually. The activity of police is mostly directed towards the group that can be caught in the easiest way, that is the users. The police are often under the illusion that capturing users has a preventive effect. In the attitude of police has changed a little. It means that there are a few more proceedings against dealers compared to the past few years. That is probably because there are more young people among the leaders of the police who have already conducted an investigation of drug issues. I would like to say something about the diversion. The diversion is for young people who sometimes try or occasionally use drugs but do not have any health problems. According to my opinion, these diversions appear to be folly. If young people have problems due to drug use, they can visit other medical institutions. The diversion is not even a school prevention. The diversion actually ensures a back door for users not to be punished. It is basically a farcical attitude of lawmakers to the drug issue: we do not want to punish users but we do not have the courage to modify the legislation and say openly that drug taking is not a criminal act. In many states, drug taking is considered to be a violation and not a criminal act, and only in cases where drug consumption is in a public place and in a group. Nobody should care about the things we do in our house or flat, it is a completely private thing. In my opinion it would be the first step to the optimisation of the situation in Hungary. Also from an economic aspect it would be more effective budget-wise to send those who need it to rehabilitation, and start criminal procedures against those who commit a dangerous crime. Due to recent legislation, the source distribution is very unequal. I think that the given amount of money could be used in a more effective way. Thank you very much for the interesting presentation about the situation in Hungary. Now, I ask our next guest, Dr. Marek Zygadlo to describe the situation in Poland. We have almost all kinds of drugs in our country. It think it is an important information that Poland, Belarus and the Ukraine are the biggest producers of the highest quality amphetamine in the world. It is a dangerous drug, more dangerous than heroin. We have many institutions in Poland which are responsible for solving the drug problems. We are very proud that we can cover the treatment of the non-insured drug users. We have also had a national programme of health since which talks about drug demand reduction and limitation of accessibility to drugs. We started to think on the level of ministry and government about the approach to the drug problem, and we have a national bureau for drug prevention established in as a response to the worrying trends in the Polish drug scene. The aim of this organisation is to reduce the use of narcotics, drugs, psychotropic substances, and implement a co-ordinated national strategy against drug addiction. We have a national board of health, this institution covers the costs of treatment of patients. In July a new law was adopted to counter drug addiction. In my opinion this document is unacceptable because for any dose of drugs people can get into prison. So instead of helping them we put drug users into jails. But this act of law also has a useful part, which is introducing obligation to adapt provincial acts to avoid drug addiction. So not only the government is responsible for solving the problem but also the regional governments in the cities and villages. We have had many 'shamans' in Poland-so-called experts-who tried to help the users but many of them did not have any experience and practice. We hope that this system will bring quality into this activity. The national programme for counteracting drug addiction from to focuses on five fields, which are prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, supply reduction and international co-operation. We also have public health services like special inpatient and outpatient clinics, we offer counselling, individual and group therapy, detoxification and care. And now a few words about what kind of role the non-government organisations play in solving the problems connected to drug users and drugs. The non-government organisations in Poland can set up non-public services for drug users. Most of them offer very good health programmes for their clients, like drug education, needle-exchange, harm reduction, psychotherapy or substitution treatment. Community prevention is also implemented through community clubs, education and training as well as through social campaigns. In MONAR we run low-threshold assistance programmes for active drug addicts which are aimed at improving their health and social conditions. Drug related harm is also addressed and through this work we aim to counteract the spread of HIV and other infectious diseases and reduce crime connected with drug use. Drug education is a very important part of harm reduction, because many people are using drugs without knowing anything about them, or believing several myths which are not true. Our needle-exchange programme in Krakow was the first professional of its kind in Poland. We started it in , and now we have several exchange-centres all over the country. As far as the substitution treatment is concerned, two years ago it became possible to provide substitution by non-government organisations, and nonpublic health services could establish such projects. Now we have about ten substitution programmes in Poland, last year we introduced two new projects made by NGOs. So at the moment we have about a thousand clients attending these programmes. Nobody knows how many heroin addicts we have in Poland, it is not easy to count users in any country. According to the national health programme there was about 25 heroin users who needed some kind of treatment in the health system. The NGO services provide consulting for outpatients and detoxication and rehabilitation for inpatients. They also provide postrehabilitation programmes, housing programmes, hostels for clients who finished treatment and try to find their way back to society. I would like to end with two questions which are very important for this discussion. The first one is: What results can we expect from prohibition? The second one is: Why do we create narcofobia? Narcofobia in my opinion is the main problem of the last few years, and it exists because of ignorance and laziness. There is a great fear of drugs and drug addicts. People simply do not want to hear about these problems, while for example alcoholfobia does not really exists among them. Marek Zygadlo, thank you for the interesting presentation. I would like to make a brief description of the situation in Slovakia. Regarding the drug issue, in Central Europe we have a lot of features in common and we also have dissimilarities. After the transition in , when the iron curtain fell down, access to drugs became much easier. Contrary to in Poland, heroin became popular only after , especially in Bratislava. In Poland it was earlier, in Hungary and in the Czech Republic approximately at the same time. Contrary to the Czech Republic, in Slovakia heroin was dominating compared to pervitin, which was available in small quantities even before the transition and it was practically pushed back to the periphery by the police and dealers. So during the 90s we had a huge epidemic of heroin, especially in Bratislava and later in the whole of Slovakia. Ninety percent of treated persons had a problem with heroin. At the turn of the millennium, the situation had gradually changed and the use of pervitin gained ground, which is less addictive than heroin. Nonetheless, since we have noted a sudden increase in demand for pervitin, i. The situation has become stable during the last three years, the number of treated people has not increased. Obviously we always have new patients. At the same time, the request for cannabis addiction therapy has also increased. Regarding cannabis, there are lot of discussions. This substance is not as addictive as some other drugs. Only a smaller percent of occasional marijuana users--or people who use other forms of cannabis-become addicted. Although, besides the growth in demands for pervitin addiction therapy, between we noted an increased number of demands for cannabis addiction treatment. Taking into consideration the number of users, of course, it is just a small part but in terms of therapy it is a significant growth. In Slovakia, approximately 2, people seek medical help because of drugs every year. Out of that, approximately people use heroin, which has the highest addictive power. Moreover, it is usually used intravenously, so it poses the highest risk to public health. Concerning criminality, heroin is one of the most serious drugs. We started early with prevention and harmreduction. In we had less than a hundred intravenous users in Bratislava who requested medical help, and already at that time we started to change the spikes and needles. Recently sterile needles and syringes are available in drug-stores. Of course, not every drug-store is willing to help the users, it mostly depends on the pharmacist. In most cases users can buy syringes for a low price and there is no legal ground to forbid their sale to users, so the harm-reduction is ensured mainly through drug-stores. Syringe exchange programmes operate in the biggest drug centres. Regarding the political solution of the drug problem, there are two strategies to approaching drugs. The first is a repressive force-police, customs officers0-which is aimed at supply reduction, while the second is a non-repressive way, that is, prevention and demand reduction. We who work in the non-repressive sphere divide users according to if they have health problems or not. The health problem category, besides drug addiction, consists of drug overdose and infections. The repressive approach takes a different view of it. They take into consideration the relationship between users and the law. Print article. Send link.
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