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About the Author s. The Author s. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The study was conducted at public universities in Zambia. A humanistic theory approach was applied in the interpretation and analysis of the data collected. Students knew that abuse of drugs and alcohol led to low academic performance, violence and theft, risks of contracting sexually transmitted infections STIs , and other social maladjustments. The study recommends that institutions of learning increase student-led awareness campaigns, security surveillance on campus, and collaboration with government drug enforcement agencies. Institutions of learning should involve students in the planning of programmes to deal with drug and alcohol abuse. Contribution: The study will inform amendment of drug and alcohol abuse policies in institutions of learning. The study serves as basis for scholars in the field of biblical theology engaged with justice, health and human development. The article is a contribution to the research project Biblical Theology and Hermeneutics. The results of this research can especially be utilised by scholars in the field of psychology of religion, the sociology of religion and practical theologians focusing on youth ministry. Keywords: drugs and alcohol abuse; public universities; student perspective; students and substance abuse; substance abuse in universities; public health; youth ministry. The abuse of alcohol and psychoactive substances is still an important public health concern around the world especially among students. Kaluwe and Carney et al. It was yet to be proven how students perceive the drug and alcohol abuse on campuses. Bullock studied attitudes, beliefs, use of alcohol and drugs among Swedish university students from which it was proven that cannabis use scored highest with Prescription drugs that are supposed to be prescribed by a physician were among the abused psychoactive substances Iloabuchi et al. In yet another study conducted in colleges and university campuses within Eldoret Municipality in Western Kenya the prevalence of substance abuse was at In South Africa, a similar study was conducted to establish the prevalence and factors associated with substance abuse at a university in the Western Cape, which revealed a Such information brings to the fore the need for a study to re-look at how the students themselves perceive the drug and alcohol abuse on campus and prove strategies the students propose, and feel can help reduce the drug and alcohol abuse in HTEIs. Masiye and Ndhlovu postulate that most negative behaviours among students are associated with drugs and alcohol abuse. However, it is not clear how students perceive the abuse of these substances. Nyimbili et al. Reports by the Drug Enforcement Commission in Zambia DEC showed an increase in the abuse of drugs and alcohol with figures in the annual reports of revealing that of the persons attended to, were students, in of the persons attended to were students and out of individuals attended to in , were students. The increase in substance abuse figures was also observed in the Zambia Global School Health Survey of where data from nine provinces revealed that With such information, it became necessary to conduct a study of this nature to document the way students perceive drug and alcohol abuse in institutions of learning. This shows the availability of psychoactive substances in different regions. Masiye postulates that there was an overwhelming negative consequence resulting from the abuse of drugs and alcohol on individuals, families, schools, and communities. This study employed the humanistic theory in interpreting the findings. Thus, it is assumed that individuals have the freedom to adjust their personality as they experience new interactions with their immediate environment. The theory is seen to be suitable for this study, as it will help in appreciating the lived experiences of students as individuals in their subjective experiences. The study adopted a mixed methods research design. Participants were recruited into the study based on the inclusion criteria that they were enrolled students at any university in Zambia in The study employed purposive and snowball sampling methods to select students to respond to the questionnaire and participate in the in-depth interviews. The study site was purposively picked because of proximity of the research team. Snowball sampling was used in combination with purposive sampling to reach the targeted students. The initial 10 students were selected purposively based on their willingness to participate in the study. The 10 students were asked to distribute 19 questionnaires each in their respective networks. The initial 10 students were engaged in the in-depth interviews depending on their consent to participate in the study. The research used two methods of data collection, a questionnaire, and in-depth interviews with students. Qualitative data were collected through open-ended questions in the questionnaire and in-depth interviews with 10 students. The data from in-depth interviews were audio recorded and stored under a two-step password on the laptop. The audio recordings were transcribed in MS word. The data collected from the questionnaires was analysed using excel for quantitative data while the open-ended questions were analysed using thematic coding analysis approach. The data from both the quantitative and qualitative data analysis was triangulated to increase validity by corroborating the different descriptions of the phenomenon. From Figure 1 the commonly abused drugs on campuses turned out to be cannabis popularly known as weed, codeine accessed through Benylin and alcohol in the form of spirits Bols. These results may be linked to studies conducted by Bullock among Swedish university students were cannabis scored high at Some of the reasons attributed to these results could be that it was accessed from a residential area near the campus and could be easily smuggled on campus and sold. In a similar study performed by Nsemukila and Mutombo identified some factors leading to learners abusing substances such as cannabis that could be attributed to cultural beliefs, medical practices rooted in traditions, misinformation about substance abuse among young people, in combination with the feeling of excitement and fun, pressures among peers and family, claims of high achievement and performance in academics. Data from Figure 2 revealed that the environment in which students are found contributed to the choices they made in relation to drugs or alcohol on campuses. The finding validates the literature from Kaluwe that suggests peer pressure; genetic factors, curiosity and depression were factors that contributed to drug abuse among students. The findings that the highest number of students agreed to substance abuse being a problem on campus was eye opening as seen from Figure 3. These findings are an affirmation of what other studies established that substance abuse was a global concern Kabbash et al. The students were asked on what they see to be the causes of engaging in drug and alcohol abuse among fellow students on campus. Masiye and Ndhlovu in a study on drug and alcohol abuse prevention education in secondary schools in Zambia recognised that the issue of drugs was a growing social concern and was a public health problem among learners in Zambia that needed addressing from systems point of view. The respondents gave views on what they thought would be solutions to substance abuse on campuses. Masiye postulates that in Zambia three types of organisations, namely agencies from government ministries, non-governmental and religious organisations conducted activities of drug and alcohol abuse prevention. Regular check of student halls of residence with the use of sniffer dogs would go a long way to reduce the presence and availability of illicit drugs on campuses. The need to increase surveillance on campus was a crucial aspect that the study established. The need to control entry into university campuses was not supposed to end as policies but an issue that needed to be invested into, to limit the students contact with the outside community and further control access to campuses by outsiders. The study further established that there was a need to have more awareness campaigns on anti-substance abuse. The students suggested ways of conducting such awareness campaigns using approaches such as student clubs and societies. Other students indicated that:. The students proposed the need to increase information sharing among students that could be accomplished through empowering student led programmes aimed at reaching out to peers targeting both classrooms and halls of residences. Students further indicated the need to use fellow students to do anti-substance abuse campaigns. The use of peer educators was seen to be an effective way of sharing information and creating awareness on campuses. Students were seen to have an advantage in relating with their peers on issues of drugs and alcohol, as they were familiar faces. The respondents proposed that student-led campaigns would reach more students as they easily relate with fellow peers. A student proposed by stating that:. This is like the study by Mwanza, Mwale and Lukwesa who discussed the need to have student-led campaigns to increase sensitisations and awareness on campuses. The challenge of misinformation was identified as a facilitating factor in drug and substance abuse. Nsemukila and Mutombo echoed similarly on the need to disseminate correct information on drug abuse among students. There seems to be several misconceptions relating to drugs, hence the need arises to provide scientifically proven facts to students and young people in universities. This study also established the need for institutions of learning to collaborate with external government agencies specialised in drug enforcement. A student stated that:. It was also established that there was need to engage parents of students abusing drugs as a few of such behaviours come from homes, hence this responsibility should not be left to the university alone as evidenced from Nyimbili et al. Indeed, university life provides both social and academic freedom that needs to be used for human development, hence universities and parents must collaborate to build a student who is a responsible citizen. Students suggested the use of punitive action on offenders as opposed to the findings of Masiye and Ndhlovu who found that current policies in some institutions of learning were more punitive than educative or remedial in nature. Policies that are punitive in nature are seen not to support behaviour change, as most of the learners would avoid coming out because of fear of the sanctions Glisic The better position is to find a balance between providing a punitive action towards the sellers and a remedial approach for the users willing to let go of the vices and undergo rehabilitation. Students could be empowered to report drug abuse acts with relevant authorities with full confidentiality and protection. This would entail that students themselves could report even some of the abusers of substances and this would go a long way in increasing the levels of vigilance. Through such increased vigilance, students can take responsibility over personal well-being and resist substance abuse. The study recognised ways that student saw as effective in sharing information on anti-drug and alcohol abuse. Empowering peer educators on campus with the right knowledge enables them to share with peers in their residences and classes. Making use of major university calendar events such as orientation of first year students to include drug and alcohol abuse awareness campaigns is an opportunity that should be seized with both hands. These major university events call for a huge audience and could be effectively packaged to work as platforms for sensitisations. Similarly, Okoye et al. Other ways of information sharing identified included the use of both on campus and off campus student programmes that aim at raising awareness. Activities such as debates, sports tournaments, walks, road shows, and social media could be used to reach a bigger audience. The other activities could be workshops, seminars, television, and radio programmes. Okoye et al. Baharudin et al. Kabbash et al. Such findings entail that there is need to use tailor-made methods that would respond and speak to the needs of young people in institutions of learning. Students expressed their thoughts on the dangers of substance abuse pointing to mental health consequences. The study revealed that students ascribed mental illness to substance abuse. A female student stated that:. This follows the writing by Fernando, Stochl and Ersche who looked at drug use in night owls and how it increases the risk of mental health problems. There is a relationship between mental health and substance abuse. Students know that substance abuse might lead to development of ulcers and damage of some internal organs including the liver because of excessive intake and consumption of substances. Other scholars such as Wyler have showed the huge burden on public healthcare systems because of the negative effects of substance abuse. These challenges that come because of substance abuse go further to destabilising the social systems of communities such as families. Students abusing substances demand for financial support from guardians to sustain their drug and alcohol intake leading to financial and economic drain on the family. The findings in this study showed that academic performance was somehow affected by substance abuse. The respondents stated that poor academic performance was somehow related to abuse of substances. A statement from a student said:. The students associated poor academic performance in some cases with drugs and alcohol abuse which is supported by Kaluwe who established that drugs were a growing concern in Namibia among students that affected their academic performance and they dropped out of school. Students attributed the substance abuse to beliefs that usage of certain drugs would increase and enhance academic attainment especially the intake of drugs with stimulants and performance enhancers, which might have long-term health effects. Some of the findings pointed to some dangers associated with substance abuse. Respondents found issues with health, pregnancy, and others. A student listed some of the issues as:. This may lead to unlawful high-risk abortions. The consumption of alcohol during pregnancy may also lead to having babies born with fetal alcohol syndrome. Kabbash adds that among the challenges of alcohol abuse was the issue of sex without the use of condoms because of unplanned sexual intercourse. The unplanned sexual intercourse and sex without the use of condoms contributes to unwanted and unplanned pregnancies among students. Research performed by Masiye and Ndhlovu argues that individuals who persistently abuse drugs and alcohol experience challenges including poor social and personal relationships leading to contraction of HIV and sexually transmitted infections. The study documented abusers of alcohol and drugs to be prone to commit violence especially towards other genders. Some of the students stated that:. Some showed that they developed lawlessness and failure to observe laid down regulations on campus. This is confirmed by the writing of Kaluwe on the increase in crimes and violence because of abuse of substances among school going children. The students indicated that alcohol, cannabis, codeine, and shisha were the predominately abused substances. Students viewed drugs and alcohol abuse to be a problem on campus as it affected their academic performance, contributed to violence, theft, mental health issues, and unsafe sexual practices causing health-related problems such as STIs, unplanned pregnancy, abortions, and other social maladjustments. The literature reviewed in this study attested to the need to address substance abuse among students in the HTEIs. The information from this research calls to action stakeholders to be innovative and engage students when developing substance abuse intervention programmes. There is a clear need for policy and practice adaptations that will prevent substance abuse in this population. We express our deepest gratitude to Prof. Dr Andries van Aarde for the guidance and support throughout this study. We are also grateful to the editors and proofreaders for making this paper possible. The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article. Both researchers worked on the findings, discussions, conclusions and recommendations of the final manuscript. The study sought ethical approval from the Copperbelt University Institutional Research Ethics Committee and ethics consent was granted. To ensure that autonomy and respect for the dignity of persons is observed, written voluntary informed consent was obtained from all participants using an information sheet and consent form. Participants were informed that they had the right to withdraw from the study at any point if they felt any emotional discomfort. The data collection from participants performed in the study was in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. It was purely motivated by the need to get students perspectives on drug and alcohol abuse. The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of any affiliated agency of the authors. Adekeye, O. Baharudin, F. Bland, A. Blows, S. Bullock, S. Carney T. Creswell, J. Fernando, J, Stochl, J. Glisic, M. Grant, C. Administrative Issues Journal: Connecting Education 4 2 , 12— Iloabuchi, C. Kabbash, I. Kaluwe, N. Kusanthan, T. Lukoye, A. Masiye, I. Munalula-Nkandu E. Mwanza, N. Nsemukila, B. Nyimbili, F. Okoye, L. Oshodi, O. Tavakoli, H. Wyler, L. Citation Mwanza, N. Original Research. Introduction The abuse of alcohol and psychoactive substances is still an important public health concern around the world especially among students. Research methods and design Study design The study adopted a mixed methods research design. Target population and sample size Participants were recruited into the study based on the inclusion criteria that they were enrolled students at any university in Zambia in Study population and sampling procedure The study site was purposively picked because of proximity of the research team. Data collection The research used two methods of data collection, a questionnaire, and in-depth interviews with students. Data analysis and interpretation The data collected from the questionnaires was analysed using excel for quantitative data while the open-ended questions were analysed using thematic coding analysis approach.

Zambia struggles with growing drug menace

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Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer. Abstract Third world countries suffer from supply of substandard therapeutic drugs and due to lack of robust quality testing facilities, many of these drugs find themselves in the dispensaries and various outlets for over the counter purchase. In order to ensure quality, simple yet informative tests are available and one of them is high performance thin layer chromatography. The quality of drugs was assessed by comparing retardation factors with standards and approximate percent active ingredient amounts were compared using the maximal K intensities derived by the DeTLC software for image analysis. All the drugs tested were within the acceptable range of concentrations of the active pharmaceutical ingredient 0 to 5. Thus, the simple robust HPTLC method coupled with simple to use digital imaging software provides a quick means to check on quality of the drugs dispensed. How to Cite. More Citation Formats. Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published before except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, or thesis ; that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere; that if and when the manuscript is accepted for publication, the authors agree to automatic transfer of the copyright to the publisher in this case to UNZA-JONAS. The University of Zambia Journals.

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