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Trans-Mediterranean drug trafficking from Morocco has grown in line with European consumption, but now also provides the infrastructure for smuggling people and consumer goods. Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy reports. Most of the hashish produced in Morocco is sold abroad, overwhelmingly in Europe, although there is a significant domestic consumer market for the drug. European consumption has long acted as a pull factor on Moroccan hashish production. Spain and France not only contributed to the development of cannabis cultivation in Morocco during the colonial era but, more recently, their respective growing hashish consumer markets have also spurred production in the Cherifian kingdom. The parallel increases of hashish production in Morocco and of hashish consumption in Europe are attested to by the rise in European seizures of Moroccan hashish noted in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime World Drug Report , which reports that seizures have risen from about tonnes in to tonnes in In , out of global cannabis resin seizures of 1, tonnes, were seized in Europe and 96 in Morocco. That Spain seizes that much hashish is evidence of the importance of the Spanish territory as a transit zone for Moroccan hashish. It is also most likely a legacy from when Spain and France split the Moroccan kingdom in two protectorates in , when Spain ruled over the northern half of the country and granted the right to cultivate cannabis to a few tribes. It is therefore worth noting that the former colonial powers that held sway over Morocco are most directly concerned about Moroccan hashish trafficking and consumption. Although all of the hashish consumed in Spain and 82 per cent of that consumed in France is estimated by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to be of Moroccan origin, the two countries are far from being the only European consumers of Moroccan hashish. Eighty per cent of the cannabis resin destined for the West and Central European markets is estimated to originate in Morocco, and national markets such as those of Portugal, Sweden, Belgium and the Czech Republic, among others, are overwhelmingly dominated by Moroccan hashish. In accord with a geographical logic, most Moroccan hashish consumed or transiting in France comes by way of Spain, mostly by road: most French seizures are conducted at the Spanish border. Also, due to the central location of France within Europe, less Moroccan hashish is imported from the Netherlands to France than from France to the Netherlands. As many seizures have shown during the last decades, most large shipments of Moroccan hashish are exported from Morocco across the Mediterranean Sea aboard fishing vessels and private yachts. According to the same report, the primary zone of export for Moroccan hashish is located around Martil, Oued Laou and Bou Ahmed on the Mediterranean coast, although the bigger ports of Nador, Tetouan, Tangier and Larache are also used by hashish traffickers. However, according to the Spanish press, the routes of entry of hashish into Spain have recently diversified due to the use of faster boats with a wider range. Important quantities have also been seized as far north as the Ebro river delta. Traffickers also export hashish concealed in trucks and cars embarked on ferries leaving from the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla or from Tangier. It also seems that large quantities are increasingly sent to West Africa before being exported to Europe. Recent seizures of cocaine and hashish packed together and in the same manner were made in Morocco and in Spain. This suggests that Colombian drug traffickers have allied themselves to Moroccan counterparts and either now ship cocaine directly to Morocco, or store it temporarily in Mauritania. Some Moroccan hashish is also exported to Algeria, via the Oujda-Maghnia road, along which contraband and human smuggling also takes place. The high level of drug trafficking across the Mediterranean Sea, where most transportation of hashish still occurs, implies that drug traffickers benefit from both low-level and high-level protection and complicity among some Moroccan authorities, a reality that more than one decade of arrests and trials have gradually confirmed. As is the case in all countries producing agriculture-based illicit drugs, farmers are very rarely directly involved in drug trafficking activities. This is also the case in Morocco, where very few cannabis growers from the Rif have the resources and connections required to ship hashish to the main ports of the Mediterranean coast, let alone across the sea to Spain. Most frequently, what traffickers and smugglers buy is the transit of their cargo, no matter what the cargo is. As recent important European seizures of hashish in Moroccan seafood exports confirm, both legal and illegal goods can be traded on the same routes or even together in the same cargo, something that is, of course, made easier by the marked increase in movements of goods by land, sea and even air, which has occurred globally during the last few decades. The Rif economy depends on a huge contraband trade that feeds off growing unemployment and pauperisation now that outmigration opportunities to Europe have been all but suppressed by strict immigration policies within the European Union. Lack of water, devastating land erosion, the highest unemployment rates in the country and political marginality have rendered this region incapable of sustaining its growing population. Contraband smuggling occurs via the same ports used for hashish trafficking, although, of course, in a reverse direction. The three most important entry points for smuggled goods are the two Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla and along the Algerian border around Oujda. Smuggled goods are numerous and range from cosmetics, tires and detergents, to gasoline and processed foodstuffs. According to the findings of an American Chamber of Commerce workshop in Morocco in , the contraband economy provided work for 45, people, 75 per cent of whom were women, and generated annual sales revenues of 15 billion dirhams USD1. Moreover, it is estimated by the same source that every job created in the contraband business deprives the national economy of 10 legitimate jobs and that the industrial and agricultural production of Morocco suffers considerably from the unfair competition of smuggled goods. The economy of Morocco and, to a larger extent, of the Rif region, also depends heavily on outmigration and foreign remittances sent from Europe. With USD3. In , official remittances represented 6. They also exceed the value of direct foreign investments, which are also much more unstable. In Between Morocco and Spain. During the early s, migrant smuggling on small open boats, a phenomenon called harraga, emerged in the area, and its socio-cultural and economic effects soon became visible all over northern and north central Morocco and in Andalusia, Murcia and Catalonia in Spain. The new immigration policy transformed migrants into profitable goods, which in many cases were more advantageous than hashish for the smugglers: the profit was guaranteed even if the boats failed to reach the Spanish coast. The migrants were also often more easily fooled than professionals in the drug business. In Larache province, the cheapest and most popular method is to cross the Strait of Gibraltar in pateras, small five- to seven-metre fishing boats. Quite often, illegal migrants smuggled to Europe are sent aboard pateras along with some hashish. The importance of the contraband economy and illegal migration clearly shows that hashish trafficking, while vital for the Rif region, is far from being sufficient to sustain its economy. Since the mids, a worsening economic situation in the Rif has pushed many people to migrate to Europe and immigrants from the Rif region have come to make up the vast majority of Moroccans settled legally or illegally in Spain. Clearly, the Rif region depends on a complex economy of illegal trades, made up by hashish trafficking, widespread contraband and illegal migration, three activities that have grown together since the mids. The economic development of the Rif is therefore an essential and urgent goal for the European Union EU , if its leaders are willing to reduce people smuggling and hashish trafficking from Morocco. The same could well be said of hashish production and trafficking if the worsening context of the Rif region and the growing European consumption were to be considered alone. However, the cannabis economy is an altogether different problem, since the ecological and legal contexts threaten an activity that is vital for the Rif economy. Therefore, a massive effort to develop the economy of the Rif region must be carried out by Morocco and the EU if its socio-economic and political stability is to be improved or even maintained. After the UN Office on Drugs and Crime revealed in its Cannabis Survey that cannabis was cultivated on , hectares in Morocco in , cultivation reportedly dropped by 10 per cent in , to , hectares. Many direct and indirect factors can explain this cultivation decrease after years of rapid expansion. Moroccan authorities therefore felt compelled to start acting, as is attested to not only by the eradication measures undertaken in some parts of the Rif region from on, but also by the cultivation interdiction pronounced in many areas by the authorities. However, while the Moroccan authorities have not conducted large eradication operations in the Rif region itself, they have carried out a few monitoring actions between 26 June and 17 July to the west of the region, in the province of Larache. The Moroccan press reported that at least 3, hectares of cannabis have been eradicated in the province of Larache. The eradication campaign was directed by the governor of Larache, who declared that he obeyed government orders and that a public awareness campaign had been carried out in the mosques and souks of the province. However, as previous eradication threats had been numerous and, say most farmers, clearly formulated so that tolerance by some officials could be bought, most farmers did not take the warning seriously. Eradication was nonetheless carried out, right before the harvest season and without any compensation provided to the targeted farmers. Notwithstanding the fact that eradication efforts have been shown to fail and, even worse, to be counterproductive, in Asia as well as in Latin America, the Moroccan authorities have resorted to a purely law enforcement-oriented policy without implementing any economic or development measures to help cannabis farmers cope with the sudden loss of income. The Agency for the Development of the Northern Provinces is supposed to conduct alternative development projects in the areas targeted by the eradication measures. But, so far, more than three months after the eradication campaign, no economic help has been received by the farmers even though experience from other regions of the world where illicit crops are grown clearly indicates that eradication is counterproductive if alternative development or alternative livelihood programmes are not set up and operative before eradication measures are resorted to. It must be noted that traditionally, cannabis cultivation is either tacitly authorised or expressly forbidden by Moroccan authorities throughout the Rif region on a yearly basis so that both its geographical spread and its total acreage is controlled and, to some extent, contained. Only such control can actually explain why entire valleys are covered with cannabis one year and void of it the following year. It is evident that all the cannabis farmers of a given valley could not have decided all at once and on their own to plant or not to plant cannabis. Individual cannabis farmers would have little reason otherwise to stop what is their most lucrative activity. In , many douars, or villages, in Chefchaouen province did not grow cannabis because they had been told not to by the local authorities. Every year, in each douar, the mokadem informs the population of the authorisation or interdiction to cultivate cannabis and reports about it to its hierarchy. There is no doubt that Moroccan authorities have every means to monitor cannabis cultivation across the country. Therefore, while cannabis cultivation is clearly illegal in Morocco, it has obviously been largely tolerated by the state since its independence in and its expansion has been condoned, and to an extent controlled, by the authorities. Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy holds a Ph. Trafficking from Morocco As many seizures have shown during the last decades, most large shipments of Moroccan hashish are exported from Morocco across the Mediterranean Sea aboard fishing vessels and private yachts. Eradication and prohibition After the UN Office on Drugs and Crime revealed in its Cannabis Survey that cannabis was cultivated on , hectares in Morocco in , cultivation reportedly dropped by 10 per cent in , to , hectares. View all posts. Read more. Publication list Photography Categories About. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it.

Morocco’s smuggling rackets: hashish, people and contraband

Chefchaouen buy cocaine

Morocco has no shortage of world-renowned travel destinations. Perhaps the most famous is the Blue City of Chefchaouen. Chefchaouen, locally known as Chaouen, has captivated travelers far and wide. Despite its popularity, I was pleasantly surprised that it exceeded the hype. Chefchaouen is much more than its blue alleyways and cute photo opportunities. This budget-friendly destination has laid-back vibes, gorgeous mountain views, and plenty of ways to fill your time. It may no longer be a hidden gem, but it retains a chilled out small town vibe and is a must-visit for backpackers and any type of traveler, really. This post contains affiliate links. That means that I may earn a commission if you make a purchase through these links. Like I mentioned earlier, I fully expected Chefchaouen to be one big influencer tourist trap. I envisioned streets filled with photoshoots, selfie sticks and tripods. I planned on stopping by for a day or two and immediately peacing out to lesser-traveled destinations. Thankfully, I was totally mistaken about Chefchaouen. There are quite a few tourists, but even the most touristy place in Morocco has fewer tourists than a non-touristy place over in Europe. Chefchaouen was so much more than its blue houses and cute alleyways. I mean, the mountainous backdrop alone makes it uniquely beautiful. Oh, and cats. Chefchaouen has lots of cats. I planned on staying two days, and ended up staying five. It truly lived up to the hype and is well worth a visit. Chefchaouen is a small town, and considering its popularity, is quite off the beaten track. The closest train station is in Fes, from where you can hop on a three-hour bus to get to Chefchaouen. The most common way to travel to Chefchaouen would be by bus. Buses leave from Fes and Tangier and pass through Chefchaouen along the way. However, some are noticeably a cut above the rest. The best neighborhood to stay in would be the medina, or just outside of it. There are two properties that seemed to understand that a hostel should be more than just a place to rest your head at night. Riad Baraka was my favorite hostel that I stayed at in Chefchaouen. It is located in a central location in the medina, putting you close to all of the action. The highlights of this hostel are its stunning rooftop views, heated rooms, and amazing breakfasts. The rooftop is a great place to chill, take in the views, meet your fellow travelers, and smoke some hashish. Dar Dadicilef is a mouthful. This is due to it being housed in one of the oldest Andalusian structures in the city. It is very centrally-located and has a cozy feel to it. Do I need to say more? I actually was pleasantly surprised by how nice the hostel was considering its cheap price. It has a huge terrace with beautiful views, good wifi, and the room was basic but nice. There are always a couple of travelers hanging out on the rooftop. You can compare all of the hostels in Chefchaouen by checking out Hostelworld. Chefchaouen is a city best explored by foot. It was a much steeper hike up to the medina than I was prepared for, although the walk down was just fine. Download an offline map otherwise you are guaranteed to get lost in the labyrinthine streets of the city. If you are planning on taking some trips outside of Chefchaouen, the best way is to take a grand taxi or a bus from CTM. I spent five days in Chefchaouen, with most of my time spent aimlessly wandering through the blue-washed streets of the medina. However, I was pleasantly surprised at just how much there was to do in and around Chefchaouen. I never expected it to be so beautiful, with jagged mountains serving as a striking backdrop to the sea of blue houses. There were no shortage of sunset hikes and hidden roads to fill up my time. This is where the heart of the city lies, and where all of the picturesque blue buildings are. Take a stroll through the densely packed alleyways while winding through its labyrinthine streets flanked with ancient houses and fortress walls. Soaking up the atmosphere of this charming city is one of the best things to do, and with so many side streets and alleyways, the small city can feel a lot bigger than it actually is. Brightly-colored rugs, ceramics, and other artworks contrast beautifully with the endless shades of blue. Keep in mind that some alleyways and houses are private property, and locals can and rightfully do charge for pictures. It costs no more than dirham for some pictures, a negligible amount if you want to take a killer photo. Streets lined with plants or other cute photo ops will typically cost you money to pose in front of. Perhaps my favorite thing I did in Chefchaouen was take a day trip outside of the city to do some hiking. There are plenty of swimming holes along the hikes, as well as a couple of makeshift restaurants where one can have freshly-cooked tagine in the great outdoors. Visit the Spanish Mosque for panoramic views of the city and surrounding mountains. For me, the highlight of the museum is the view from its towers. Climb up to get a stunning panoramic view of the city and the surrounding mountains. Entrance for foreigners costs 60 dirham, which is standard for most historical and cultural attractions in Morocco. Calling these waterfalls is a bit generous, but it is a nice, scenic spot to hang out. The area is lined with restaurants and vendors and is pretty lively. Ras El Ma would be a great spot to stop for an orange juice before hiking up, or having dinner after watching the sunset from the mosque. Clock Cafe is a popular spot among travelers, famed for their camel burger. Another cheap local spot with vegetarian options is Sofia , located right off the main square of the medina. Chefchaouen is famed for its hash. If you plan on traveling the rest of Morocco, be sure to stock up here. Tourists will always be charged more, but in general, dirham is a fair price for good quality hash. Again, hashish is technically illegal and considered haram , but many locals also smoke it. Chefchaouen is as safe of a destination as it gets. In this small town, there is hardly anything to worry about. However, Moroccans are very friendly, and aside from the occasional dubious salesman, typically mean well. Again, as an American or European, your money goes a lot further in Morocco. Morocco is an Islamic country, and despite Chefchaouen being visited by many tourists from all over the world, it remains a relatively conservative town. Despite extending my stay in Chefchaouen three times, I would have stayed more if I could. It actually resulted in me extending my travels in Morocco, serving as the turning point of when I started truly falling in love with Morocco. The original plan was to visit Chefchaoeun before wrapping things up in Tangier and taking the ferry to Europe. I backtracked to Meknes, Rabat, Casablanca before heading up to Tangier and then exploring hidden gems of the north like Tetouan and Martil. All because Chefchaouen gave me a taste of the laid-back vibes of Morocco that I had been missing. If this post helped you out, show some love and support for the blog and help keep my adventures going by buying me a beer! My adventures are entirely self-funded, so any show of support is greatly appreciated, and allows me to keep writing helpful travel guides and creating travel content to help you all travel the world on a budget. Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive. Type your email…. Continue reading. Skip to content. Share this: Twitter Facebook. Like this: Like Loading Leave a Reply Cancel reply. Discover more from The Partying Traveler Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive. 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Chefchaouen buy cocaine