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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Reviewed by: Santiago J. This article was submitted to Neuropharmacology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neuroscience. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. The catechol-o-methyltransferase COMT gene has repeatedly been shown to change amygdala activity and amygdala-prefrontal connectivity during face processing. Although the COMT gene appears to induce a negativity bias during the neural processing of faces, it is currently unclear whether a similar negativity bias emerges during the behavioral processing of faces. We, therefore, revealed a similar negativity bias during the behavioral processing of faces that has already been demonstrated during the neural processing of faces, indicating that genotype-dependent changes in catecholamine metabolism may affect face processing on the behavioral and neural level. Over the last two decades, there has been a growing interest to determine the genetic basis of social behavior Ebstein et al. Consequently, much research has been devoted to delineate the genetic mechanisms underlying face processing Niedenthal and Brauer, However, most research dealt with these mechanisms on the neural not behavioral level, presumably because neural processes are more susceptible to genetic variations than behavioral processes Hariri and Weinberger, As a result, we know a lot about the genetic modulation of neural activity during face processing, but almost nothing about the behavioral consequences of this genetic modulation. Of the various genes implicated in face processing, the catechol-o-methyltransferase COMT gene appears to be of particular relevance Montag et al. The COMT gene regulates the extracellular degradation of catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. A single nucleotide polymorphism predicts the substitution of amino acid methionine Met for valine Val at codon VALMET , which results in a threefold to fourfold reduction of catecholamine degradation in Met as compared to Val carriers Lachman et al. The associated differences in extracellular catecholamine levels appear to account for neural differences in face processing as suggested by imaging studies revealing increased amygdala activity Williams et al. Met carriers, thus, show an enhanced processing of negative expressions, indicating a negativity bias during face processing. However, such a negativity bias has not always been found in behavioral studies Weiss et al. Two studies failed to find robust differences in emotion recognition between Met and Val carriers Weiss et al. Met carriers may, thus, not only show an enhanced processing of negative expressions as suggested by the imaging studies Williams et al. In this respect, it is important to note that this behavioral study Gohier et al. Methodological differences between the behavioral studies may, thus, have accounted for the inconsistent findings regarding Met carriers negativity bias during face processing. Consequently, there is a need for studies that investigate differences in emotion recognition between Met and Val carriers with more methodological rigor. In the present study, we further investigated whether Met and Val carriers differ in emotion recognition. In contrast to previous studies Weiss et al. We decided to use complex expressions for our task because these expressions resemble more the type of expressions one encounters throughout social interactions than basic expressions Zelenski and Larsen, The set of complex expressions is also much larger than the set of basic expressions Cordaro et al. Due to the large number of different expressions, our task was far more challenging than the tasks that had been employed in previous studies Weiss et al. We, thus, expected to detect subtle differences in emotion recognition, which may have not been the case in previous studies Weiss et al. These analyses were based on an a priori power analysis and corrected for multiple comparisons to guard of false positive or false negative findings, indicating that our analyses were liberal and conservative enough to detect meaningful differences in face processing. As the aforementioned studies suggest that the negativity bias in face processing is more pronounced in Met than Val carriers Williams et al. Previous studies investigated how the COMT genotype modulated face processing in young to middle-aged participants of European descent Weiss et al. We, thus, decided to include participants with an European background and an age range of 18—40 years in our study. Although none of the participants appeared to be of Asian descent, we did not formally check whether participants were indeed Caucasians. As the emotion recognition task required a fluent understanding of German, we excluded participants from the study whose native language was not German. All participants provided written-informed consent for the study protocol, which was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Greifswald and carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Details regarding the genotyping procedure can be found elsewhere Wendt et al. Whereas other emotion recognition tasks, like, for example, the morphed emotion recognition test Lischke et al. The complex expressions had to be recognized on basis of subtle cues that were provided by the eye region of faces. These eye regions were randomly presented in form of 37 different black and white pictures 1 picture was used for practice and 36 pictures were used for testing. Each eye region was shown together with four labels describing distinct emotional expressions see Figure 1. One label described the depicted emotional expression target label , whereas three other labels described emotional expressions that did not correspond to the depicted emotional expression distractor labels. Participants had to select the label that best described the emotional expression by pressing a corresponding button as fast as possible. Similar as in previous studies Hysek et al. Example of a black and white picture that was used in the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test Baron-Cohen et al. The picture shows an eye region and labels that describe four different expressions one target label, three distractor labels. Participants had to identify the label that correctly described the depicted expression panicked. Consequently, age was used as a covariate in the subsequent analyses. Of note, psychopathological distress was generally very low among participants with different COMT or 5-HTTLPR genotypes, indicating that participants were in good mental health at the time of the study. Table 2 provides an overview about the aforementioned participant characteristics. Barplots showing differences in complex emotion recognition as a function of COMT genotype. Moreover, these analyses were neither well-powered nor comparison-corrected Weiss et al. The findings of these studies should, thus, be treated with caution Weiss et al. This study revealed a negativity bias in face processing among Met carriers Gohier et al. Give that our study shared many methodological similarities with this study, it appears plausible to assume that Met carriers show increased recognition biases and recognition accuracies for negative expressions on the behavioral level. This assumption is also compatible with other studies that revealed an increased processing of negative expressions on the neural level in Met carriers. Notably, Met carriers showed an increase in amygdala activity Williams et al. As the amygdala is also implicated in the recognition of complex expressions Baron-Cohen et al. Moreover, the amygdala is highly susceptible to catecholamine transmission Hariri et al. Polymorphisms of the dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene, for example, also account for changes in catecholamine metabolism that are associated with differences in face processing Gong et al. Moreover, face processing is also modulated by genes that change metabolisms of other neurotransmitters than catecholamine ones. Polymorphisms of the oxytocin receptor gene, for instance, are associated with differences in face processing via changes in oxytocin metabolism Rodrigues et al. Consequently, it has to be determined in future studies whether catecholamine induced changes in amygdala activity and amygdala-prefrontal connectivity in fact account for the negativity bias in face processing that has been observed in Met as compared to Val carriers Williams et al. Notwithstanding that the neurobiological mechanisms underlying this negativity bias remain unclear, it seems plausible to assume that Met carriers perceive their social interactions as more negative than Val carriers because of this negativity bias. As a consequence, Met carriers may be more vulnerable to negative experiences in social interactions. These negative experiences may lead to anxious and depressive feelings, which may eventually manifest themselves in anxious and depressive symptoms or disorders. This may explain why Met carriers experience more anxiety and depression related symptoms or disorders than Val carriers Montag et al. Ideally, these studies should comprise large number of participants that have been genotyped for polymorphisms of multiple genes that have been shown to be associated with face processing on the neural and behavioral level. These studies may help to determine whether genotype dependent differences in face processing represent biomarkers with utility for the development of interventions that are concerned with the prevention or treatment of anxiety and depression related disorders. We hope that findings of the present study, which have to be replicated and extended, stimulates this type of research. AL and JW designed the study. JK and JW collected the data. AL and RP wrote the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors thank Anja Wiechert for excellent technical assistance in the genotyping analyses. The funding source had no further role in the study design, in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; and in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Front Neurosci. Find articles by Alexander Lischke. Find articles by Rike Pahnke. Find articles by Georg Homuth. Find articles by Alfons O Hamm. Find articles by Julia Wendt. Received Sep 3; Accepted Dec 13; Collection date Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.