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Buying snow Israel

The Yatir Forest in the Negev desert. Dense stands of Aleppo pine gird the hillsides, in vivid contrast to the dun-colored Negev desert. But this showcase forestation project also has its share of critics, with some Israeli ecologists saying that, whatever the benefits, the collateral damage has been too great. The trees, the ecologists say, are obliterating grasslands that contain rare endemic species. The Yatir, some experts say, is an example of the ecological damage that can occur when large-scale forestation projects are undertaken in places that have not had forests in recent times. Creating new forests is an emotionally and politically charged issue in Israel. Some Israeli climate scientists see its new forests as a model for greening the dry lands of the Earth and soaking up atmospheric carbon dioxide. Other supporters of the Yatir argue that, overall, in an area that has experienced intensive human habitation for thousands of years, the creation of the Yatir Forest is, on balance, a good thing. Our success at tree planting is nothing less than an ecological makeover. The benefits and drawbacks of forestation projects like the Yatir have global significance, since tree planting is not always an unalloyed environmental good. Such lessons are especially relevant now, as scientists worldwide are calculating how to help stave off climate upheaval by planting hundreds of billions of trees across an area of the planet almost the size of the United States. Semi-arid southern Israel is made up of loess soils and grasslands, the earth a dusty mix of sand and clay, devoid of trees but harboring often-rare sages and other herbaceous grasses and shrubs. Being frequently used for sheep pastures, they may not look much like prized ecosystems, says Alon Rothschild director of biodiversity at the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel SPNI. Plants that Rothschild says are at risk from the spreading tree cover at Yatir include the dark-brown iris, Iris atrofusca ; an endemic daffodil, Allium kollmannianum ; and remnants of the most southerly population of a species of wild wheat. Several species of ground-nesting birds — including pin-tailed sandgrouse Pterocles alchata and shrub-nesters such as the spectacled warbler Sylvia conspicillata — are also in decline, preyed upon by crows and jays. An area in the northern Negev Desert that has been cleared for tree planting. Photo courtesy of Yosef Segal. Many of these species are officially protected. But Rothschild claims the KKL-JNF is rarely called to account for damaging their habitats, only 4 percent of which have any national protection. Others include smaller woodland projects such as Lahav and Beeri, both also in the Negev. But Rothschild says there is no basis for this claim. Certainly, British maps of the Negev in the s do not mark forests. But the truth is most of Israel is a shrubland ecosystem, which is a high-value area for biodiversity and it must be preserved, not carpeted in forest. The Yatir Forest, which abuts the barrier between Israel and the occupied territory of the West Bank, is on land once controlled by Bedouin herding communities. After a history of land conflicts, the Israeli authorities now allow the Bedouin to graze their sheep in the forest each spring, which researchers say reduces the risk of fires by removing understory. But the organization has been plagued by controversy. Despite the political and ecological concerns, many will argue that tree planting has to take priority in the fight to hold back climate change. Planting trees on a large scale across the world is increasingly seen as essential to reducing the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. A recent heavily publicized paper in Science, carried out by researchers at the Crowther laboratory of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, estimated the amount of land potentially suitable for new trees — and not currently occupied by forests, agriculture, or human settlements — at 2. Photo courtesy of Boaz Shacham. Israel claims to be one of the few places in the world with more trees at the end of the 20th century than at the beginning. Arguably the trees at Yatir could show the way to creating forests in arid lands. So how have those trees fared in the half-century since their planting? Researchers at the Weizmann Institute for Science in Rehovot have for 20 years been intensively monitoring the pines in the heart of the forest. I joined Ph. Dozens of trees are strapped with measurement devices to follow their growth and metabolism, including sap flow, leaf temperature, and rates of photosynthesis and transpiration of water. The Aleppo pine trees, which are naturally found in wetter regions of the Mediterranean, have adapted well to the harsh arid conditions, says Preisler. With an annual average rainfall below 12 inches, shutdown is most of the year. New saplings rarely grow without irrigation, and recent dry years have seen massive tree losses. A yearlong drought in killed 50, trees, with more than 80 percent tree loss in places. Almost a decade on, I saw few signs of regeneration in these barren spots. It seems unlikely that, without new planting, the forest will survive beyond the lifetime of its founding trees. So, is all this effort and ecological disruption worth it? The doubts are growing. Dan Yakir, a specialist on the relationships between the biosphere and atmosphere, at the Weizmann Institute, has calculated that the Yatir Forest has so far not helped cool the planet. In fact, if anything, it has so far caused warming. How come? The growing trees are certainly taking up carbon dioxide. The problem is that the dark foliage of the forest canopy is replacing a light-colored desert surface. The dark surfaces absorb more solar radiation than the desert, re-radiating it into the air, which warms. Yakir estimates it will take 80 years of growth, until the s, before the global cooling from the accumulated carbon in the trees of the Yatir Forest exceeds the global warming caused by its dark foliage — assuming the trees survive that long. Climate models predict declining rainfall in the Negev. More frequent droughts like the one in could kill the forest and return its carbon to the air. Yakir believes the warming effect he finds from the Yatir Forest is probably an extreme case. The high rates of solar radiation in the Negev and the strong contrast between the foliage and desert surface means the warming effect is great, while the slow growth of trees in the desert environment means the countervailing carbon capture is slow. He compares it with forests in Siberia, where growth in the cold climate is similarly slow, while the contrast between forest canopy and snow in is very high. Scientific equipment has measured the exchange of carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy between the Yatir Forest and the atmosphere for nearly 20 years. Photo courtesy of Jonathan Muller. But while the Yatir may not be a great advertisement for forests as climate saviors, Yakir says similar forests planted on a larger scale in other arid environments could work much better for climate. Last year, he and Weizmann colleague Gil Yosef made the case for planting similar forests in the dry grasslands of the Sahel region of Africa and in northern Australia. They found that, if planted across a sufficiently wide area, such forests could shift wind systems and make rain that would encourage more natural forest growth and carbon uptake. In the case of the Sahel, if an area the size of Mexico could be planted with forests — a gargantuan undertaking — it would change local air temperatures enough to push the East African Jet Stream, a fast upper-air flow, northwards. That would allow wetter air from the Atlantic to penetrate inland as far as the Sahel — something that may not have happened since 6, years ago, when the Sahel was lush with vegetation and supported swamps and giant rivers. More trees might then be able to expand to the north. Yakir and Yosef maintain that the hydrological changes created by the trees would mean that, unlike the Yatir, a Sahel megaforest could recoup the warming effect of dark foliage in double-quick time — within about six years. Rothschild is more skeptical. The paper from the Crowther laboratory singled out for planting , acres in Israel, he says. By Fred Pearce. By Zach St. By Richard Schiffman. Search Search. Scientists worldwide are calculating how to help stave off climate upheaval by planting hundreds of billions of trees. Similar forests planted on a larger scale in other arid environments could work much better for the climate. Related Articles. Cities Slowly but Surely, U.

Buying snow Israel